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1、管理学原理第一讲导论本讲稿第一页,共一百零六页课程框架课程框架教材:教材:罗宾斯,管理学,清华出版社,罗宾斯,管理学,清华出版社,2005年年管理导论管理导论决策理论决策理论战略与经营战略与经营组织理论组织理论(结构、变革与创新)(结构、变革与创新)组织行为组织行为(个体、团队、层级)(个体、团队、层级)本讲稿第二页,共一百零六页课程考试课程考试个人课程报告(个人课程报告(5050):提出问题与):提出问题与解释问题、分析问题(运用相关数解释问题、分析问题(运用相关数据和信息)、解决问题(参考相关据和信息)、解决问题(参考相关企业的做法)、解决问题的假设或企业的做法)、解决问题的假设或支持条件
2、支持条件研究一个公司研究一个公司期末考试(期末考试(5050):开卷,):开卷,2 2小时小时本讲稿第三页,共一百零六页第一讲第一讲 导论导论管理与跨文化管理管理与跨文化管理本讲稿第四页,共一百零六页Chapter One:LECTURE OUTLINE1.Who are managers?2.What is organization?3.What is management?4.What do manager do?5.What are managers role?6.What are managers skill?7.Is The Managers Job Universal?8.Why
3、should we study management?本讲稿第五页,共一百零六页1.WHO ARE MANAGERS?A.Managers work in organizations and direct the activities of others.They differ from operatives who have no responsibility for overseeing the work of others.本讲稿第六页,共一百零六页2.What is organization?A.An organization is defined as a systematic ar
4、rangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose.B.Organizations share three common characteristics:a.Has a distinct purpose.b.Is composed of people.c.Develops a systematic structure that defines and limits the behavior of organizational members.本讲稿第七页,共一百零六页3.WHAT IS MANAGEMENT?Management is
5、 the process of getting activities done efficiently and effectively with and through other people.1.The process includes the functions or primary activities performed by managers.2.Efficiency refers to the relationship between inputs and outputs and refers to efforts to minimize resource costs.3.Eff
6、ectiveness refers to goal attainment.4.Managers seek to be both efficient and effective.本讲稿第八页,共一百零六页4.WHAT DO MANAGERS DO?(1)Planning includes defining goals,establishing strategy,and developing plans to coordinate activities.(2)Organizing is determining what tasks are to be done,who is to do them,
7、how the tasks are to be grouped,who reports to whom,and where decisions are to be made.本讲稿第九页,共一百零六页(3)Leading includes motivating subordinates,directing others,selecting the most effective communication channels,and resolving conflicts.(4)Controlling is monitoring activities to ensure that they are
8、 being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations.本讲稿第十页,共一百零六页5.What are managers role?Henry Mintzberg conducted a precise study of managers at work.His findings challenged several long-held beliefs about managers job.He concluded the managers perform ten different,but highly
9、 interrelated roles.Management roles refers to specific categories of managerial behavior.本讲稿第十一页,共一百零六页(1)Interpersonal roles included figurehead,leadership,and liaison activities.(2)Informational roles included monitoring,disseminating,and spokesperson activities.(3)Decisional roles included those
10、 of entrepreneur,disturbance handler,resource allocator,and negotiator.本讲稿第十二页,共一百零六页6.What are managers skills?Robert L.Katz found though his research in the early 1970s that managers need three essential skills or competencies.(1)Technical skills are skills that include knowledge of and proficienc
11、y in a specialized field.(3)Human skills include the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group.本讲稿第十三页,共一百零六页(3)Conceptual skills include the ability to think and to conceptualize about abstract situations,to see the organization as a whole and the relationships among t
12、he various subunits,and to visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment本讲稿第十四页,共一百零六页7.Is The Managers Job Universal?(1)All managers perform essentially the same functions,but lower-level managers emphasize leading while upper-level managers spend more of their time planning,orga
13、nizing,and controlling.(2)For the most part,the managers job is the same in both profit and not-for profit organizations.(3)Managers in small businesses tend to emphasize the spokesperson role and are generalists.Also,the formal structure and nature of a managers job in a large organization is repla
14、ced by more informality in a small firm.(4)When managers work in different countries,they often need to modify their practices.本讲稿第十五页,共一百零六页8.THE VALUE THE MARKETPLACE PUTS ON MANAGERS Managers earn more than operatives because their decisions have a significant efforts on the organizations perform
15、ance and because of the inadequate supply of effective managers.本讲稿第十六页,共一百零六页9.WHY STUDY MANAGEMENT?Management is important in our society today.Accordingly,there are two reasons for studying management.A.We interact with organizations every day of our lives.Every product we use and every action we
16、 take is provided or affected by organizations.these organizations require managers.B.Upon graduating,you will either manage or be managed.A course in management provides insights into the workings of organizations.本讲稿第十七页,共一百零六页Chapter TwoTHE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THEORIES管理理论的历史演化管理理论的历史演化本讲稿第十八
17、页,共一百零六页商业组织商业组织福特故事福特故事本讲稿第十九页,共一百零六页通用汽车公司的危机和变革通用汽车公司的危机和变革通用汽车公司的危机通用汽车公司的危机由于福特公司的降价行为,由于福特公司的降价行为,GMGM公司的销量下降公司的销量下降了了75%75%。福特公司占据了市场份额的福特公司占据了市场份额的5555,而,而GMGM只有只有1111。福特公司拥有明显的成本优势福特公司拥有明显的成本优势产品之间(卡迪拉克、别克、奥克兰、欧茨和产品之间(卡迪拉克、别克、奥克兰、欧茨和雪佛莱之间在自相残杀)雪佛莱之间在自相残杀)本讲稿第二十页,共一百零六页变革的动力变革的动力应对措施:按照收入细分市
18、场应对措施:按照收入细分市场困难:营销渠道、客户信息、生产、原材料以困难:营销渠道、客户信息、生产、原材料以及协作问题及协作问题决策更多、更复杂决策更多、更复杂要求组织形式发生改变要求组织形式发生改变本讲稿第二十一页,共一百零六页通用公司的多部门结构通用公司的多部门结构放权、每一部门均为其指定的细分市场制放权、每一部门均为其指定的细分市场制造并销售汽车造并销售汽车总部的作用:审察业绩、协调整体战略、总部的作用:审察业绩、协调整体战略、法律和金融问题、确保以市场价格供货(引法律和金融问题、确保以市场价格供货(引入市场的成分)入市场的成分)这使得一些重要决策不是由这使得一些重要决策不是由GMGM总
19、部来做出。总部来做出。本讲稿第二十二页,共一百零六页福特的评价福特的评价就我看来,没有比那种有时被称之为就我看来,没有比那种有时被称之为“组组织天赋织天赋”的脑筋更危险的了。它通常会导的脑筋更危险的了。它通常会导致产生一巨大图表,就如一家族系图谱,致产生一巨大图表,就如一家族系图谱,表明权力是如何分枝分叉的,就如树一样。表明权力是如何分枝分叉的,就如树一样。树上缀满了好看的圆草莓,每一个草莓均树上缀满了好看的圆草莓,每一个草莓均带有一个或一办公室的名字。信息从带有一个或一办公室的名字。信息从位于图中左下角的人传至总裁或者董事长位于图中左下角的人传至总裁或者董事长约需六个星期的时间。约需六个星期
20、的时间。本讲稿第二十三页,共一百零六页丰田丰田劣势:资金匮乏、企业的规模较小、成本高劣势:资金匮乏、企业的规模较小、成本高变革:变革:适时生产和看板体制:消除生产过程中的存货适时生产和看板体制:消除生产过程中的存货加强与供应商的联系加强与供应商的联系加强员工的培训,使他们可以迅速解决生产过加强员工的培训,使他们可以迅速解决生产过程中的问题程中的问题加快设计的进程加快设计的进程这些例子表明了与企业规模、生产能力及这些例子表明了与企业规模、生产能力及其市场策略相匹配的紧密组织的重要性。其市场策略相匹配的紧密组织的重要性。本讲稿第二十四页,共一百零六页简单结论简单结论每一个组织都是相对的每一个组织都
21、是相对的最优而不是绝对的最优最优而不是绝对的最优环境发生改变时,组织环境发生改变时,组织也应该发生改变也应该发生改变管理是一种实践,其管理是一种实践,其本质不在于知而在于本质不在于知而在于行,其验证不在于逻行,其验证不在于逻辑而在于成果。辑而在于成果。本讲稿第二十五页,共一百零六页 LECTURE OUTLINE Introduction 1.Historical Background 1.Historical Background 历史背景历史背景 2.The early years2.The early years 早期贡献早期贡献 3.Recent Years:Toward Integr
22、ation3.Recent Years:Toward Integration 近代发展:趋向一体化近代发展:趋向一体化 4.Current trends and issues4.Current trends and issues 现代的趋势和难点问题现代的趋势和难点问题本讲稿第二十六页,共一百零六页各路管理之道各路管理之道从日本制造到美国战略;从日本制造到美国战略;从全面质量管理到价值链整合;从全面质量管理到价值链整合;从企业再造到学习型组织;从企业再造到学习型组织;从从ERPERP到六西格玛到六西格玛几乎无一漏网。几乎无一漏网。本讲稿第二十七页,共一百零六页1、贡献者、贡献者 一一、泰泰罗罗
23、Frederick W.Taylor(1856-1915);二二、亨亨利利.福福特特Henry Ford(1863-1947);三三、斯斯隆隆Alfred P.Sloan(1875-1966);四四、爱爱得得华华.德德明明W.Edwards Derming(1900-1993);五五、沃沃尔尔.迪迪斯斯尼尼Walt Disney(1901-1966);六六、雷雷.克克拉拉克克Raymond Kloc(1902-1984);七七、彼彼得得.德德鲁鲁克克Perter Drucker(b.1909);八八、Akio Morita(b.1921);九九、杰杰克克.韦韦立立奇奇Jack Welch(B.
24、1935);十十、麦麦克克尔尔.波波 特特 Michael E.Porter(b.1947);十十 一一、比比 尔尔.盖盖 茨茨 Bill Gates(b.1957);十十二二、萨萨姆姆.沃沃尔尔顿顿Sam Wolton(1918-1992);十二、其它贡献者十二、其它贡献者(上上 述述 资资 料料 来来 源源:BUSINESS STRATEGY,September/October 1999)本讲稿第二十八页,共一百零六页2.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND历历史背景史背景(1)The Egyptian Pyramids埃及金字塔 and the Great Wall of Chin
25、a are good examples of tremendous scope that employed tens of thousands of people.How was it possible for those projects to be completed?The answer is management.(2)Even the Bible圣经 refers to management concepts.本讲稿第二十九页,共一百零六页(3)The Roman Catholic Church罗马天主教 is often cited as an interesting exampl
26、e of the practice of management.(4)Adam Smith撕密,author of the classical economic doctrine,The Wealth of Nations,argued brilliantly about the economic advantages that division of labor劳动分工 would bring to organizations and society.本讲稿第三十页,共一百零六页(5)The Industrial Revolution工业革命 can be thought of as pos
27、sibly the most important pre-twentieth century influence on management.The introduction of machine power,combined with the division of labor,made large,efficient factories possible.Planning,organizing,leading,and controlling became necessary.本讲稿第三十一页,共一百零六页3.THE EARLY YEARSThe first half the twentie
28、th century was a period of contrasts in management thought.Four approaches to management are examined:scientific management,科学管理general administrative approach一般行政理论 human relations movement 人际关系运动Quantitative Approach 定量方法、定性方法qualitative approach本讲稿第三十二页,共一百零六页加里加里哈默尔指出:贯穿现代管理理论的发展有两个哈默尔指出:贯穿现代管理理
29、论的发展有两个目标并存:如何更加科学和如何更加人性化。目标并存:如何更加科学和如何更加人性化。泰罗对于科学管理的泰罗对于科学管理的“偏执偏执”逼迫了管理学理论的发逼迫了管理学理论的发展。在工业时代,机器和资本是主要的推动力。员展。在工业时代,机器和资本是主要的推动力。员工按照严格的工序工作,他们很容易被替换,甚至工按照严格的工序工作,他们很容易被替换,甚至被机器替代。在会计中,被机器替代。在会计中,“人是支出,机器是资产人是支出,机器是资产”。其后行为科学理论、权变理论和战略与企业文化(其后行为科学理论、权变理论和战略与企业文化(19801980年年后)迅速发展。后)迅速发展。本讲稿第三十三页
30、,共一百零六页3.1 Scientific management is defined as the use of the scientific method科学方法 to define the“one best way”最好的方法for a job to be done.Thumb of rules经验做法本讲稿第三十四页,共一百零六页A Frederick Taylor泰罗 is known as the“father”of scientific management.科学管理之父B Taylor sought to create a mental revolution among bot
31、h workers and managers by defining clear guidelines for improving production efficiency.C Using the principlesC Using the principles原理原理 of scientific of scientific management,Taylormanagement,Taylors was able to define the s was able to define the one best way for doing each job.one best way for do
32、ing each job.本讲稿第三十五页,共一百零六页C Scientific management gained a big boost when an efficiency expert testified at a 1910 hearing on railroad rates before the Interstate Commerce Commission that railroads could save one million dollars a day though the application of scientific management.本讲稿第三十六页,共一百零六页
33、3.2 General administrative theoriesThis group of writers focused on the entire organization.They were important for developing more general theories of what managers do and what good management practice is.A number of current ideas and practices in management can be directly traced to the contributi
34、ons of the general administrative theorists.本讲稿第三十七页,共一百零六页(1)Henri Fayol法约尔a.His attention was aimed at the activities of all managers.b.He described the practice of management as distinct from other typical business functions.c.He stated fourteen principles of management(fundamental or universal t
35、ruths)that could be taught in schools.本讲稿第三十八页,共一百零六页Fayols 14 Principles of Management1.Division of work.2.Authority.3.Discipline.4.Unity of command.5.Unity of direction.6.Subordination of individual interest to the interests of the organization.7.Remuneration.8.Centralization.9.Scalar chain.10.Ord
36、er.11.Equity.12.Stability of tenure of personnel.13.Initiative.14.Esprit de corps.本讲稿第三十九页,共一百零六页(2)Max Weber 韦伯a.He developed a theory of authority structures 权力机构and described organizational activity based on authority relations.企业的全部经营活动必须以权力关系为基础b.He described the ideal form of organization 组织的理
37、想方式the bureaucracy官僚组织.本讲稿第四十页,共一百零六页Exhibit 2.4Exhibit 2.4Webers Ideal Bureaucracy本讲稿第四十一页,共一百零六页A bureacracy should haveAuthority hirarchyDivision of labourCareer orientationImpersonalityFormal rules and regulationsFormal selection本讲稿第四十二页,共一百零六页韦伯关于组织权威的研究韦伯关于组织权威的研究有社会组织的地方就有统治,有统治就有统治的道理,人有社会组织
38、的地方就有统治,有统治就有统治的道理,人们服从统治的道理就构成了权威。们服从统治的道理就构成了权威。任何一个组织,都是以某种形式的权威为基础的。没有权任何一个组织,都是以某种形式的权威为基础的。没有权威组织就失去了存在的条件,权威和组织是密切联系的。威组织就失去了存在的条件,权威和组织是密切联系的。权威能够消除混乱,带来秩序,实现组织的目标,推动社权威能够消除混乱,带来秩序,实现组织的目标,推动社会发展。理论上,韦伯是对权威进行诠释的第一位。会发展。理论上,韦伯是对权威进行诠释的第一位。韦伯对权威进行了历史考察,认为亚当韦伯对权威进行了历史考察,认为亚当斯密的(或者称斯密的(或者称合法性)权威
39、不外乎三种历史形态:即传统型权威、魅力合法性)权威不外乎三种历史形态:即传统型权威、魅力型权威和法理型权威型权威和法理型权威本讲稿第四十三页,共一百零六页传统型权威是最古老的权威形式,来自于传统型权威是最古老的权威形式,来自于习俗、惯例、经验等,这种社会组织就是习俗、惯例、经验等,这种社会组织就是人们常说的家长制。在这种组织中,统治人们常说的家长制。在这种组织中,统治者和被统治者的之间的关系不是者和被统治者的之间的关系不是“上司上司”和和“下属下属”,而是主子和奴仆、家长和子,而是主子和奴仆、家长和子女。女。传统型权威支配下的社会组织通常有三种传统型权威支配下的社会组织通常有三种亚形态:族长制
40、、世袭官僚制和封建制。亚形态:族长制、世袭官僚制和封建制。后面两种制度是组织规模扩大和分工细化后面两种制度是组织规模扩大和分工细化以后产生的衍生制度。以后产生的衍生制度。本讲稿第四十四页,共一百零六页魅力型权威是建立在非凡人格、英雄气概和创业奇迹魅力型权威是建立在非凡人格、英雄气概和创业奇迹的基础上的。所谓魅力就是一个领袖人物超越凡俗的的基础上的。所谓魅力就是一个领袖人物超越凡俗的气质、人品、性格和学识智慧等。气质、人品、性格和学识智慧等。魅力型权威的核心是个人崇拜。这种组织所依赖的常常魅力型权威的核心是个人崇拜。这种组织所依赖的常常是某种信仰,而不是强制性控制。所以要维持个人崇拜是某种信仰,
41、而不是强制性控制。所以要维持个人崇拜型组织的生存和发展,领袖人物必须不断低以某种新的型组织的生存和发展,领袖人物必须不断低以某种新的形式来表现他的魅力。由于权威是不稳定的,所以这种形式来表现他的魅力。由于权威是不稳定的,所以这种组织是不能持久的。组织是不能持久的。本讲稿第四十五页,共一百零六页法理型权威是建立在相信规章制度和行为法理型权威是建立在相信规章制度和行为准则的合法性基础上的。只有根据法定规准则的合法性基础上的。只有根据法定规则所发布的命令才具有权威,规则是人们则所发布的命令才具有权威,规则是人们愿意准守的普遍秩序即以理性为基础,愿意准守的普遍秩序即以理性为基础,契约的或强制性的规章或
42、法律,并要求所契约的或强制性的规章或法律,并要求所有成员不许尊重它。这些皮鞭秩序既可以有成员不许尊重它。这些皮鞭秩序既可以是目的合乎理性,也可以是价值合乎理性,是目的合乎理性,也可以是价值合乎理性,从这种理性衍生出来的规则是法理型权威从这种理性衍生出来的规则是法理型权威赖以存在的基础。赖以存在的基础。本讲稿第四十六页,共一百零六页关于韦伯组织理论的批评关于韦伯组织理论的批评一个企业组织是一个企业组织是“金字塔金字塔“,是一个垂直化管理体系,是一个垂直化管理体系,权力非常集中。权力集中通常比较有利于执行,但是企业权力非常集中。权力集中通常比较有利于执行,但是企业活力就会大大折扣。这是迄今为止关于
43、科层组织最集中的活力就会大大折扣。这是迄今为止关于科层组织最集中的批评意见。批评意见。1 1、官僚制的理性主义从某种意义上说是对人性的异、官僚制的理性主义从某种意义上说是对人性的异化。官僚制组织排挤人的个性和情感。许多理论质化。官僚制组织排挤人的个性和情感。许多理论质疑韦伯的理论。疑韦伯的理论。在韦伯那里,官僚制组织依赖于完全理性,后来西在韦伯那里,官僚制组织依赖于完全理性,后来西蒙提出了蒙提出了“有限理性有限理性”,试图在理性和非理性之间进,试图在理性和非理性之间进行平衡。行平衡。本讲稿第四十七页,共一百零六页关于韦伯组织理论的批评关于韦伯组织理论的批评2 2、科层制组织强调对上级的绝对服从
44、,、科层制组织强调对上级的绝对服从,从而形成了自上而下单项的命令链,从而形成了自上而下单项的命令链,强化了强化了“独白独白”机制建设,弱化了机制建设,弱化了“对话和沟通对话和沟通”机制建设。长期的集权机制建设。长期的集权和集中控制产生了滋长了严重的官和集中控制产生了滋长了严重的官僚主义,导致组织效率低下。僚主义,导致组织效率低下。本讲稿第四十八页,共一百零六页关于家族企业关于家族企业本讲稿第四十九页,共一百零六页 马丁公司是一家家族企业,家族企业一马丁公司是一家家族企业,家族企业一般靠以下五种优势成功:般靠以下五种优势成功:A A、生来当领导。家族企业的继承人生、生来当领导。家族企业的继承人生
45、下来就要当一把手,他们从小就在生下来就要当一把手,他们从小就在生意场上耳濡目染,往往怀有超越上一意场上耳濡目染,往往怀有超越上一代的雄心,其他环境中的同龄人是不代的雄心,其他环境中的同龄人是不能与之相比较的。能与之相比较的。B B、可快速决策。在需要作出决策的时刻,、可快速决策。在需要作出决策的时刻,由紧密团结的家庭成员控制的企业要比由紧密团结的家庭成员控制的企业要比其他公司反应快得多。其他公司反应快得多。本讲稿第五十页,共一百零六页 C C、员工忠诚。家庭企业通常乐于出钱、员工忠诚。家庭企业通常乐于出钱照看员工子女,同员工分享利润,遇照看员工子女,同员工分享利润,遇到经济低谷时,他们尽量不解
46、雇员工。到经济低谷时,他们尽量不解雇员工。家族企业把员工看成是长期的资源,家族企业把员工看成是长期的资源,尊重员工、培养忠诚的理念。尊重员工、培养忠诚的理念。D D、重视再投资。不论是地域扩张、研、重视再投资。不论是地域扩张、研发还是开拓新市场,家族企业对于投发还是开拓新市场,家族企业对于投入一大笔资金没有一点都不皱。对他入一大笔资金没有一点都不皱。对他们来说,创造和保持财富的办法就是们来说,创造和保持财富的办法就是拥有一个繁荣的企业、对企业高度负拥有一个繁荣的企业、对企业高度负责。责。本讲稿第五十一页,共一百零六页3.3 The Human Resources ApproachIt is d
47、escribed as the study of management that focuses on human behavior.本讲稿第五十二页,共一百零六页(1)Four individuals stand out as early advocates of the human resources approach.a.Robert Owen,a successful Scottish businessman,proposed a utopian workplace.b.Hugo Munsterberg created the field of industrial psycholog
48、y-the scientific study of individuals at work to maximize their productivity and adjustment.本讲稿第五十三页,共一百零六页c.Mary Parker Follett was a social philosopher who thought the managers job was to harmonize and coordinate group efforts.d.Chester Barnard,present of New Jersey Bell Telephone Company,saw orga
49、nization as social systems that required human cooperation.He believe that managers major roles were to communicate and stimulate subordinates to high levels of effort.He described an interesting view of authority the acceptance view.本讲稿第五十四页,共一百零六页(2)The Hawthorne Studies霍桑研究Finding发现:a.These were
50、a series of experiments conducted from 1927 to 1932 at Western Electric Companys Hawthorne Works in Cicero,Illinois.b.the studies provided new insights into group norms and behaviors集体准则和行为.c.Although not without critics,the Hawthorne Studies did stimulate an interest in human factors.本讲稿第五十五页,共一百零六