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1、托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Arch托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture 为了帮助大家备考托福。提高阅读成果，打有打算的仗，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture建筑，希望大家喜爱。 托福阅读原文 Architecture is theart and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space forpractical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows
2、out of human needsand aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visualarts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways. Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, ligh
3、t, andcolor. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with avariety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to createbuildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and
4、delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmember of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contem
5、porarybuildings can be traced to both clients and architects. In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based onphysical laws, have changed little since people first discovered themeven whil
6、e building materials havechanged dramatically.Theworlds architecturalstructures have also beendevisedin relation to the objectivelimitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwith downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compress
7、ion (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combination of these in different parts of the structure. Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials andmethods of construction are integralparts of the design of architecturestructures.
8、 In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes inmateri
9、als and techniques of construction within the last few generations havemade it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference inweight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one
10、hundred years ago. Modernarchitectural forms generally have three separate components comparable toelements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skinenclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the bodys vital organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, ele
11、ctrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. Of course in early architecturesuchas igloos and adobe structuresthere was no suchequipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. Much of the worlds great architecture has beenconstructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availabilit
12、y. Inthe past, whole cities grew from thearduoustask of cutting and pilingstone upon. Some of the worlds finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchuhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways andwindowsare made possible by placing over the
13、open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made of separate stone or brick segm
14、ents. The arch wasused by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensivelyin aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch madeof separate blocks of stone. As a method of spann
15、ing space, the arch cansupport greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by thevertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportant structural breakthroughs that have characteri
16、zed architecturethroughout the centuries. 托福阅读试题 1. According toparagraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT: A.Architecture isvisual art. B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators. C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions. D.Archi
17、tecture hasan indirect effect on life. 2. The word “feasible”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to A.in existence B.without question C.achievable D.most likely 3. The word “enhance”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to A.protect B.improve C.organize D.match 4. Which o
18、f thesentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlightedsentencein the passage (paragragh 3) ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Unchangingphysical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be madewi
19、th materials discovered long ago. B.Buildingmaterials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changed. C.When people firststarted to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size wereinadequate because they were not
20、based on physical laws. D.Unlike buildingmaterials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed overtime because they are based on physical laws. 5. The word “devised”in the passage (paragragh 3) is closest in meaning to A.combined B.created C.introduced D.suggested 6. The word “int
21、egral”(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to A.essential B.variable C.practical D.independent 7. According toparagraph 4, which of the following is true about materialsused in theconstruction of buildings? A.Because newbuilding materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed verylit
22、tle from past generations. B.The availabilityof suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures thatmay be built. C.The primarybuilding materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick. D.Architects inearlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose l
23、arge spaces. 8. In paragraph 4,what does the author imply about modern buildings? A.They occupy muchless space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago. B.They are not verydifferent from the building of a few generations ago. C.They weigh lessin relation to their size than buildings construc
24、ted one hundred years ago. D.They take a longtime to build as a result of their complex construction methods. 9. Which of thefollowing correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body andarchitecture that is described in paragraph 5? A.Complex equipmentinside buildings is the one elem
25、ent in modern architecture that resembles acomponent of the human body. B.The components inearly buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body. C.Modern buildingshave components that are as likely to change as the human body is. D.In general,modern buildings more closely rese
26、mble the human body than earlier buildingsdo. 10. The word “arduous”in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to A.difficult B.necessary C.skilled D.shared 11. Why does theauthor include a description of how the “doorways and windows”(paragraph 6) ofMachu Picchu were constructed? A.To indic
27、ate thatthe combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu weresimilar to igloos and adobe structures B.To indicate thedifferent kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu C.To provide anillustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches werei
28、nvented D.To explain howancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildingsfrom stone 12. According toparagraph 6, which of the following statements is true ofthe arch? A.The Romans werethe first people to use the stone arch. B.The invention ofthe arch allowed new architectu
29、ral forms to be developed. C.The arch workedby distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of thearch. D.The Romansfollowed earlier practices in their use of arches. 13. Look at thefour squares that indicate wherethe following sentence could be added to the passage. 【A】Modern ar
30、chitectural forms generally have three separate componentscomparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, anouter skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the bodys vital organs and systems. 【B】The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot wat
31、er, andair-conditioning. 【C】Ofcourse in early architecturesuch as igloos and adobestructuresthere was no such equipment, and theskeleton and skin were often one. 【D】 Where would thesentence best fit? 14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complet
32、e the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Architecture usesfor
33、ms and space to express cultural values. A.Architects seekto create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for humanuse. B.Over the courseof the history of building, innovations in material and methods of constructionhave given architects ever greater freedom to express themselve
34、s. C.Throughouthistory buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ”systems inorder to function. D.Both clients andarchitects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings. E.Modern buildingstend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as
35、those of MachuPicchu. F.The discovery anduse of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developingmore efficient types of structures. 托福阅读答案 1.EXCEPT题解除法，以visual art做关键词定位至本段最终一句，A对，不选;以cultural values做关键词定位至其次句，B对，不选;以artistic and scientific dimensions做关键词定位至第一句，C对，不选;D选项与A选项在同一
36、句，indirect effect和directly的原文说反，错，选 2.feasible可行的，原文说了建筑的若干优点，比如供应遮风避雨的场所，丰富了空间，经济上怎么样，确定是个正面的词，A存在中性，错;B没有问题，虽然是正面但太过，不选，C正确，D特别可能虽然正面，但程度不足，不选 3.词汇题，问的是其次段第三句中的enhance，备选项分别是protect, improve, organize, match，enhance提高，原文中与enhance their way of life并列的动词是shelter，庇护之意，所以再选protect的话重叠，而且也不应当是爱护他们的生活方式
37、;organize组织match搭配都不能与庇护并列，所以improve改善生活方式最靠谱 4.In order for只是一个表目的的状语，短暂放弃不看，同时because那部分插入语不看，整个句子就变成了建筑师们采纳的方法是不变的，尽管建筑材料发生了很大改变。A没说原文的建筑材料发生了很大改变，而且law没有限制size and strength，所以完全不对;B错在in order的那个状语部分，increase原文没说;C说not based on physical laws与原文相反，错，D正确 5.devise设计，所在句说全世界的建筑也要怎么样依据简直材料的限制，因为有also，
38、所以是接着前一句的，前句在上题中已经分析过了，说建筑师为了达到要求采纳了多种方法，说明建筑的产生应当是一个从无到有的过程，所以B选项create最合适，A联合C介绍，引进D建议，表明都不对 6.integral完整的，构成整体的，原文说建筑材料和建筑方法是建筑什么样的部分，代入选项也知道应当是A重要的部分，B可变的C实际的都不靠谱，D独立的虽然意思基本说的通，但明显违反原文，建筑材料和方法应当是相互影响的，不能独立 7.以material为关键词定位至本段其次句和第三句，说以前必需依据建筑材料来设计建筑，现在我们可以独创新材料，A说不简单找到新材料，反了;C的三种材料应当是以前不是现在;D没说
39、;B说现在建筑材料充分，不会再影响建筑设计，是原文的意思，正确 8.以modern buildings做关键词定位至最终一句，说比较现在和一百年前大小相像的建筑的重量我们就能发觉建筑技术所取得的进步，也就是以前的重现在的轻，所以答案是C，其他的都没说 9.本段将建筑结构与人体的结构进行了比较，发觉;额三个共同点，解除法，A以equipment做关键词定位至第一句的最终半句，equipment像的应当是vital organs and systems，不是一个component;以early building做关键词定位至文章最终一句，skeleton和skin是一样的，所以和人不同;C的cha
40、nge原文没说;D正确因为原文说现代建筑像人体，以前的建筑的skeleton和skin是一个，所以现代建筑比之前的建筑更像人体 10.arduous艰难的，困难的。原文说过去整个城市都是靠切割和积累石头搞定的，这个任务确定是比较困难的，而代入原文的话好像有技巧的和有必要的也是靠谱的，但D共享的肯定不对，假如说切割是须要技巧的话，积累应当是不须要的，留意不要联想。积累和切割石头肯定是造城市的必要任务么?可以用木头和其他的建筑材料，所以necessary太偏了，正确答案difficult 11.修辞目的题，读doorways and windows所在的一句话，说门窗是通过把承的石头横梁放在spa
41、ce上面形成的，读前一句的时候发觉也是个例子，所以不是答案，往下句看，说想克服石头带给建筑的障碍，必需有一个新独创。根据原文，门窗的形成是一种克服石头带来的障碍的一种方法，所以答案是C 12.以arch为关键词定位至thatinvention was the arch句，接上题看到的那句，想克服石头带给建筑的障碍，必需有一个新独创，这个独创就是arch，所以说arch的出现使得其他建筑方法成为可能，B正确。罗马人是第一个把arch广泛用在地上建筑的，不是第一个用arch的，A错，也没follow前人的方法，D错;是把压力分散，divert，不是往中点集中，C说反 13.however和agai
42、n unifying都说明正确插入点之前必需说把skeleton and skin分开，所以A和B不对，C之后的suchequipment指代C之前的内容，过渡紧密，不适合插入句子，所以D是正确答案 14.Architects选项对应全文首段首句，正确 Over选项对应第四段第三句和第三段首句，正确 Throughout选项与第五段首句相反，错 Both选项是细微环节，不选 Modern选项错，因为原文没说现代的建筑不好看，不选 The discovery选项第六段最终一句，正确 托福阅读译文 建筑是一门出于好用和象征的双重目的，通过组织和利用空间来实现设计结构的艺术和科学。因为建筑源于人类的
43、需求和愿望，同样也可以清晰地传达文化价值。在全部的视觉艺术中，建筑最干脆地影响了我们的生活，因为它在许多方面确定了我们生存的环境特征。 建筑是一种利用空间、质量、纹理、线条、光线和颜色的三维立体形式。一幢建筑物必需实现各种要素的和谐搭配。人类本能地希望可以供应居住并且改善他们生活质量的建筑。建筑师们创建出来的建筑物不单纯的是建筑物，还为人们带来了灵感和喜悦。建筑物为人类的生活供应了遮挡处和丰富的空间、增加人们的活动场所、完善人们的居所、帮助人们适应气候的改变，同时在经济上也可承受。建筑团队中，最重要的是那些为建筑支付建设费用并且设计其功能的人，很多当代建筑平凡的根源在于客户和建筑师双反。 为了
44、达到建筑的目的，肯定的大小和强度是必需的。尽管建筑材料已经发生了天翻地覆的改变，建筑采纳的各种支撑方法自从人们发觉它们以来鲜有变更，因为这些方法都建立在物理定律的基础上。世界的建筑结构也因为克服材料限制的目的而发展起来。建筑师们在设计建筑结构的时候须要将重力对材料的影响考虑在内，通过结构设计使建筑不同部分能反抗压力、拉力、弯曲力或混合的压力。 甚至建筑的发展也是由重大的技术变革造成的。材料和建设方法是建筑结构设计整体的组成部分。早期，人们必需设计结构系统来协作当前可用的材料，如木头、石头和砖。现今的技术已经发展到能够创建新的建筑材料来适应想要应用的建筑结构。近几代建筑材料和科技的巨大改变使得包
45、围空间更加简洁、快速，并且用更少的材料。在这一领域的进步可以用现在修建的建筑和100年前建立的同规模建筑之间的重量差异来衡量。 类似人类的身体结构，现代建筑可以划分为三个独立的部分：支撑骨架或框架、围住内部空间的外壳以及像人体内器官一样重要的设施。这些设施包括管道、电线、热水和空调。当然，在早期的圆顶建筑和土坯建筑中并没有这样的设施，皮肤和骨骼也往往是合在一起的。 世界上大多数宏大的建筑都是石料建筑，因为石料建筑不仅外形美丽、长久耐用，而且石头随处可得。在过去，整个城市的建筑物都是从艰苦的石块切割和堆砌发展起来的。在秘鲁安第斯山脉东部的马丘比丘印加古城遗址，可以看到世界上最棒的石质建筑。在开阔
46、的空间上放置厚石板来支撑上面的石头，使门和窗的修建成为可能。设计师们必需在克服石头的物理限制以及新建筑形式发展之前独创出建筑结构，这就是拱形结构，即最初由分段的石头或砖块构成的弧形结构。拱最初在地中海早期文化中用来建设地下水渠，但古罗马人最先开发和广泛的利用它作为地上建筑的结构，他们完善了由分段的石块组成的半圆形拱。作为跨越空间的一种方式，拱可以比水平横梁支撑更大的重量。它使得其上的压力转移到两侧，由两侧垂直的部分来担当压力。拱形结构只是近百年来众多重要建筑结构的突破之一。 托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Arch托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture建筑itecture建筑本文来源：网络收集与整理，如有侵权，请联系作者删除，谢谢！第21页 共21页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页第 21 页 共 21 页