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1、托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系 为了帮助大家备考托福阅读,提高成果,下面我给大家带来托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系,希望大家喜爱! 托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系 第一种因果关系 因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of,with 果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus,consequently, accordingly 因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不行忽视的一个重要部分。 隐性因果: A 导致(因-果):cause
2、, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support,push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for 如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants sothat many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely
3、lacking in trees and shrubs. 在这段话中,有lead to, 表示了导致的意思,即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。 B 由而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, beresponsive to, be attributable to 如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land a
4、nd tremendousnumbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing theprocess.” 在这段话中,依据result from可以推断出有因果关系,那假如是说明句子题时,选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。 C 反映,体现(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show This result demonstrates that中华考试网 D 考虑到: given, conside
5、ring, in view of, thanks to, according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort. E 依靠于: rely on, depend on, resort to, He resorted to books when he had problems. F 条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long as As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once. G 分词短语,不定式做状语 Failing
6、in the final exam, she cried. 其次种对比转折关系 A 对比:while, whereas, on the other hand 在说明句子题,插入句子题中,一旦出现对比关系,学生在驾驭的基础上就能特别快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构,on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用来把握句间关系。 B 转折:but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however 第三种比较关系 A 同级比较 asas B 比较级:morethan,
7、 -er than, lessthan C 改变:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop,progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain D 差异:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compareto E 超越:surpass, exceed, excel, over F 最高级 1)本身有最高级含
8、义:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top 2) 本身程度比较深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high 3) 否定+比较=最高级 No one is more outstanding than him. 从这句话中可以看出,否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。 第四种否定关系 显性否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither 隐形否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of 否定前缀
9、:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un- 否定前缀是词汇题中常常出的一个考点,把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词,依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个解除。 双重否定:not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable 双重否定是英文中常常运用的表达方式,由于在平常中文对话中用的很少,随意对双重否定的把握就显得特殊的重要。 托福阅读的切入点是什么 1、题型注意解题方法 托福阅读10种题型,除最终的小结题外大都属于考查文章细微环节的题目。依据题干中的关键词定位是至关重要的一步,然后就是理解。此时假如词汇
10、量太小怎么办?事实上做阅读我们恒久要牢记的就是找句子主干,考查的信息基本都在主干中体现了, 比如: The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops。 这个句子较长,其中有which引导的定语从句,还有hunted 这个状语,而解题时我们只须要句子的主干The deer were gone。多数同学在做题时有个习惯就是看到一句话后就起先逐词阅读,甚至试图把它翻译成
11、中文,这可谓“兵家大忌”。 遇到一句话先抓主干,遇到整段记得扫描段落有无惹眼的连词,举例信号词等,阅读每段的主题句。 再说一下小结题,大多数考生的切肤之痛。一是做到最终一题时时间已所剩无几,二是最终一题是对全文的主要内容的总结,相对困难。 在课堂中,我一再向学生强调把握全文结构及大意的重要性,而如何去把握? 一是做题之前可也许阅读文章的标题及每段首句。作为学术性的阅读文章,首句基本都是主题句。尤其是总分结构的文章,比如TPO6中的Infantile Amnesia, 虽然文章较难理解,但是文中明确提出了三种观点first,second,third 那么此类文章小结题的选项太自不待言了。再者,文
12、章的每段会对应出2-3道题,那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在。从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以在进行TPO练习时,做题虽不行或缺,但还要留意多加练习快速阅读文章的实力。 2、主题增加背景学问 有部分学生反映做阅读时很难投入进去,有一点缘由就是对于文章所述内容太过生疏,假如你对其略知一二,信任定会有所不同。比如TPO中有篇文章讲到化学元素周期表,对于中学生来说再熟识不过了,阅读的时候半读半猜,估计也可以理解的八九不离十了。 若考试打算时间足够,可以多加涉猎,扩充自己的学问背景;若时间惊慌,则需搞定TPO套题。依据文章记忆单词,并不是文章中出现的每一个“生疏的面孔”都要去熟识,
13、比如一些繁琐的专出名词跳过即可。主要记忆的当然是一些动词、名词及形容词,尤其是出现在句子主干中,与解题有关的词汇。 除了词汇,应学会分析题干及题目,比如题干中出现了effect,conclusion之类的词,其实已经界定了我们找寻的范围段落靠后的部分,还有就是观点性和总结性的句子恒久会是考察的重点所在。做题的时候学会分析原文和选项,进行对比,比如句子简化题,做一题须要看五个长句,好像很花费时间,但并不须要每个句子都要细看,而是先明确原句的逻辑及主干,抓住选项中的关键点与原句进行比较。 例如:As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the
14、 Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.A. The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused cru
15、stal adjustments and faulting.B. The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C. The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacula
16、r as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faultin;g and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cas
17、cades of water between them。 原句是因果逻辑的句子,先找出其因: crustal adjustments and faulting,果:the Strait opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean。接着来看选项:A. caused crustal adjustments and faulting 明显是因果倒置了,坚决果断地灭掉;C. 因为此选项中出现比较not as spectacular as, 特别惹眼的一个核心词,而原文中是修饰动词的副词spectacularl
18、y,并未进行比较,二话不说也解除掉;D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, 这缘由里怎么多出来一项啊,掳袖子撵人吧! 托福阅读如何防范陷阱 托福阅读中的细微环节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,比如下面这个例题: Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the U
19、nited States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plai
20、ns along the lower Columbia River. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound? A. It is native to lowlands and marshes. B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer. C. It has replaced the black
21、-tailed deer in the open prairie. D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied. 这是一个典型的细微环节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位,因为它是专出名词,在文中会比较惹眼。但是假如一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细微环节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应当是white-tailed deer,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较
22、醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最终一句话。所以依据它的意思应当选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细微环节题的例子: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosys
23、tems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changesin plant numbers and t
24、he mix of speciesare cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities? A. They occur at the end of a succession. B. They last longer than any other type of commun
25、ity. C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time. 这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位,但在定位过程中会出现许多问题。首先考生要学会跳动式定位,即依据文章中特别的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜寻我们真正须要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的,succession是在引号里面的,都特别醒目,通过看这两个词我们会发觉它们旁边没有我们须要的东西;再比较突出
26、的就是数字及破折号,在500的上方有a climax community,但它是单数,与题干关键词不完全匹配,细微环节题讲究的是精确定位,所以我们应当选择500斜下方的Climax communities,即该段的最终一句话。 否定事实细微环节题的出题思路有两种:一是无中生有,即依据定位点的内容,四个选项只有一个没有提到,这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴,即依据定位点的内容表述,只有一个选项与之冲突,这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言,依据定位的最终一句话,从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项,D项的意思与原句相符,而C项与原句冲突,所以正确答案是C。综上所述
27、,做新托福阅读的细微环节题,最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。 托福阅读怎么避开理解误区 The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。 许多人在看到这句话的时候,常常翻译为"沙漠化是源于"或者翻译为"沙漠
28、化导致""许多的土地与许多的人去影响的缘由。 "这里面有两个点特殊简单犯错误,一是result from是源于的意思,而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语,因此这里的意思是"被影响",这里许多人又怀疑了,因为我们 以前看到的东西都是,人的因素导致沙漠化啊,怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了,你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了,你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的 就可以了,何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢? 这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子,举这个例子,其实就是想告知许多考生许多时候,只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了,但是
29、事实上对于文章的理解上有多数的错误,这其实就是语言的细微环节!这些细微环节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累,靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。 新托福阅读中假如你常常有看得懂文章,但不对题的感叹出现,考生们最好还是从自身下手,去检查自己的单词,以及语法,假如觉得不知道从哪里下手,究竟该怎么提升,建议你做做老托福的语法,而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下,然后根据里面给出的译文去检查一下自己究竟哪里理解错了,希望以上这些方法可以帮到大家。 托福阅读中四种常见逻辑关系本文来源:网络收集与整理,如有侵权,请联系作者删除,谢谢!第15页 共15页第 15 页 共 15 页第 15 页 共 15 页第 15 页 共 15 页第 15 页 共 15 页第 15 页 共 15 页第 15 页 共 15 页第 15 页 共 15 页第 15 页 共 15 页第 15 页 共 15 页第 15 页 共 15 页