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1、名师整理，助你成功 专题三 考点通关 第 1 讲 谓语动词(时态、语态和主谓一致)无论在语法填空还是短文改错中，动词的考查都是高考的必考点和重难点，在解答有关动词类的试题时，考生必须要分清是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，一个句子无论主句还是从句，必须要有谓语，对于语法填空来说，如果句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词，对于短文改错来说，则主要是时态、语态的错用或主谓不一致。无论是语法填空还是短文改错，一旦我们判定为谓语动词时，都要综合考虑时态、语态和主谓一致的情况，因为这些都是紧密联系在一起进行考查的，都是高考的设题点。考点感悟 语法填空 短文
2、改错 语法填空对谓语动词的考查主要涉及动词的时态、语态和主谓一致三方面。感 1.(2019江苏高考)A few months after he had arrived in China,Mr Smith _(fall)in love with the people and culture there.答案：fell 句意：史密斯先生抵达中国几个月后，爱上了那里的人和文化。arrive 用了过去完成时，表示“过去的过去”，所以此处用一般过去时。2.(2019浙江高考)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody _(have)to
3、 worry about fashion(时尚).答案：has/will have 空格前面的从句为一般现在时，主句谓语动词应该用一般现在时或者一般将来时。而句子主语nobody 是第三人称单数，所以当句子为一般现在时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。短文改错对谓语动词的考查重点是并列谓语动词形式不一致、主谓不一致、上下文时态不一致、主动语态和被动语态误用、过去式与过去分词形式不正确这几个方面。感 1.(2019四川成都高三第三次诊断)I listed all of my achievements and the voluntary work I have done._ 答案：havehad 这里含有
4、一个定语从句，先行词是 the voluntary work，表示发生在“过去的过去”，用过去完成时，所以 have 改为 had。2.(2019江西横峰中学五校竞赛)All the international students was quite interested in my introduction._ 名师整理，助你成功 3.(2019天津高考)Amy,as well as her brothers,_(give)a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.答案：was given A as well as B 作主语
5、时，谓语动词的单复数由 A，也就是本题中的 Amy决定；由 last week可知 give表示的动作发生在过去，且 Amy 与 give之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。4.(2018浙江高考)While regularly eating out seems to _(become)common for many young people in recent years,its not without a cost.答案：have become 根据时间状语 in recent years 可知，此处应用现在完成时。seem to have done “似乎已经做过”。5.(2017
6、天津高考)I _(drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.答案：was driving 此处为 be doing.when.结构，根据从句中的 found 可知，主句应用过去进行时。答案：waswere All the international students 作主语，谓语应该使用复数形式，故将 was 改为 were。3.(2019长春质检)You are the most considerate person who know exactly what I need in our c
7、lass._ 答案：knowknows 定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数应和先行词保持一致。4.(2016全国卷)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop._ 答案：tellingtold and 后的动词和 saw是并列关系，故形式应和 saw 一致。5.(2016全国卷)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem._ 答案：去掉 been studies 和 show
8、 之间为主动关系。6.(2018全国卷)It was Monday morning,and the writing class had just begin._ 答案：beginbegun 根据语意语境可知，and 并列句应用过去完成时，即 had done 的形式，begin 的过去分词应为begun。名师整理，助你成功 续表 语法填空 短文改错 悟 1.时态 对于时态问题我们可通过时态定义，即各时态的基本用法；标志性状语；主从句时态的呼应；固定句式结构；语境暗示，这五个方面来解决。(参“考点素能一”)2.语态 对于语态问题我们主要是根据与主语的逻辑关系来解决，语态考查是包含在时态之中的，不
9、可分割。3.主谓一致 对于主谓一致的问题，要根据主谓一致的三原则来解决。悟 1.时态 短文改错中一定要注意：上下文时态、并列连词所连接的时态及并列句中的谓语动词的时态，都应保持一致。此外，还要注意过去式与过去分词的形式是否正确。2.语态 判断主被动语态的关键在于判断主语与谓语动词的关系为主动还是被动关系。3.主谓一致 熟悉主谓一致的语法知识为解题关键，平时一定要注意总结记忆。考点素能 一 动词的时态和语态 解答谓语动词的时态和语态的问题时，可通过以下几种途径来解决：1通过“时态定义”解决时态：虽然新课标或考纲中列出了 10 种时态，但近三年全国卷主要考查一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态。尽管如此
10、，以下 8 种时态的基本用法和构成还应掌握。准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。一般将来时 will do 过去将来时 would do 一般现在时 do/does 一般过去时 did 现在进行时 am/is/are doing 过去进行时 was/were doing 现在完成时 have/has done 过去完成时 had done 2通过“标志性状语”解决时态：高考中，很多题目本身就带有明确的用某种时态的时间状语，要学会利用这些状语来解决时态问题。(1)看到 always,every time,now and then,often,seldom,sometimes,usually 等表
11、名师整理，助你成功 示频率的时间状语，要想到用一般现在时。(2)看到 yesterday,last week,two days ago,the other day,in 1998,just now,once upon a time等时间状语，要想到用一般过去时。(3)看到 tomorrow,next year,in a week 等时间状语，要想到用一般将来时。(4)看到 the next day/morning,the next/following week/month/year 等时间状语，要想到用过去将来时。(5)看到 all the time,now,at 4 oclock,at th
12、is moment,at present 等时间状语，要想到用现在进行时。(6)看到 at that time,at this time yesterday,at five yesterday,the whole morning 等时间状语，要想到用过去进行时。(7)看到 at this time tomorrow,from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow 等时间状语，要想到用将来进行时。(8)看到 since,recently,lately,already,in/for/during the last/past few years,so far,up to now,during
13、the past/last时间段等时间状语，要想到用现在完成时。(9)看到 by that time,by the end of过去时间，before 2000,by the time一般过去时的从句，要想到用过去完成时。(10)看到 by the time一般现在时的从句，by the end of将来时间的名词，by将来时间名词等时间状语，要想到用将来完成时。3通过“动作先后”解决时态：此种方法主要用来解决两种类型的试题：并列连词 and,but,as well as,or,or else,both.and.,neither.nor.,either.or.,not only.but als
14、o.,rather than 等及从属连词than 可连接两个平行的结构。平行的另外一个结构与所选谓语动词的先后关系，决定着所选动词的时态；涉及主从句时态的题目，我们可通过考虑主句和从句的关系和动作发生的时间先后来确定时态。例如：One day,when I was drawing diagrams on the balcony and he _(bathe)inside,the volcano erupted unexpectedly.本句为 and 连接的并列结构，根据前面的 was drawing 便可得知此处应填 was bathing。Mr White _(teach)in our
15、school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.根据 for nearly forty years 可知应用完成时，再根据 before 从句中的 retired 可知，从句中用的为过去时，主句动作发生在其前，故应用过去完成时，即 had taught。4通过“语境暗示”解决时态：实际上，高考对时态的考查更注重“情境立意”，即考生在具体的语境下运用各种时态的能力。正因为如此，有些试题的时间状语和其他参照物都不明显，此时考生要树立全局观念，根据提供的语境，挖名师整理，助你成功 掘隐含信息，从而找到解题的突破口。例如：While
16、 online shopping _(change)our life,not all of its effects have been positive.根据语境结合后面的have been 可知此处应用现在完成时，强调对现在造成的结果或影响，又主语为 online shopping，故应填 has changed。5通过“固定句式”解决时态：所谓固定就是需要考生记住，因此考生必须要熟记一些常见的固定句式结构。(1)看到 no sooner.than.或 hardly.when.，要想到主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。(2)看到并列连词 when，要想到 was/were doing st
17、h.when.；be about to do sth.when.等句式。(3)看到 It/This/That isthe序数词timethat 从句，要想到从句用现在完成时。(4)看到 It/This/That wasthe序数词timethat 从句，要想到从句用过去完成时。(5)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表示将来。(6)在由 since 引导的时间状语从句中，如果主句是现在完成时，从句则用一般过去时。(7)看到“祈使句and/or陈述句”，要想到陈述句用一般将来时。6通过“逻辑关系”解决语态：对于语态问题的解题关键就在于理清主语与谓语的关系，如
18、果为主动关系，则用主动语态，如果为被动关系，则用被动语态。需要注意的是，考生在做题时往往对时态问题比较关注，但却容易忽略语态问题，因此我们可采用“先语态，后时态”的做题方式来避免此类问题的发生。被动语态在各种时态中的构成形式如下所示：名师整理，助你成功 7 注意“特殊动词”：有些动词(短语)的用法比较特殊，要格外注意。如 belong to(属于)不用进行时和被动语态；date from 或 date back to(追溯到)常用一般现在时；系动词如look,seem,feel,taste,sound,smell,prove,appear等不能用被动语态。对于这些特殊的词汇，考生务必要记牢。二
19、 主谓一致 所谓主谓一致，就是说在英语中，句子的谓语动词的形式应与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致主要分为语法一致、意义一致及就近或就远一致，共三种。近几年来高考中对它的考查主要集中于语法一致和意义一致，并且常将主谓一致与动词的时态和语态结合起来进行考查。1语法一致(1)可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数；可数名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。(2)在定语从句中，关系代词 that,who,which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中的先行词的数一致。(3)单个动名词、不定式、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。但 what引导的主语从句表示复数概念时，谓语动词用复数。
20、2意义一致(1)集体名词作主语时，若强调整体，则谓语动词用单数；若强调个体，则谓语动词用复数。常见的集体名词有：family,class,team,group,public,committee,government,audience 等。名师整理，助你成功(2)“分数/百分数/the majority of 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于 of 后名词的数及其表示的意义；all,some,half,most,the rest 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。3就近/就远原则(1)就近原则：由 either.or.,neither.nor.,not.but.,not
21、 only.but also.等连接的并列主语或者在 there be 句型中，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。(2)就远原则：主语后跟有 with,together with,along with,as well as,but,except,rather than,including等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。过关检测(限时：35 分钟).单句语法填空 1Excuse me,which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars.We _(wait)here for more than two hours.2Ju
22、st as I got to the school gate,I realized I _(leave)my book in the caf.3 Festivals and celebrations of all kinds _(hold)everywhere since ancient times.4Long ago Hongbao _(see)as a means of protecting children from evil spirits.5You look so tired and pale.Anything wrong?I hate to complain,but a new r
23、oad _(build)throughout the night.6It is reported that his new book _(publish)by that company next year.7How close parents are to their children _(have)a strong influence on the development of the childrens characters.8It took a long time but eventually the dog _(stop)barking and the man was able to
24、touch it.9The famous musician,as well as his students,_(invite)to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.10You rather than I _(be)going to go camping tomorrow.名师整理，助你成功.阅读理解(每小题 2 分)When I was a kid,I always used to wonder how on earth my father could work outside in the wint
25、er without a coat,even when it was 20.I would ask,“Arent you cold,dad？”“No，”hed reply,“Im not coldworking too hard to be cold.”Once when I was quite young,perhaps five or so,I went ice fishing with Dad.It was a bright,clear day and bitterly cold.After wed been out on the ice for a little while,my fe
26、et started getting cold.“Daddy,my feet are cold，”I said.“Walk around.Make some circles in the snow and see how many different pictures on the ground you can make.That will get your feet warm，”he said.I still remember my thinking at that time,“How can that make my feet warm?Something must be wrong wi
27、th Dads mind.”But he was my father,after all.So I kept walking drawing lines and circles in the snow.Very soon I was having so much fun walking in the snow.I forgot about my feet being cold.Now,all these years later,I know,too,from personal experience how my father was able to take his coat off and
28、work outside in the winter wearing just a shirt,a cap and gloves.Because I do it,too.“Arent you cold？”my husband asked one winter day.“No，”I replied,“Im not coldworking too hard to be cold.”I hope my husband has decided Im both tough and smart.But I guess quite a bit of the time he thinks Im foolish
29、.Now,wherever Dad is in that great big farm in the skyIm sure he cant help but smile whenever I take my coat off while Im working outside in the winter.1When the authors feet felt cold,her father advised her to _ Ago home alone first Bkeep walking in the snow Cdraw pictures in the snow Dlight a fire
30、 on the ice 2Hearing her fathers advice,the writer thought her father _ Aforgetful Bwarmhearted Ccrazy Dcruel 3What might the writers husband think of her?ATough.BSmart.CBrave.DFoolish.4The writers purpose of writing this passage is to _ Aremember her tough and smart father Bshow how her father care
31、d about her Cdescribe memories of her childhood Dexplain why her father loved her so much.语法填空 名师整理，助你成功 To be a charming(有魅力的)leader,it helps to have speaking skills that convey strength and experience.Contrary _1_ popular belief,a speakers message may not matter as much as the style in which the s
32、peech _2_(deliver).A new study finds its a leaders tone of voice _3_ is actually important.Researchers from the University of California analyzed the vocal styles of four US politicians.They found that while all of them presented _4_(complete)different messages,they _5_(change)their voices in simila
33、r ways,depending on the audience.“Politicians use voice as a strong tool _6_(convey)their charm，”Rosario Signorello,one of the researchers behind the work,said at a recent conference.When it comes to politics,its not only about _7_ you say but how you say it.Theres a good reason why some of the most
34、 successful politicians,for better or worse,are also known as outstanding _8_(speak),able to persuade large and diverse crowds with _9_(attraction)speeches.But its not just about the words they choose;the same paragraph might sound boring in a flat speakers voice but beautiful when _10_(recite)by a Shakespearean actor.1_ 2._ 3._ 4._ 5_ 6._ 7._ 8._ 9_ 10._