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1、-第 2 章 3.在国际化根底上，产品分工是局部还是完全的成因。Under constant opportunity cost conditions,specialization is plete.时机本钱不变的条件下，专业化是完整的。A country can devote all of its resources to the production of a good without losing its parative advantage.Under increasing cost conditions,specialization tends to be partial.增加本钱的条
2、件下，化偏 As production costs rise with e*panded production,the home country eventually loses its parative advantage.4.相对需求理论的含义。它是如何解释国际贸易条件的。The law of reciprocal demand suggests that if we know the domestic demands e*pressed by both trading partners for both products,the equilibrium terms of trade ca
3、n be defined.5.为什么在本钱递增条件下，不存在贸易时的生产点会影响相对本钱，而本钱不变的条件下则不存在这种影响。Where a nation produces along its production possibilities curve in autarky affects the nations parative costs under increasing cost conditions.This is because the slope of a bowed-out production possibilities curve,which indicates the m
4、arginal rate of transformation,varies at each point along the curve.Under conditions of constant costs,the production possibilities curve is a straight line.The marginal rate of transformation does not change in response to movements along the production possibilities curve.本钱不变的条件下，生产可能性曲线是一条直-线。边际
5、转换率不应在生产可能性曲线运动的变化。6.为什么嘉图的贸易模型无法准确地决定收益。The gains a country enjoys from free trade depend on the equilibrium terms of trade,which is determined by world supply and demand conditions.一个国家的收益享有自由贸易依赖贸易的平衡，这是由世界的供给和需求条件确定。By recognizing only the role of supply,Ricardo was unable to determine the equil
6、ibrium terms of trade.7.时机本钱不变和时机本钱递增的含义。在什么条件下一国的本钱保持不变或递增。Constant opportunity costs refer to a situation where the cost of each additional unit of one product in terms of another product remains the same.Constant costs occur when resources are pletely adaptable to alternative uses.Under increasin
7、g cost conditions,a nation must sacrifice more and more of one product to produce each additional unit of another product.Increasing costs occur when resources are not pletely adaptable to alternative uses.固定的时机本钱是指一种情况中，在另一个产品一个产品每增加单位本钱保持不变。固定本钱发生资源完全适用于其他用途。增加本钱的条件下，一个国家必须牺牲更多的一个产品生产另一种产品的一个单位。本钱
8、增加时出现的资源并不完全适用于其他用途。9.比拟本钱和生产可能性曲线的关系。阐述对于不同的时机本钱，生产可能性曲线形状有何不同。The principle of parative advantage can be e*plained in opportunity cost,-which indicates the amount of one product that must be sacrificed in order to release enough resources to be able to produce one more unit of another product.The
9、slope of the production possibilities curve(i.e.,the marginal rate of transformation)indicates this rate of sacrifice.A nation facing a straight-line production possibilities curve produces under conditions of constant costs,while production under increasing costs refers to a bowed-out(i.e.,concave)
10、production possibilities curve.比拟优势原理可以解释时机本钱，这说明一种产品要牺牲为了释放足够的资源能够生产更多的单位另一种产品的数量。的生产可能性曲线的斜率即，边际转换率说明该速率的牺牲。一个国家面临的一个直线生产可能性曲线生产本钱不变的条件下，当生产本钱增加是指一个退出即，凹生产可能性曲线。第 3 章 3.里昂惕夫之谜如何挑战要素禀赋模型的普遍适用性。The Leontief parado*questioned the applicability of the factor-endowment theory by concluding that the Uni
11、ted States e*ported labor-intensive goods.This was the opposite conclusion that would be e*pected when applying the factor endowment theory to the United States.里昂惕夫悖论质疑的要素禀赋理论的适用性的结论，美国出口劳动密集型产品。这是相反的结论，将运用要素禀赋理论去美国的时候。5.林德的理论：1对制成品2对初级农业产品。Linder maintains that the factor-endowment theory is valid
12、 for trade in primary products,but that the theory of overlapping demands best-applies to trade in manufactured goods.林德认为要素禀赋理论在初级产品贸易是有效的，但最好的重叠需求理论应用于制造品贸易。6.国家干预总呢观测如何影响一个行业的国际竞争力。Governmental regulations imposed on domestic producers lead to higher production costs and a decrease in petitivenes
13、s.Such regulation is a negative determinant on trade performance.Nations that impose more stringent and costly governmental regulations on their producers,relative to those abroad,tend to lessen their international petitiveness.政府规定，对国生产商征收导致较高的生产本钱和降低竞争力。这样的规定是对贸易绩效负行列式。国家实施更严格的和昂贵的生产商的政府规定，相对于国外，倾
14、向于减少其国际竞争力。7.要素禀赋理论证明了贸易如何影响贸易伙伴间的收入分配，解释。The Heckscher-Ohlin theory reasons that e*ports of products embodying large amounts of relatively cheap,abundant factors makes those factors less abundant domestically.This leads to higher prices and thus an increased share of national ine for these factors.
15、赫克歇尔俄林的理论原因，表达了大量相对廉价的出口产品，丰富的因素使得这些因素不太丰富的国。这导致了这些因素更高的价格，从而增加国民收入的份额。8.产业政策的含义。政府如何创造新兴产业的比拟优势。在制定产业政策时会遇到的问题。Industrial policy refers to a governmental strategy intended to revitalize,improve,and/or develop an industry.Governmental policies intended-to foster an industrys development include loan
16、 guarantees,research and development subsidies,low interest rate loans,trade protection,and the like.Creating parative advantage requires the government to identify industries with the highest growth prospects.Problems of industrial policy include:(a)identifying growth oriented industries;(b)governm
17、ent policy makers may be unduly influenced by their voting constituents.产业政策是指政府为了振兴战略，改善，和/或开展一个产业。政府的政策旨在促进展业的开展包括贷款担保，研发补贴，低利率贷款，贸易保护，等。创造比拟优势的产业需要政府确定的最高增长前景。产业政策存在的问题包括：一确定的增长型行业；b政府的政策制定者可以通过他们的投票选民的过度影响。10.区分产业贸易与产业间贸易。产业贸易的主要决定因素是什么。Interindustry trade refers to the e*change between nations
18、of products of different industries.Intraindustry trade refers to two-way trade in a similar product.Among the determinants of intraindustry trade are:(a)overlapping demand segments in trading countries,(b)the e*tent to which domestic producers ignore minority consumer tastes,and(c)economies of scal
19、e associated with differentiated goods.行业间贸易是指不同行业产品的国家之间的交流。产业贸易是指在一个类似产品的双向贸易。产业贸易的决定因素之间的是：一在交易的国家，重叠的需求局部，b在何种程度上无视国生产者的少数民族消费者的口味，和c与差异产品相关的规模经济。-11.商品和要素投入的国际流动如何促使国家间要素价格均等化。The factor endowment theory suggests that a capital-abundant nation enjoys relatively cheap capital.It thus specializes
20、 in and e*ports a capital-intensive good.This leads to increased demand for capital,which forces up the price of capital and thus the price of the capital-intensive good.The opposite occurs in the capital-scarce country.The basis for further specialization and trade ceases when the capital prices an
21、d product prices in each nation equate.要素禀赋理论认为，资本丰富的国家享有相对廉价的资本。因此，专业出口资本密集型商品。这导致资本需求的增加，迫使了资本的价格从而对资本密集型商品的价格。相反的情况发生在资本稀缺的国家。在此根底上进展进一步的专业化和贸易停顿时，在每个国家的首都的价格和产品价格等同。12.大规模生产的经济效应如何影响国际贸易模式。Adam Smith recognized that the division of labor is limited by the size of the market;world trade can permi
22、t longer production runs for domestic manufacturers,which leads to increasing efficiency and increasing petitiveness.亚当史密斯认为劳动分工是市场规模的限制；世界贸易可以允许较长的生产运行的国厂商，这导致提高效率和增加竞争力。13.运输本钱对国际贸易模式的影响。Transportation costs affect the location of industry since firms recognize that transportation costs in additio
23、n to production costs affect profitability.A firm achieves its best location when it can-minimize its total operating costs,including production and transportation costs.When adding transportation costs to the prices of traded goods,a nations volume of trade decreases.运输本钱影响产业的位置，因为公司认识到，除了生产本钱影响盈利能
24、力的运输本钱。一个公司到达其最正确的位置时，它可以最小化总经营本钱，包括生产和运输本钱。对贸易商品的价格加上运输本钱时，一个国家的贸易额下降。第 4 章 2.欠兴旺国家认为，工业国的关税构造不利于欠兴旺国家开展本国工业，请解释。Developing countries have argued that industrial countries allow raw materials to be imported at low nominal tariff rates while maintaining high nominal tariff rates on finished products
25、.开展中国家认为，工业国家允许进口原材料在较低的名义关税税率的同时保持较高的名义关税率对成品。4.描述从量关税、从价关税和混合关税的概念，并区分其优缺点。A specific tariff is e*pressed as a fi*ed amount of money per unit of the imported product.An ad valorem tariff is a fi*ed percentage of the value of the imported product as it enters the country.A pound tariff bines a spec
26、ific tariff and an ad valorem tariff.一个特定的关税是对一定数量的进口商品的每单位的钱。从价关税是固定比例的进口产品的价值作为进入中国。复合关税将特定的关税和关税。5.在什么情况下，对进口商品征收的名义关税高估或低估了实际关税或名义关税的有效保护性。-When material inputs or intermediate products enter a country at a low duty while the final imported product is protected by a high duty,the nominal tariff
27、rate on the final product overstates the effective rate of protection.The opposite also applies.当材料的投入或中间产品进入一个国家在一个较低的关税而最终的进口产品的高关税保护，对最终产品的名义税率夸张的有效保护率。相反的也适用。8.保税仓库和对外贸易区的含义。为什么它们能够帮助进口商减轻国进口关税的影响。A bonded warehouse is a storage facility for imported goods;it allows imported goods to be put into
28、 storage without the payment of duties.Goods may be later sold overseas duty free or withdrawn for domestic sale upon payment of import duties.A foreign trade zone is a site where foreign merchandise can be imported with no import duty;merchandise in the zone can be stored or used in the manufacturi
29、ng of final products.保税仓库是一个进口货物的仓储设施；它允许进口入库货物未支付的义务。货物可以免税或撤回后在海外销售的销的进口关税支付。对外贸易区是一个，外国商品可以没有进口税进口；在区商品可以存储或用于最终产品的制造。13.有关关税的讨论，你认为哪一种与当今的世界最相关。Economists generally contend that most arguments for trade restrictions cannot withstand searching analysis.The infant industry and national security ar
30、guments may have some validity,but they must be highly qualified.经济学家普遍认为，大多数参数的贸易限制，不能承受搜-索分析。幼稚产业和国家平安的争论可能会有一定的道理，但他们必须是合格的。15.征收关税对一个国家的贸易条件和贸易量产生的影响。Terms of trade improve,while trade volume declines.贸易条件的改善，而贸易量下降。第 5 章 3.进口配额可能带来的收益和本钱。The import quota tends to permit domestic firms and worke
31、rs to enjoy higher sales,profits,and employment levels.Consumers tend to face higher prices and e*penditure levels.The economy as a whole faces deadweight losses in production and consumption.进口配额会使国企业和工人享受更高的销售额，利润，和就业水平。消费者往往面临更高的价格和支出水平。整个经济面临的无谓损失的生产和消费。5.哪种趋势会造成家庭经济更大的福利损失：1 由本国政府实行进口配额 2由外国政府自
32、愿实行出口配额。Under an import quota,the distribution of the revenue effect is indeterminate,depending on the relative bargaining power of foreign producers and domestic buyers.Because voluntary e*port quotas are typically administered from the supply side of the market,the largest share of the revenue eff
33、ect tends to be captured by foreign e*porters.进口配额的影响下，收入分配是不确定的，根据相对议价能力的外国生产商和国买家。由于自愿出口配额通常是从供给方的市场管理，对收入影响最大的份额往往受到外国出口商捕获。-6.日本对出口到美国的汽车数量进展限制，给美国带来的影响。Same general answer as Question 5.The distribution of the revenue effect tends to accrue to foreign auto-makers.同一般答复下列问题 5。的收入效应的分布趋于增加外国汽车制造商
34、。7.针对在美倾销的外国钢材实施配额时，为什么美国刚刚消费企业会向政府游说。By contributing to a scarcity of steel in the domestic market,quotas lead to higher steel prices and production costs for domestic steel-using firms.Such cost increases detract from their international petitiveness.通过有助于在国市场上稀缺的钢，配额导致更高的钢铁价格和生产本钱为国用钢公司。这样的本钱增加影响
35、其国际竞争力。8.考虑国际倾销，区别以价格为根底和以本钱为根底确定的国际市场价值。According to the priced-based definition,dumping occurs whenever a foreign firm sells a product in the importing countrys market at a price below that for which the product is sold in the firms home market.According to the cost-based definition,dumping occurs
36、 when foreign merchandise is sold in the domestic market at less than fair value(i.e.,price is less than average total cost).根据价格根底的定义，倾销发生在一个外国公司销售的产品在进口国的市场价格低于，该产品是在该公司的国销售。根据定义的本钱，当反倾销的外国商品在国市场销售的低于公平价值即，价格小于平均总本钱。10.主要的非关税壁垒有:-Nontariff trade barriers include import quotas,voluntary e*port agre
37、ements,subsidies,buy-national policies,product and safety standards,and content requirements.非关税壁垒包括进口配额，自愿出口协议，补贴，购置的国家政策，产品平安标准，容要求 12.政府给予国生产者的补贴方式主要有哪些？Subsidies include domestic subsidies and e*port subsidies.Methods used to subsidize producers include ta*concessions,low interest rate loans,and
38、 loan guarantees.补贴包括生活补贴和出口补贴。方法用于补贴生产者包括税收优惠，低利率的贷款，贷款担保。13.自动出口限制的含义。它和其他的贸易保护壁垒有何不同。Voluntary e*port restraints are market-sharing agreements negotiated by producing and consuming countries.Because voluntary e*port quotas are typically administered from the supply side of the market,the foreign
39、e*porter tends to capture the largest share of the quota revenue.自愿出口限制的市场共享协议的生产和消费国的谈判。由于自愿出口配额通常是从供给方的市场管理，外国出口商倾向于捕捉到的配额收入的最大份额。16.偶发性、持续性、掠夺性倾销之间的区别。Sporadic dumping-firms with temporary inventories sell their products overseas at lower prices than at home.Predatory dumping-firms cut prices ove
40、rseas to eliminate petitors.Persistent dumping-in an effort to ma*imize profits,firms continuously sell abroad at lower prices than at-home.偶发性倾销临时库存公司海外销售产品以较低的价格比在家里。掠夺性倾销公司削减价格海外排挤竞争对手。持续性倾销为了利润最大化，企业不断向国外以更低的价格比在家里。第 6 章 2.战略性贸易政策的目的。Strategic trade policy refers to governmental assistance provi
41、ded to support key industries that are considered important to future domestic economic growth and provide widespread benefits to society.战略性贸易政策是指提供支持，被认为是未来国经济增长的重要和向社会提供广泛的效益的关键产业的政府援助。3.经济制裁的目的。Economic sanctions refer to trade and financial restrictions levied against a foreign country.Such res
42、trictions are designed to impose economic hardship on the people of the foreign nation which will lead to their pressuring the government to modify its political behavior.A country facing economic sanctions may initiate offsetting sanctions such as stockpiling crucial imports or purchasing goods fro
43、m countries that do not participate in the sanctions.经济制裁是指贸易和金融限制向国外。这种限制是为了对外国的国家，会导致其政府施压以改变其政治行为人实施经济困难。一个国家面临的经济制裁可能会引发抵消制裁如储存关键进口或购置商品，不参与制裁的国家。5.表达美国政府实行的产业政策，这些政策和日本的政策有何不同。-Industrial policies of the United States have been less formal than those of Europe and Japan.The U.S.government encou
44、rages e*ports via its E*port-Import Bank and modity Credit Corporation.Firms are also allowed to form e*port trading panies and e*port trade associations.美国的工业政策已经比欧洲和日本不太正式的。美国政府鼓励出口通过其进出口银行和产品信贷公司。公司也允许出口贸易公司和出口贸易协会。9.什么是贸易补救法案？面对不公平公平的商品贸易，它们如何保护美国企业。These laws attempt to redress hardships for U.
45、S.producers resulting from policies of foreign firms and governments,thus resulting in a fair trading environment.They consist of the escape clause,countervailing duties,antidumping duties,and Section 301 of the 1974 Trade Act that deals with unfair trading practices by foreign nations.这些法律试图纠正美国生产商
46、从外国公司和政府的政策造成困难，从而导致在一个公平的贸易环境。他们组成的例外条款，反补贴税，反倾销税，而 301 款的 1974 的贸易行为，由外国不公平贸易行为的研究。13.在美国贸易历史上，贸易保护主义在什么时期到达最顶峰。Protectionism in the United States culminated with the passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930.在美国是 1930 的斯穆特-霍利关税法案通过保护主义。第 7 章 5.为什么开展中国家担忧商品价格稳定。-Many developing countries find
47、 that their economies are greatly tied to the e*port of one modity,such as tin.Since the price elasticities of supply and demand of most modities are low,modest changes in supply or demand can e*ert large swings in modity prices and e*port earnings.许多开展中国家发现他们的经济大大依赖于一种商品的出口，如锡。由于供给和大多数大宗商品需求的价格弹性低，
48、供给或需求的变化可以产生适度的大宗商品价格大幅波动和出口收入。6.进口替代和出口导向型政策如何帮助开展中国家实现工业化。Developing countries use import substitution policies to restrict the import of manufacturers so that domestic producers can take over established markets.E*port promotion policies attempt to replace modity e*ports with e*ports of processed
49、 primary products,semi-manufacturers,and manufacturers.开展中国家使用进口替代政策限制制造商的进口，国生产商可以在既定的市场。促进出口的政策，试图与加工的初级产品，出口替代商品出口半制造商，制造商。7.国际商品协定的例子。为什么许多这样的协定经过一定时期后会解散。International modity agreements have been applied to modities such as tin,cocoa,coffee,sugar,and wheat.Deciding on acceptable ranges for pric
50、e and output fluctuations has been difficult.Convincing countries to accept production and e*port quotas has also been difficult,especially during periods of falling market demand.国际商品协定已应用于商品如锡，可可，咖啡，糖，小麦。决定对价格和产出波动围已经很难承受。-令人信服的国家承受生产和出口配额也非常困难，尤其是在市场需求下降的时期。8.20 世纪 70-90 年代，东亚实现经济增长所采取的战略政策。东亚奇迹在