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1、第 1页 共 18页 2012 届新课标高三第二轮专题讲解 介词英语中称为“preposition”是由“前缀 pre-(在前部)+position(位置)”构成的,所以又叫前置词。一般放在名词、代词或动名词的前面。介词是虚词,主要用来表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件之间的关系,如空间位置、时间先后、因果关系、方式方法等。介词与其宾语构成介词短语。可作介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词(或动名词短语)、名词性从句等。分类 特点 例词 简单介词 即一个介词 about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on
2、 等等。合成介词 由两个介词构成合成词 into,onto,throughout,upon,within 短语介词 由短语构成 according to,because of,instead of,up to,due to,owing to,thanks to 等等。双重介词 由两个介词搭配而成 from among,from behind,from under,till after,in between等等。分词介词 由现在分词转化而来 considering(就而论),including,regarding,concerning 等。兼类介词 由形容词直接转化而来 like,unlike,
3、near,next,opposite 等等。介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能 例 句 作定语 They didnt find the solution to the problem.作状语 We have breakfast at seven.(表时间)They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因)What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法)Nothin
4、g in the world could live without air or water.(表条件)第 2页 共 18页 作表语 When I paid a visit to you yesterday,you were not at home.作宾语补足语 I found the old building in a bad condition.介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看,考生需要掌握以下内容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别 表示的概念 介词(短语)区 别 例 子 时间 in on at at 在一个时间点
5、上;in 在一段的时间之内;on 在具体日子。at 8 oclock,at noon in the 1990s,in January on Monday,on a warm morning since from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;from 指从时间的某一点开始。We have not seen each other since 1995.I hope to do morning exercises from today.in,after in 指在一段时间之后,也可以指一段时间之内=within;after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。We
6、ll be back in three days.After seven the rain began to fall.What shall we do after graduation?in the end at the end of by the end of in the end 作“最后”、“终于”解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词 of;at the end of 表示“在末梢”,“到尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在结束时”,“到末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。In the end they reached a place o
7、f safety.At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.By the end of last month he had finished the novel.位置 between among 一般说来,between 表示两者之间,among 用于三者或三者以上的中间。You are to sit between your father and me.He is always happy among his
8、classmates.注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,就用 between。Agreements were made between the different countries.The little valley lies between high mountains.They dont know the difference between wheat,rice and coin.in on to in 表示在某范围内;on 指与什么毗邻;to 指在某环境范围之外。Changch
9、un is in the northeast of China.Mongolia is on the north of China.Japan is to the east of China.on in on 只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。There is a book on the piece of paper.There is an interesting article in the 第 3页 共 18页 newspaper.He dug a hole in the wall.in into in 通常表示位置(静态);into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。We w
10、alked in the park.We walked into the park.through across through 表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across 则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on 有关。Water flows through the pipe.The old man walked across the street.in the corner on the corner at the corner in the corner 表示在角落里,in 指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on 指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at t
11、he corner 指“在拐角处”,at 指的是拐角外附近的外面。The lamp stands in the corner of the room.I met with him at the street corner.He sat on the corner of the table.除了 besides except but except for besides 指“除了还有,再加上”;except 指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。but 与 except 意思近似,表示“除了外”经常用在 no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything 等和其他疑问词后面。exc
12、ept for 表示“如无就,只是”表明理由细节。All went out besides me.All went out except me.I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.表示的概念 构成 例 子 动作(表进行概念、表被动的关系)at+名词 at dinner/table 在吃饭 at work 在工作 at war 交战 at cards 在玩牌 at work 在办公 at play 在玩耍 at rest 在休
13、息 school 在上学 at press 正在排印 at church 在做礼拜 beyond+名词 beyond belief 难以置信 beyond control 不听管教。beyond compare 无可比拟 beyond description 难以形容 beyond expression 无法表达 beyond suspicion 无可怀疑 in+名词 或 in+名词+of+名词 in the army 在当兵 in need of 需要 in action 在运转 in progress 在进行 in operation 在运行中 in use 开始使用 in sight 看
14、得见 in store 贮藏着 in course of construction 正在兴建当中。in(good)repair 维修良好的 in course of shipment.定的货正在运输途中。in charge of 负责 in the charge of 由负责 in possession of 拥有 in the possession of 被拥有 on+名词 on business 办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave 在休假 on watch 值班 on duty 值勤/日。on guard 在值勤 on strike 在罢工 on sale 出售
15、 on loan 借贷 on the move 在移动,搬迁,离开 on the march 在行军 on the air 在广播 on fire 在燃烧。第 4页 共 18页 on trial 在试用 on show/display/exhibition 在展出 under+名词 under control 在控制之中 under discussion 在讨论 underdevelopment 在发展中 under observation 在观察中 under test 在被测试 under construction 在建设中 under fire 在炮火中 under examinatio
16、n 在检查/调查中 under consideration 在考虑中 under repair 在修理中 under arrest 被逮捕 under attack 受到袭击 under medical treatment 在治疗中 under study 在研究中 其他 against ones opinion 反对某人的见解 for ones opinion 同意某人的见解 above reproach 无可指责,无可非议 above suspicion 不受怀疑 above criticism 无可指责 at the mercy of 在支配下;任由摆布 for sale 供出售 for
17、 rent 供出租 within sight 看得见 2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别 常见形容词 搭配 意义 absent(be)absent from 缺席(be)absent in 不在这里而在 afraid(be)afraid of 担心(be)afraid for 为而担心 angry(be)angry with sb.对某人生气(be)angry at/about sth.因某事而生气 anxious(be)anxious for sth 急于想得到(be)anxious about sth./sb.对某事/某人担心 different(be)different fr
18、om 与不同(be)different to 不关心 familiar(be)familiar with 精通,熟悉(be)familiar to 为熟知(悉)good(be)good at 擅长于(be)good for 对有益(be)good to 对友好/态度好 popular(be)popular with sb.受欢迎(be)popular for 因而流行 strict(be)strict with sb.对某人要求严格(be)strict in sth.对某事要求严格 3.容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组 类 型 举 例 差一冠词,大相径庭 in front of(在前面)in
19、the front of(在前部)in charge of(负责)in the charge of(由负责)out of question(毫无疑问)out of the question(不可能)at table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)at the table(在桌子旁边)有无介词,意义不同 know sb.认识某人know about sb.了解某人 shoot sb.击中某人shoot at sb.向某人射击 search sb.搜身search for sb.搜寻某人 believe sb.相信某人的话believe in sb.信任某人的人格 第 5页 共 18页 benefit sb.
20、使某人受益benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处 画蛇添足,误加介词 serve the people 为人民服务(容易在 serve 后加 for)enter the room 进入房间(容易在 enter 后加 into)follow me 跟在我后面(容易在 follow 后加 behind)marry sb.与某人结婚(容易在 marry 后加 with)go abroad 出国(容易在 go 后面加 to)live upstairs 住在楼上(容易在 live 后面加 in)母语思维,误用介词 be caught in the rain 被雨淋着(不用 by)leave
21、for some place 动身去某地(不用 to)set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样(不用 for)in the direction 朝着方向(不用 to)do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙(不用 to)different from 和不同(不用 with)with the help of 在的帮助下(不用 under)steal sth.from sb.偷某人的东西(不用 of)read sth.to sb.给(为)读(念)(不用 for)Although my opinion,the old professor didnt come up with
22、his own.A.against B.on C.for D.in Some people choose jobs for other reasons money these days.A.for B.except C.besides D.with【解析】答案为 C。句意:如今一些人选择工作时,除了钱的原因还有其他原因。besides 意为“除了(包含除去的)”;except 意为“除了(不包含除去的)”。根据题意 besides 符合题意。Some students often listen to music classes to refresh themselves.A.between B
23、.among C.over D.during【解析】答案为 A。between 用于两者之间,也可指多个事物中的两两之间的关系;among 用于三者或三者以上。“课间”是指两节课之间,因此应用 between。This is a junior school.You should go to a senior school girls of your age.(2007 北京卷)A.for B.about C.from D.to【解析】答案为 A。for 在此表示“适于、适合”。句意:这是一所初级中学,你应该去一所适合你这个年龄段女孩子的高级中学读书。第 6页 共 18页 the silence
24、 of the pauses,we could hear each others breathing and could almost hear our own heartbeats.A.In B.For C.Under D.Between【解析】答案为 A。句意:在停顿的沉默中,我们能听到对方的呼吸,甚至能听到我们自己的心跳。In 意为“在之中”。Sorry,Madam.Youd better come tomorrow because its the visiting hours.(2006 福建卷)A.during B.at C.beyond D.before【解析】答案为 C。beyo
25、nd 表示“(时间)晚于、迟于”。句意:对不起,女士,你最好明天来,因为参观的时间已经过了。This new model of car is so expensive that it is the reach of those with average incomes.A.over B.within C.beyond D.below It was a pity that the great writer died his works unfinished.A.for B.with C.from D.of【解析】答案为 B。句意:那个著名作家的作品还未完成他就去世了,真是遗憾。with 引导的是
26、复合结构作伴随状语。What do you want _those old boxes?To put things in when I move to the new flat.A.by B.for C.of D.with【解析】答案为 D。所提到的情景“To put things in when I move to the new flat.”说明了箱子的用途。with 的意思是“用”后接工具。如:cut with a knife 用刀切。Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain _an inch.A.by B.at C.to D.from
27、【解析】答案为 A。介词 by 可以和表示数量的词构成短语,表示“尺寸、距离”等。句意:幸运的是,子弹在距离船长一英尺的地方与他擦肩而过,没有射中他。现将(2006-2011)六年来高考全国卷和各省市自主命题卷所涉及到的介词短语及固定搭配总结如下,以便考生熟悉这一块的考点。英语 汉语意义 英语 汉语意义 第 7页 共 18页 above ones own 在自己的之上 in front of 在的前面 above average 在平均分以上 in general 大体上,总体上 according to 根据 in honour of 为了纪念 after all 毕竟 in need of
28、 需要,紧缺 along with 与一道(又),连同一起,随同一起 in ones mind 在某人心里 apart from 除之外 in other words 换句话说 as a result(of)(由于)的结果 in place 在适当的地方 as well as 也,还有 in place of 代替 be convinced of sth.坚信 in praise of 歌颂,赞美 be curious about sth 对某事物感到好奇的 in return 作为回报,作为交换 because of 因为 in search of 寻找 below average 在平均分
29、以下 in short 简言之 beyond control 无法控制 in sight 在视程内,(被)看得见 beyond description 无法描述 in spite of 尽管 beyond reach 无法到达 in terms of 就而言 beyond repair 无法修理 in the direction of 朝方向 by chance 偶然地,碰巧地 in the form of 以方式(形式)by means of 通过的方式 in turn 反过来 by nature 天生地 in vain 徒劳,白费 by oneself 单独地,独自地 instead of
30、 代替,而不是 except for 除了(除去瘕疵、枝节末节)next to 次于,在旁边,紧邻 far from 远离;远远不;远非 of ones own age 跟某人自己的年龄相同 for one thing 一方面,常与 for another thing(另一方面)连用 on average 平均 hear from 收到的来信,得知某人的消息 on condition that 条件是,以为条件 in addition to 另外=besides 或 except on ones mind 某人有心事,担心 in all 总共 on purpose 故意地,有目地 in cas
31、e(of)万一,以防 on the other hand 另一方面 in detail 详细地,详尽地 on time 按时,准时 in doubt 怀疑 on top of 在之上/顶部;除之外 in effect 实际上,生效,在实行中 regardless of 不顾,不管 in exchange for 作为交换 to the point 中肯,切题 in face of 面对 with regard to 至于,关于 in favour of 支持 within easy reach 在容易达到的地方,在的附近 说明:例题请见以下的高考链接部分。2009 年 1.(全国卷 I)Eve
32、rybody was touched _ words after they heard her moving story.A.beyond B.without C.of D.in 第 8页 共 18页【答案】A 【解析】beyond words 表示“在言语之外”,即不能用言语来表达,也就是“无法形容”了。句意是“听到她的感人故事之后,他们感动得无法用语言来形容”。2.(重庆卷)Try on this red skirt;you will look great it.A.on B.by C.in D.for 【答案】C 【解析】Sth.be on sb.“衣服穿在某人身上”;sb.be in
33、sth“某人穿着什么衣服”。由此可知答案为:C。3.(福建)How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space!Its a challenge,I guess,man against nature.A.of B.for C.by D.about 【答案】A【解析】应答句中的 I guess 是插入语,因此所填介词与 challenge 连用,表所属,用 of,选 A。4.(陕西卷)He invited me to a dance after the show Christmas Eve.A.at B.on C.in D.by
34、【答案】B 【解析】此处介词位于具体节日(日期)前,用 on。5.(北京卷)The wine industry in the area has developed in a special way,_ little foreign ownership.A.by B.of C.with D.from【答案】C【解析】句意:这个地区的白酒业以一种特殊的方式在发展着,具有很少的外国所有权。with:具有,带有,表伴随。6.(辽宁卷)Children need friends their own age to play with.A of B for C in D at 7.(山东卷)It saves
35、 time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _ easy reach.A.near B.upon C.within D.around 【答案】C 【解析】句意:厨房中把常用的物品放在够得着的地方能节省时间。within easy reach 在容易达到的地方;在的附近。8.(四川卷)A great person is always putting others interests _ his own.第 9页 共 18页 A.below B.above C.in D.on【答案】B【解析】put others interests abov
36、e ones own 意思是把别人的利益放在自己的利益之上。9.(湖南卷)Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems themselves,and solve their problems _ themselves.A.to;by B.by;to C.for;to D.in;on 【答案】A 【解析】句意:大多数美国人宁愿让他们面对自己的问题并自己解决他们的问题。by oneself 表示“单独地,独自地”的意思。10.(全国卷 II)Jenny nearly missed the flight _ doing too much sho
37、pping.A.as a result of B.on top of C.in front of D.in need of【答案】A【解析】as a result of 意为“由于的结果”。11.(2009 天津卷)The art show was _ being a failure;it was a great success.A.far from B.along with C.next to D.regardless of 12.(江苏卷)This special school accepts all disabled students,_ educational level and ba
38、ckground.A.according to B.regardless of C.in addition to D.in terms of【答案】B【解析】according to 意为“根据”;regardless of 意为“不管,不顾”;in addition to 意为“另外”;in terms of 意为“就而言”。句意:这所特殊学校接收所有的残疾学生,不管他们的教 育水平和背景如何。13.(湖北卷)Youd sound a lot more polite if you make a request _ a question.A.in search of B.in the form
39、 of C.in need of D.in the direction of 【答案】B【解析】以问题方式向对方提出请求显得更有礼貌。in the form of 意为“以方式”符合句意。in search of意为“寻找”;in need of 意为“需要”;in the direction of 意为“朝方向”。句意:如果你以问题的形式提出要求,那么会显得更有礼貌。14.(湖北卷)His efforts to raise money for his program were _ because,no one showed any intention to take a cent out o
40、f their pockets.第 10页 共 18页 A.in place B.in sight C.in effect D.in vain 【答案】D 【解析】根据下文 no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets 可知为集资做出的努力都白费了,应选择 in vain。in place“和平地”,in sight“在视程内”,in effect“实际上”。2010 年 1.(北京卷)Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden?They are ev
41、eryones enjoyment.A.in B.at C.for D.to【答案】C【解析】for enjoyment 为了寻求乐趣。例如:We work in the garden for enjoyment.我们为寻求乐趣而在园子里劳作。2.(湖北卷)It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money _favors to them.A.in preference to B.in place of C.in agreement with D.in exchange for【答案】D【解析】in pref
42、erence to(优先于);in exchange for(交换);in place of(代替);in agreement with(同意,与一致)。句意:政府官员为某人提供便利或帮助,以换取礼物或金钱,这种行为是非法的。3.(江苏卷)So far we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy,but it is _ideal.We have to work still harder.A.next to B.far from C.out of D.due to 4.(江西卷)We give dogs time,space and love
43、 we can spare,and ,dogs give us their all.A.in all B.in fact C.in short D.in return【答案】D【解析】in return 作为回报;作为回应;回答。in all 共计 in fact 实际上 in short 简而言之。句意:我们挤出时间,腾出空间,割舍我们的爱给狗,而狗以其全部回报我们。5.(江西卷)Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients name,not case number.A.of B.as C.by D.with 第 11页 共 18页【答案】C【解析】by
44、 以的方式。句意:现在有些医院以名字来称呼病人,而不是以病号来称呼。6.(天津卷)My father warned me _ going to the West Coast because it was crowed with tourists.A.by B.on C.for D.against【答案】D【解析】句中谓语动词 warned 和介词 against 搭配,构成 warn sb.against doing sth.相当于 warn sb.not to do sth,意思是“警告某人不要干某事”。句意:我父亲警告我不要去西海岸,因为那里挤满了游客。7.(重庆卷)The diction
45、ary is what I want,but I dont have enough money me.A.by B.for C.in D.with【答案】D【解析】I dont have enough money with me 意思是“我没有随身带那么多钱”。8.(福建卷)More and more highrise buildings have been built in big cities space.A.in search of B.in place of C.for lack of D.for fear of 【答案】C【解析】in search of 意为“寻找”;in plac
46、e of 意为“代替”;for lack of 意为“因缺乏”;for fear of 意为“生怕,以免”。句意:因为缺少空间,越来越多的高层建筑在许多大城市建了起来。9.(辽宁卷)I agree to his suggestion _the condition that he drops all charges.A.by B.in C.on D.to 【答案】C【解析】考查介词用法。介词 on 和 the condition that 一起相当一个连词,引导条件状语从句,意思是“条件是,以为条件”。句意:我同意他的建议,条件是他放弃所有指控。10.(四川卷)Tired,Jim was fas
47、t asleep with his back a big tree.A.in B.below C.beside D.against【答案】D【解析】against 此处意为“倚着,靠着”;below“在下方”;beside“在旁边”;in“在 里面(时间)之后”。句意:累了,吉姆背倚着一棵大树,很快就睡着了。11.(浙江卷)I guess weve already talked about this before but Ill ask you again just _.A.by nature B.in return C.in case D.by chance 第 12页 共 18页 12.(
48、上海卷)Sean has formed the habit of jogging the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day.A.between B.along C.below D.with【答案】B【解析】根据句意“Sean 已经形成了每天沿着绿荫大道慢跑两小时的习惯”,表示“沿着”时,应该 选 B。2011 年 1.(大纲卷)This shop will be closed for repairs_further notice.A.with B.until C.for D.at【答案】B 【解析】主句中 be closed 是延续性动词,un
49、til 在肯定句中表示谓语动作延续到表示的时间为止。句意:商店将停业修缮,直到开业再作通知。2.(北京卷)With new technology,pictures of underwater valleys can be taken_ color.A.by B.for C.with D.in【答案】D【解析】in color 有颜色即彩色的,固定搭配。句意:采用新技术,水下峡谷的照片可以拍成彩色的。3.(上海卷)Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you _ the tough years.A.through B.u
50、p C.with D.from【答案】A【解析】through the tough years,表示经历/度过了艰苦的岁月。句意:毕业的时候是你感谢那些曾经帮助你度过那些艰苦岁月的人们的好机会。4.(湖北卷)When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster,many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men.A.in terms of B.in need of C.in favor of D.in praise of 5.(山东卷)Im sorry I didn