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1、 1 www.newclasses.org（试卷一）Part I Note Taking 1.The reason that the speaker was invited to speak here was that he _.2.A geek is the person who _.3.There are over _ faculty members and _ different department and programs in UM.4.To cast a wide net,the speaker encourages freshmen to _.5.A nerd is the p
2、erson who _.6.To encourage students to _and _ is the purpose of a university.7.An educated person should be _ besides a geek and nerd.8.The speaker mentioned the animals to illustrate that _.9.The speaker is popular with Minnesota University students because _.10.The audience of the lecture is _.Par
3、t II Listening Comprehension Part One 11.What is the aim of Amold Schwarzenegger when he first came to America?A.He wants to be a famous actor.B.He wants to become a famous bodybuilder.C.He wants to be a politician.D.He wants to be a Mr.Universe.12.As a foreigner back in the days when Amold Schwarze
4、negger was a bodybuilder,what did he do to change his life?A.To go to school.B.To learn English C.To make money D.To win championship one after another.13.What do we learn about most teenage peoples learning in Austria?A.They go to colleges and universities.B.They join the military army.C.They learn
5、 trades which can help them make a living.D.They dont learn foreign languages in Austria.14.Which of the following classes is NOT included in the counselors advice to Governor Schwarzenegger?A.Economics.B.Business administration.C.Math.D.Political Science 15.Looking back on the fortune he made in th
6、e past,Governor Schwarzenegger owed much to _.2 www.newclasses.org A.Making movies B.investing money in real estate B.Finding the right counselor to give advice.D.having a good knowledge of math.Part Two 16.What does Schwarzenegger do with the money he made from making movies?A.He put it in the park
7、.B.He spent it.C.He donated it to school.D.He invested it.17.According to the Schwarzenegger,it is enough to go to school when you _.A.are not feeling excited.B.start another new semester C dont know what your aim is D.dont like the classes offered.18.What do the students have to do right now?A.Thin
8、k about their future life B.Have the patience to read.C Achieve their goals.D.Study hard.19.How many ways are mentioned to be successful?A.One B.Two C.Three D.Four 20.Freshmen can take all the following pieces of advice except _.A.Real estate investment B.great vision C.pursuit of your goal D.best e
9、ducation Part III Vocabulary 21.Increased _between different police forces will improve the rate of solving crimes.A.reaction B.retaliation C.interference D.interaction 22.The general arts course at the university _ a wide range of subjects.A.ensures B.encompasses C.encamps D.encloses 23.Their _ fro
10、m the competition was a great surprise.A.elimination B.erosion C.extinction D.emancipation 24.The _ of prices make businessman hesitant about investing in this area.A.fluctuations B.declines C.reductions D.discounts 25.The forthcoming flood calls for the _ of thousands of people.A.evaluation B.eradi
11、cation C.evasion D.evacuation 26.The shortage of funds and the inadequate facilities have been a _ on the researchers scientific projects.A.drain B.drag C.barrier D.source 27.The scientist have three possible _ for its source.A.Prospects B.visions C.arenas D.scenarios 28.The average difference in he
12、ight between men and women isnt as _ in poor countries as 3 www.newclasses.org it is in rich countries.A.Proportional B.compelling C.pronounced D.infinite 29.In medicine as in law,government,and other lines of work,the requirement of honesty often seem _ by greater needs.A.evaluation B.outweigh C.ne
13、cessitated D.dwarfed 30.The road is open now to facilitate the traffic flow from the capital to the coastal regions.A.assist B.distribute C.decrease D.cut 31.The reform plan of Beijing University has triggered an extensive debate among scholars recently.A.activated B.arisen C.conceived D.ushered 32.
14、A mutation is a change in DNA,the hereditary material of life.A.reaction B.interaction C.alteration D.deviation 33.The high court upheld the lower courts verdict and they got the compensation.A.devotion B.decision C.pledge D.promise 34.The surprise discovery overwhelmed the archaeologists with pleas
15、ure.A.dominated B.descended C.blended D.beset 35.Wives say that men are invariably children at heart.A.seriously B.sometimes C.occasionally D.always 36.Studies show that such verbal superiority may continue into adulthood.A.intellectual B.mental C.lexical D.physical 37.Such negative attitudes can be
16、 harmful to the implementation of the language program.A.addictive B.detrimental C.vulnerable D.adverse 38.There are a number of factors which tend to hinder impartial and objective investigations.A.be an obstacle to B.be a underway to C.be a stunt to D.be a subsidy to 39.The original criticisms aim
17、ed at the whole idea of the Nobel Prize have faded away.A.implemented B.disappeared C.supplemented D.submitted Part IV Reading Comprehension(1)How Do Internet Search Engines Work?Javed Mostafa It has been estimated that the amount of textual information accessible via search engines is at least 40 t
18、imes larger than the digitized content of all the books in the Library of Congress,the worlds largest library.It is a challenge to provide access to such a large volume of information,yet current search engines do remarkably well in sifting through the content and identifying related links to querie
19、s.4 www.newclasses.org There is a multitude of information providers on the web.These include the commonly known and publicly available sources-sometimes referred to as the hidden web-is much larger than the public web in terms of the amount of information they provide.This latter group includes sou
20、rces such as Lexis-Nexis,Dialog and Ingenta.They remain hidden for various reasons:they may not allow other information providers access to their content;they may require subscription;or they may demand payment for access.This article is concerned with the former group,the publicly available web sea
21、rch services,collectively referred to here as search engines.Search engines employ various techniques to speed up searches.Some of the common techniques are briefly described below.Preprocessed Data One way search engines save time is by preprocessing the content of the web.That is,when a user issue
22、s a query,it is not sent to millions of web sites.Instead,the matching takes place against preprocessed data stored in one site.The preprocessing is carried out with the aid of a software program called a crawler.The crawler is sent out periodically by the database maintainers to collect web pages.A
23、 specialized computer program analyzes the retrieved pages to extract words.These words are then stored along with the links to the corresponding pages in an index file.Users queries are matched against this index file,not against other web sites.Smart Representation In this technique,the representa
24、tion for the index is carefully selected with an eye toward minimizing search time.Information scientists have produced an efficient data structure called a tree that can guarantee significantly shorter overall search time compared with searches conducted against a sequential list.To accommodate sea
25、rches conducted by many users simultaneously and eliminate wait queues,the index is usually duplicated on multiple computers in the search site.Prioritizing Results The URLs or links produced as a result of searchers are usually numerous.But due to ambiguities of language(for instance,window blind v
26、ersus blind ambition),the resulting links would generally not be equally relevant to a users query.To provide quicker access to the most relevant records(and to place them at or near the top),the search formula applies various ranking strategies.A common ranking method known as term-frequency-invers
27、e document-frequency(TFIDF)considers the distribution of words and their frequencies and generates numerical weights whereby words signifying their importance in individual documents.It produces word weights whereby words that are highly frequent(such as or,to or with)and that appear in many documen
28、ts have substantially less weight than words that are semantically more relevant and appear in relatively few documents.In addition to term weighting,web pages can be weighted using other strategies.For example,link analysis considers the nature of each page in terms of its association with other pa
29、ges;namely 5 www.newclasses.org if it is an authority(number of other pages that point to it)or a hub(number of pages it points to).This highly successful Google search engine uses link-analysis to improve the ranking of its search results.Context and Distance In order to identify the most relevant
30、links quickly,certain search engines compare query terms to contextual information such as recent queries the users submitted.This technique is sometimes referred to as query catching,and involves collecting the words from recent queries and using these words to disambiguate,refine or expand the cur
31、rent query.Another way certain information providers can speed up the delivery of search results is by using a distributed delivery model,whereby copies of the index and related content are duplicated and moved to multiple geographical locations so as to shorten the network distance between users an
32、d content.The content providers work with third-party services to implement distributed content delivery.Limitations There are costs associated with some of the speed up technique described above.The separation of the organizations conducting the indexing from the organizations that produce the actu
33、al content can lead to so-called rotting links,which point to pages that no longer exist.Alternatively,links to new web content could be missing.Both rotting and missing links may occur due to delays in crawling or re-indexing.Some crawlers retrieve pages blindly,without attention to either the repu
34、tation or the authority of information providers.This process encourages manipulation of indexing for malicious purposes.One common phenomenon is called index-spamming.Sites desiring to artificially increase their ranking in search results may place thousands of words in pages using front colors tha
35、t match the background of the pages.This procedure hides the words from viewers but makes them available to indexes.Finally,by taking advantage of a feature of web server software,information providers can manipulate it to return different pages for the same request made by different hosts.This has
36、lead to page-jacking,whereby a site can copy a competitors page,have it indexed by a search engine host as its own,and direct requests from other hosts for the original page to alternative content or sites.(916 words)41.When a user issues a query,_.A.its sent to millions of web sites first.B.the pre
37、processing is implemented under the help of a software program C.crawler is sent out to collect corresponding pages D.matching takes place against an index file with words and their corresponding pages 42.Generally,the resulting links would not be perfectly correlated to a users query,because of _.A
38、.the variety of languages B.the vagueness of language 6 www.newclasses.org C.the complex structure of language D.the abundance of language 43.According to the strategy of word weighing,which of the following words has comparatively more weight when users issue a query about computer technology?A.Pro
39、gramming B.Medicine C.Between D.Whereas 44.The techniques listed in the passage to speed up searches EXCLUDE_.A.query catching B.link-analysis C.sequential list D.distributed delivery 45.What can be inferred from the passage about the limitations of the speed-up techniques?A.Rotting and missing link
40、s encourage manipulation of indexing for malicious purposes.B.Rotting and missing links belong to one of the cases of malicious exploitations of indexing.C.Index-spamming is due to the separation of the organizations conducting the indexing.D.Index-spamming can lead to page-jacking.B.Complete the se
41、ntences with the information given in the text and write answers on your ANSWER SHEET.46.By _ with the help of the search engines a users query can be efficiently solved.47.The search engines adopt different _ to help users get access to the most relevant records more quickly.48.The function of dist
42、ributed content delivery is to ensure that a user can speed up_.49.Besides getting the best and more answers of the current query,query catching can also _it.50.Some crawlers collect pages carelessly and neglect the acknowledgement of information givers,which leads to the _ for malicious purpose.(2)
43、Numbers Are Male,Said Pythagoras,and the Idea Persists Margaret Wertheim When I was a physics major in the late 1970s,my very few fellow female students and I had high hopes that women would soon stand equal with men in science.But progress has proved slower than many of us imagined.A report last mo
44、nth by the National Academy of Sciences documents widespread bias against women in science and engineering and recommends a sweeping overhaul of our institutions.While there may indeed be subtle biological differences contributing to the scarcity of women in the top ranks of science,interviews make
45、clear that many female scientists continue to experience both overt and concert discrimination.The academys report is welcome,yet there is reason to believe that when it comes to the mathematically intensive science like physics and astronomy,it is not just bureaucracies that stand in the way.Female
46、 physicists,astronomers and mathematicians are up against more than 2,000 years of convention that has long portrayed these fields as inherently male.Though women are no longer 7 www.newclasses.org barred from university laboratories and scientific societies,the idea that they are innately less suit
47、ed to mathematical science is deeply rooted in our cultural genes.The problem goes back to the ancient Greeks,particularly to Phthagoras,the philosophical giant who dreamed that became modern physics.Phthagoras almost certainly learned his famous theory about right-angled triangle from the Babylonia
48、ns,but we owe to him a far greater idea:All is number,he declared,becoming the first person to say that the physical world could be described by the language of mathematics.Though many cultures have developed sophisticated mathematical traditions,including the Chinese,the Arabs and the Indians,the W
49、est is the one that came to see the material world as an embodiment of mathematical laws.And from the beginning,the search of such laws was viewed as an innately male activity.Pythagoras introduced numbers into this mix and put them on the male side of the account.In the Pythagorean system,thinking
50、about numbers,or doing mathematics,was an inherently masculine task.Mathematics was associated with the gods and with transcendence from the material world;women,by their nature,were supposedly rooted in this latter,baser realm.At the end of the Middle Ages,Pythagorean interest in a mathematical app