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1、状语从句 一、概念：状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。二、时间状语从句 常用引导词:when,as,while 当.时 before 在.之前,after.在.之后,since 自从.以来,till,until 直到.为止，as soon as 一.就.,特殊引导词:the minute 一.就.,the moment 一.就.,the
2、second 这一秒,every time 每次,immediately 一.就.,directly 一.就.,no sooner than 一.就.,hardly when 一.就.,scarcely when Dont be afraid of asking for help when it is needed.如果你需要时别不敢求援。Mother was worried because little Alice was ill,especially as Father was away in France.妈妈很担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，尤其是在爸爸远在法国的这个时候。What have
3、you been doing since I last saw you 自我上次和你见面以后，你在做什么 -What was the party like 晚会怎么样 -Wonderful.Its years since I enjoyed myself so much.好极了。多年了我从未如此高兴。Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.直到河里的鱼都死了村民们才意识到污染的严重性。-Im going to the post office
4、我要到邮局去。-While you are there，can you get me some stamps 你在那时，能给我买些邮票吗 Someone called me up in the middle of the night,but they hung up before I could answer the telephone.有人半夜给我打电话，但是我还没来得及接他们就挂断了。He had no sooner got to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.他一到实验室就着手工作。Ill go to the cinema af
5、ter Ive finished the work.完成作业后，我将去看电影。Ill give you a phone as soon as I come back.我一回来就给你打电话。I havent heard from Tom since May.自从五月份以来我就没有收到汤姆的信。He worked till midnight.他一直工作到深夜。Come to see me whenever you like.不论何时，只要你高兴就可以来见我。Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他刚一到,她就开始抱怨起来。Did yo
6、u remember to give Mary the money you owed her 你记着还给玛丽的欠款了吗 YesI gave it to her the moment I saw her是的。我一见到她就还给她了。I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见她就对她印象很好并认为她很诚实。Every time you get back at night,you drop your shoes on the floor.你每一次晚上回来，都把鞋子丢在地板上。I didnt have a penny the
7、last time I saw you.上一次见你时，我身无分文。I recognized her instantly I saw her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲进房间。Directly the master came in,everyone was quiet.校长一进来，大家就安静下来。二、地点状语从句 常用引导词:where 特殊引导词:wherever,anywhere,everywhere You should make
8、 it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.你应当养成惯例，将东西放在你能找到的地方。She found her calculator where she lost it.他在她丢的地方找到了计算器。Everywhere they went,the distinguished guests were warmly welcomed.贵宾每到一处都受到了热烈的欢迎。Sit wherever you like.请随便坐。You can take it with you wherever you go.不论走到什么地方，你都可随身
9、携带它。注意：where 除了表示地点外，还可以表示条件、对比和让步。Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。（条件）We want to stay at home,where children would rather spend the holiday in the country.我们想留在家里，而孩子们却愿到乡间度假。（对比）Wherever I went,the dog followed me.无论我走到哪里，这只狗总跟着我。（让步）三、原因状语从句 常用引导词:because,since,as,for 特殊引导词:seeing tha
10、t,now that,in that,considering that,given that,considering that,as much as,so much as Jane wore a raincoat because it was raining.因为天下雨，所以詹穿着雨衣。Ill do it for you since you are busy.既然你忙，我来替你做吧。Since you insist,Ill go.既然你坚持，那我就去。We had better hurry as its getting dark.因为天快要黑了，我们最好快点。It must have rain
11、ed last night,for the ground is wet this morning.昨晚准是下雨了，今天早上地面还是湿的。The day breaks,for the birds are singing.小鸟在歌唱，一定是天亮了。Now that youve got a chance,you might as well make full use of it.既然你有了机会，你要充分利用它。*seeing that,considering that 和 in that 引导原因状语从句 这几个连词同 since,as 近义，都有“鉴于某个事实，原因”是之意。Considering
12、 that hes only been learning English a year,he speaks it very well.鉴于他只学了一年，他英语讲得就是很好。Seeing that he was ill,they sent for the doctor.鉴于他病情严重，他们派人请医生。In that she is ill,she feels unable to do it.因为病了，她觉得不能做那件事。*not thatbut that引导原因状语从句 这是一种加强语气的表示原因的结构，意为“不是因为，而是因为”Not that I dont like the film,but
13、that I have no time for it.不是因为我不喜欢这部电影，而是因为我没时间看。四、目的状语从句 常用引导词:so that,in order that 特殊引导词:lest,in case,for fear that,in the hope that,for the purpose that,to the end that John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.约翰把其他人关在厨房外，目的是能够为晚会烹饪出人意料的东西
14、。These men risk their lives in order that we may live more safely.这些人甘冒生命危险，是为了让我们活得更安全些。Drive carefully(so)that everyone can enjoy a long life.开车小心点，让大家多活几年。辨析：in order that 引导的状语从句可以放在句首、与句尾，而 so that 引导的只能放在句尾；如果从句主语与主句主语一致都可转换成不定式。She went downtown so that/in order that she would buy some clothe
15、s.=She went downtown so as to/in order to buy some clothes.为了买些衣服她进城。In order that he could make himself understood,he explained it again.=In order to make himself understood,he explained it again.为了让大家理解，他又解释了一遍。*lest,for fear that 和 in case 引导目的状语从句 这三个连词词组的意思是“以防，以免”。lest 的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式是“should+动
16、词原形”或省掉 should。for fear that 和 in case 从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。I obeyed her lest she should be angry.我得顺着她，免得她生气。Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.倘若太阳很利害，你就把帽子戴上。五、结果状语从句 常用引导词:so that,so that,such that,特殊引导词:such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that So diffi
17、cult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.我感到在讲英语的国家里生活太难了，因此我决定学好英语。He worked hard so that he passed the exam.他学习很努力，结果通过了考试。He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.他讲了那么长时间，人们开始打起瞌睡了。*sothat 与 suchthat 的区别 这两种结构都可引导结果状语
18、从句。so 是副词，后接形容词或副词；such 是形容词，后接名词。（1）单数名词 在 so.that 与 such.that 中间出现的是单数名词，且该名词前有形容词修饰时，这两种结构可互换，但要注意它们的词序不同:such+a/an+形容词十名词=so+形容词+a/an+名词。She is such a good teacher that all of us love her.=She is so good a teacher that all of us love her.她是一位很好的老师，我们都敬爱她。（2）不可数名词或复数可数名词 如果被修饰的是不可数名词或复数可数名词时，一般须用
19、 such.that。He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English.他进步很快，不久就开始用英语写文章。(不可数名词)They are such interesting books that we all want to read them.这些书是那么有趣以致我们都想读一读。(复数可数名词)（3）名词前有 many，much，little，few 修饰时 如果不可数名词或复数可数名词前有 many，much，little，few 修饰时，则用 sothat。Ive had
20、so many falls that Im black and blue all over.我摔了好多次跤，周身青一块紫一块的。(复数可数名词)George had so little money that he had to get a job.乔治没有钱，所以他不得不找工作干。(不可数名词)They are such little children that they cant do anything.他们是小孩，什么事情都干不了。巧记 so 和 such 引导结果状语从句 名前 such，形、副 so，多多少少也用 so。little 属特殊，“小”用 such，“少”用 so。*but
21、,but that 和 but what 如果主句中含有 never,never so,not so,not such 等否定词，可用 but,but that 和 but what引导结果状语从句，构成双重否定，相当于 thatnot 或 unless，可以译成“没有不”。She never comes but she borrows.She never comes unless she borrows.她不借东西不来。She is so old but that she can read.她并未老到不能读书的地步。There is no man so learned but what he
22、 can learn something from this book.再博学的人都会本书学到一些东西。*如何判断 so that 引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句 当表达的含义是“为了”、“以便”时，为目的状语从句；当表达的是“以至于”、“因 此”含义时，为结果状语从句。If you do know,answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear.(目的状语从句)如 果你的确知道，应大声回答，以便让全班学生都可以听见。It rained hard the day before yesterday,so that she
23、 had to stay at home.(结果状语从句)前天雨下 得很大，因此她只好呆在家里。六、条件状语从句 常用引导词:if,unless,特殊引导词:as/so long as,only if,providing/provided that,suppose that,in case that,on condition that if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless 表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”（if not）You will be late unless you leave immediately.除非你立即走，否则，你会迟到。The WTO can not liv
24、e up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.世贸组织如果不让一个拥有世界五分之一人口的国家加入，那它就名不符实。由 suppose，supposing，as/so long as，providing,provided,on condition that 和 in case 等引导 这类连词（词组）意思相近，有：“如果、假设、即使、在条件下”等意义。Suppose(Supposing)he is ill,what shall we do 如果他病了，我们该怎么办 Yo
25、ull do all right,as long as you follow his advice.只要你听从他的劝告，你就会干得很好的。In case John comes,please tell him to wait.假如约翰来了，请让他稍候。You may keep the book a further week provided(that)no one else requires it.倘若这本书没有其他人想借的话，你可以再续借一个礼拜。七、让步状语从句 常用引导词:though,although,even if,even though 特殊引导词:as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装
26、),while(一般用在句首),no matter,in spite of the fact that,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whicheve Although journalism seems like a good profession，I would prefer to be a teacher虽然新闻业好像是一个很好的职业，但是我更喜欢当老师。We wont give up even if we should fail ten times.即使是我们失败十次，我们也不会放弃。He might have give
27、n you more help，even though he was very busy尽管他很忙，他可能给了你更多的帮助。*由 as 或 though 引导让步状语从句用倒装语序 Much as I have traveled，I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John.我虽然取得地方多，但是我从来没见过像约翰这么能干的人。Well have to finish the job,however(no matter how)long it takes.不管需要多长时间，我们都一定完成这项工作。No matter what(Whatever)
28、you do,dont tell him that I told you this.无论你做什么，别告诉他我对你说过这件事。No matter how pure the water looks,I prefer not to drink it.不管这水看起来多么纯净，我不喜欢喝它。No matter where(Wherever)you go,I would keep you company.不管你到哪去，我都会陪着你。注意：no matter 可以和 whether 和 if 连用。No matter whether(if)it snows or not,I shall start on t
29、he journey.不论下雪与否，我都将出发去旅行。I shall go,whether you come with me or stay at home.不论你和我一起来还是留在家中，我都要前往。八、比较状语从句 常用引导词:as(同级比较),than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词:the more the more ;just as,so;A is to B what/as X is to Y;no more than;not A so much as B The director gave me a better offer than he gave Dick.导师给我的提议比给狄克的好
30、。In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go,the better our holiday will be.近几年旅游公司已成功地对我们灌输了去得越远，假日越好的观点。John plays football as well as,if not better than,David.如果说约翰的足球踢的不比大卫好，至少和他踢的一样好。I cant run as/so fast as he can.我不能跑得他那样快。九、方式状语从句 常用引导词:as,as
31、 ifas though,how 特殊引导词:the way You must do everything as I do.你们要照我这样去做。Just as the water is the most important of liquids,air is the most important gases.正如水是液体中最重要的一种一样，空气是气体中最重要的一种。He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg.他走得很慢，好像腿受了伤。He spoke as if he knew the question very well.他说得好像对这个问题知道得很清楚。It looks as if it is gong to rain.天看上去好像要下雨。the way 引导方式状语从句 the way 它的作用相当于 the manner，后面的引导词常用 that 引导方式状语，而且经常省略。此时，一般不用 in which 引导。I dont like the way you speak to her.我不喜欢你和她说话的方式。We didnt like the way that he treated us.我不喜欢他对待我们的方式。