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1、四级英语语法名词用法详解46:基础语法知识介绍名词一、定义与分类名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。依据名词的词汇意义,通常可将其分为专出名词和一般名词。专出名词表示人、地方、组织、机构等的专出名称,专出名词的第一个字母通常大写;一般名词表示人、物、概念等的一般名称。一般名词依据其语法性质可分为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类。二、名词复数的构成方法1. 在一般状况下,加词尾 –s;而以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词,通常加词尾 –es。如:desk / desks 课桌 class / classes 班,课box / boxes 盒子
2、dish / dishes 盘子注:stomach / stomachs(胃)是例外。2. 以y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种状况:以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies;以“元音字母y”结尾的名词,干脆加词尾-s;以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,也有两种可能:即有些干脆加词尾-s,有些则把 f / fe 改为 ves:family / families 家 key / keys 钥匙thief / thieves 贼 wolf / wolves 狼注:在中学英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词):wife(妻子),life(生
3、命),knife(小刀),leaf(树叶),thief(贼),half(一半),self(自己),shelf(架子),loaf(面包),wolf(狼)。3. 以 o 结尾的名词,有些加词尾 -s,有些加-es,有些加-s或-es均可:kilo / kilos 公斤 hero / heroes 英雄 zero / zero(e)s 零注:在中学英语范围内,加词尾-es 的主要有以下4个:tomato(西红柿),potato(土豆),hero(英雄),negro(黑人)。三、单数与复数同形的名词sheep 绵羊 fish 鱼deer 鹿 chinese 中国人japanese 日本人 portug
4、uese 葡萄牙人swiss 瑞士人 aircraft 飞行器means 方法 series 系列head (牛等的)头数 works 工厂注:fish 有时也用 fishes 这样的复数形式,尤其是表示种类时;head 若不是表示牲口的“头数”,而是表示“人的头”或“人数”,则要用 heads 这样的复数形式。四、不规则的复数名词man / men 男人 woman / women 女人child / children 小孩 tooth / teeth 牙齿foot / feet 脚 goose / geese 鹅mouse / mice 老鼠 ox / oxen 公牛五、名词的可数性名词依
5、据其可数性可分为可数名词和不行数名词。这两类名词的主要特点如下:1. 可数名词的用法特点:可以有复数形式;可干脆在其前运用不定冠词或数词;可受 these, those, few, a few, many, a good great many, a great good number of 等修饰。如:there are five rooms in the apartment. 公寓里有五间房。there were many things to be done. 有许多事情要做。a large number of students are asians. 许多学生是亚洲人。2. 不行数名词的用
6、法特点:通常没有复数形式;其前不行干脆用不定冠词或数词;可用(a) little, much, a great deal, a lot of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of, some, any 等修饰;要表示数量不行在前面干脆加数词,而要用 a piece of 之类的结构。如:knowledge is power. 学问就是力气。they haven't much furniture. 他们没有多少家具。he lost a great quantity of blood. 他大量失血。六、不行数名词与可数名词的转
7、化有的不行数名词在某些特别状况下可转化为可数名词,如:1. 有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”等数量意义时,可用作可数名词。如:it was a special tea. 这是一种特殊的茶。she brought us three coffees. 她给我们端来三杯咖啡。2. 有些抽象名词表示详细的事物时,可用作可数名词。如:the party was a great success. 晚会特别胜利。3. 有些由动词思转化来的名词,表示“一场 / 阵 / 件…”时,可受不定不定冠词的修饰(此时通常有形容词或 of 短语修饰)。如:a heavy snow wa
8、s falling. 下着一场大雪。i’d better go and have a wash now. 我还是现在去洗个澡。七、名词的全部格名词的全部格表示所属关系,它分-’s 全部格和 of 全部格两种形式。1. -’s全部格的构成方法为:对于单数名词和不带词尾-s的复数名词,干脆在其后加 -’s构成;对于带词尾-s的复数名词只加省字撇(’)。如:jim’s parents 吉姆的父母 men’s club男子俱乐部the teachers’ office 老师办公室注:用and连接的并列名词的
9、全部格要分两种状况,即表示各自的全部关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-’s,表示共同的全部关系时,只在最终一个名词后加-’s:jack’s and mike’s rooms 杰克和迈克(各自)的房间jack and mike’s room杰克和迈克(共同)的房间2. -’s全部格的用法:-’s 全部格通常用于有生命者,但有时也可用于无生命的东西,如用于表时间或距离的名词后,用于表示国家、城市、组织机构等的名词后等。如:where’re today’s papers? 今日的报纸在哪里?wha
10、t’s your government’s policy? 你们政府的政策是什么?it is the country’s biggest city. 它是这个国家最大的城市。3. of 全部格即指在名词后运用 of 短语来表示全部关系,它既可用于有生命的人或物,也可用于无生命的东西。如:we all like the son of mr green. 我们都喜爱格林先生的儿子。i’ll never forget the beauty of the lake. 我恒久不会遗忘那座湖的漂亮。注:of 全部格有时可以与-’s 全部格互换。如
11、:that man’s name is interesting. = the name of that man is very interesting. 那个人的名字很好玩。4. 双重全部格。双重全部格就是指同时既运用 -’s 全部格又运用 of 全部格。如:a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位挚友a photo of mr smith’s 史密斯先生的一张照片注:被双重全部格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有肯定的感*彩(如赞许、不满、厌恶等)。如:that little daughter of your cousin&r
12、squo;s is really lovely. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是可爱。(表赞许)that daughter of your cousin’s is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)另外,有时是否运用双重全部格会导致意义的改变。比较:a photo of mr smith’s 史密斯先生保藏的一张照片a photo of mr smith 史密斯先生照的一张照片专项训练1. the commander said that two_ would be sent to the iraqi front the nex
13、t day.a. women’s doctor b. women doctorsc. women’s doctors d. women doctor2. “look! the police _ here to keep order! go away quickly,” one of them shouted.a. is coming b. comesc. are coming d. has come3. she could not speak english, but made her wishes known by means of _.a. signs b. sig
14、hs c. movements d. words4. in my opinion, what he told us just now about the affair simply doesn’t make any _.a. idea b. meaning c. sense d. point5. shelly had prepared carefully for her english examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _.a. intention b. attempt c. purpo
15、se d. desire6. _ food is kept in his new cave, but at last saddam was still arrested.a. large quantities of b. a great deal ofc. a large number of d. quite a few7. –– let’s try operating the machine right now.–– wait. better read the _first.a. instructions b. explanatio
16、nsc. information d. introduction8.the rest of the magazines_ within half an hour.a. is sold out b. was sold outc. were sold out d. are sold out9. you’d have more _of catching the train if you took a bus to the station instead of walking.a. opportunity b. chance c. time d. energy10.the number o
17、f deer, mountain lions and wild roses_ much if people leave things_ they are.a. doesn’t change; as b. aren’t changed; likec. don’t change; like d. don’t change; as11. i knew i shouldn’t accept anything from such a person, but i found it difficult to turn down his _.a. o
18、ffer b. suggestion c. request d. plan12._it is to gather with president bush at such a special thanksgiving day in iraq!a. what a fun b. what fun c. how fun d. what joy13. oh., john_ you gave us!a. how a great surprise b. how pleasant surprisec. what a pleasant surprise d. what pleasant surprise14 h
19、e is_ as a leader but he hasn’t_ in teaching.a. success; many experiences b. a success; much experiencec. great success; an experience d. a great success; a lot of experiences15 —who did you spend last weekend with?—_.a. palmer’s b. the palmers’c. the palmers d. the pal
20、mer’s参考答案1. b。复合名词的复数中含有构词成分man / woman时,将变为men / women, 且所修饰的名词也要变成复数。2. c。特别类群体名词police / cattle做主语时,谓语动词用复数。警察个体用policeman / policewoman;牛的个体用 a head of cattle。3. a。signs指“手势”,还可用our expressions和gesture等body movements来表达思想。sigh意为“叹息”,words与前半句冲突。4. c。make sense是习语,意为“有道理”、“意义清晰” 。5. b。比较:at
21、tempt=尝试,企图;intention=意图;purpose=目的;desire=欲望。6. b。记住:a large / great / good quantity / amount of +复数名词或不行数名词,谓语动词用单数;large / great / good quantities / amounts of +复数名词或不行数名词,谓语动词用复数。7. a。instructions说明书(常用复数),explanation说明、说明。8. c。most of / half of / part of / part of +名作主语,谓语与of后面的名词保持一样。本题中magazi
22、nes是可数名词复数,故谓语动词用复数。9. b。表示“机会”时,opportunity和chance两者均可;但表示“可能性”时,只能用chance。10. a。the number of + 名词复数,谓语常用单数;a. number of + 名词复数,谓语常用复数。11. a。表示主动供应的东西,用offer。12. b。抽象名词表泛指时一般不与冠词连用。13. c。抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时,前面用不定冠词,使之详细化;如:a. happy life / a good education in that university / a wide knowledge of nature14. b。表具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情緒的人和事;如:she is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.(胜利者、失败者)15. c。表示palmer一家人,指一家人时常用the +姓氏的复数。本文来源:网络收集与整理,如有侵权,请联系作者删除,谢谢!第9页 共9页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页第 9 页 共 9 页