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1、ErnestHemingwayI.LifestoryofErnestHemingwayErnestHemingwaywasborninOakPark,Illinois,in1899,thesonofadoctorandamusicteacher.HebeganhiswritingcareerasareporterfortheKansasCityStar.Atageeighteen,hevolunteeredtoserveasaRedCrossambulancedriverinWorldWarIandwassenttoItaly,wherehewasbadlyinjured.Hemingwayl
2、aterfictionalizedhisexperienceinItalyinwhatsomeconsiderhisgreatestnovel,A Farewell to Arms.In1921,HemingwaymovedtoParis,whereheservedasacorrespondentfortheTorontoDaily Star.InParis,hefellinwithagroupofAmericanandEnglishexcellentwriters.Intheearly1920s,Hemingwaybegantoachievefameasachroniclerofthedis
3、affectionfeltbymanyAmericanyouthafterWorldWarIagenerationofyouthwhomSteinmemorablydubbedthe“LostGeneration.”HisnovelsThe Sun Also Rises(1926)andA Farewell to Arms(1929)establishedhimasadominantliteraryvoiceofhistime.Hisspare,chargedstyleofwritingwasrevolutionaryatthetimewhichwasimitated,forbetterorf
4、orworse,bygenerationsofyoungwriterstocome.AfterleavingParis,Hemingwaywroteonbullfighting,publishedshortstoriesandarticles,coveredtheSpanishCivilWarasajournalist,andpublishedhisbest-sellingnovel,For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940).ThesepieceshelpedHemingwaybuildupthemythicbreedofmasculinityforwhichhewished
5、tobeknown.Hisworkandhisliferevolvedaroundbig-gamehunting,fishing,boxing,andbullfighting,endeavorsthathetriedtomasterasseriouslyashedidwriting.Inthe1930s,HemingwayhadseveralyearsofexperiencefishingtheGulfStreamandtheCaribbean,whichprovidedanessentialbackgroundforthevividdescriptionsofthefishermanscra
6、ftinThe Old Man and the Sea.Foratime,ManyreadersclaimedHemmingswritingsasaparodyofHemingway.Thecontrolandprecisionofhisearlierproseseemedtobelostbeyondrecovery.ThehugesuccessofThe Old Man and the Sea,publishedin1952,wasamuch-neededvindication.Thenovellawonthe1953PulitzerPrizeforFiction,andthentheNob
7、elPrizein1954,anditwasthelastnovelpublishedinhislifetime.Themorecompellinginterpretationassertsthatthenovellaisaparableaboutlifeitself,inparticularmansstrugglefortriumphinaworldthatseemsdesignedtodestroyhim.Inadditiontothepaininhisbobysufferedfromthebattleswhenhewasajournalist,Hemingwaywas,attheendo
8、fhislife,moreandmorepronetosuferringfromdepression.Hecommittedsuicidein1961inIdaho.Everyyear,HemmingwayFestivalswillbeheldinUniversityofIdahobywriters,professorsanduniversitystudentstomemorizethisgreatauthor.II.PlotViewThe Old Man and the Seaisthestoryofanepicstrugglebetweenanold,seasonedfishermanan
9、dthegreatestcatchofhislife.Foreighty-fourdays,Santiago,anagedCubanfisherman,hassetouttoseaandreturnedempty-handed.Soconspicuouslyunluckyishethattheparentsofhisyoung,devotedapprenticeandfriend,Manolin,haveforcedtheboytoleavetheoldmaninordertofishinamoreprosperousboat.Nevertheless,theboycontinuestocar
10、efortheoldmanuponhisreturneachnight.Hehelpstheoldmantofastentheboat,securesfoodforhim,anddiscussesthelatestdevelopmentsinAmericanbaseball.Santiagoisconfidentthathisunproductivestreakwillsooncometoanend,andheresolvestosailoutfartherthanusualthefollowingday.Ontheeighty-fifthdayofhisunluckystreak,Santi
11、agodoesaspromised,sailinghisskifffarbeyondtheislandsshallowcoastalwatersandventuringintotheGulfStream.Heprepareshislinesanddropsthem.Atnoon,abigfish,whichheknowsisamarlin,takesthebaitthatSantiagohasplacedonehundredfathomsdeepinthewaters.Theoldmanexpertlyhooksthefish,buthecannotpullitin.Instead,thefi
12、shbeginstopulltheboat.Unabletotiethelinefasttotheboatforfearthefishwouldsnapatautline,theoldmanbearsthestrainofthelinewithhisshoulders,back,andhands,readytogiveslackshouldthemarlinmakearun.Thefishpullstheboatallthroughtheday,throughthenight,throughanotherday,andthroughanothernight.Itswimssteadilynor
13、thwestuntilatlastittiresandswimseastwiththecurrent.Theentiretime,Santiagoenduresconstantpainfromthefishingline.Wheneverthefishlunges,leaps,ormakesadashforfreedom,thecordcutsSantiagobadly.Althoughwoundedandweary,theoldmanfeelsadeepempathyandadmirationforthemarlin,hisbrotherinsuffering,strength,andres
14、olve.Onthethirddaythefishtires,andSantiago,sleep-deprived,aching,andnearlydelirious,managestopullthemarlinincloseenoughtokillitwithaharpoonthrust.Deadbesidetheskiff,themarlinisthelargestSantiagohaseverseen.Helashesittohisboat,raisesthesmallmast,andsetssailforhome.WhileSantiagoisexcitedbythepricethat
15、themarlinwillbringatmarket,heismoreconcernedthatthepeoplewhowilleatthefishareunworthyofitsgreatness.AsSantiagosailsonwiththefish,themarlinsbloodleavesatrailinthewaterandattractssharks.Thefirsttoattackisagreatmakoshark,whichSantiagomanagestoslaywiththeharpoon.Inthestruggle,theoldmanlosestheharpoonand
16、lengthsofvaluablerope,whichleaveshimvulnerabletoothersharkattacks.Theoldmanfightsoffthesuccessiveviciouspredatorsasbesthecan,stabbingatthemwithacrudespearhemakesbylashingaknifetoanoar,andevenclubbingthemwiththeboatstiller.Althoughhekillsseveralsharks,moreandmoreappear,andbythetimenightfalls,Santiago
17、scontinuedfightagainstthescavengersisuseless.Theydevourthemarlinspreciousmeat,leavingonlyskeleton,head,andtail.Santiagochastiseshimselfforgoing“outtoofar,”andforsacrificinghisgreatandworthyopponent.Hearriveshomebeforedaybreak,stumblesbacktohisshack,andsleepsverydeeply.Thenextmorning,acrowdofamazedfi
18、shermengathersaroundtheskeletalcarcassofthefish,whichisstilllashedtotheboat.Knowingnothingoftheoldmansstruggle,touristsatanearbycafobservetheremainsofthegiantmarlinandmistakeitforashark.Manolin,whohasbeenworriedsickovertheoldmansabsence,ismovedtotearswhenhefindsSantiagosafeinhisbed.Theboyfetchestheo
19、ldmansomecoffeeandthedailypaperswiththebaseballscores,andwatcheshimsleep.Whentheoldmanwakes,thetwoagreetofishaspartnersoncemore.TheoldmanreturnstosleepanddreamshisusualdreamoflionsatplayonthebeachesofAfrica.InHemingwaysnarrative,Santiagoiselevatedabovethenormalstatureofaprotagonist,assumingnear-myth
20、icalproportions.Hebelongstoatraditionofliteraryheroeswhosesuperiorqualitiesnecessitatensstetvt.theirdistancefromordinaryhumansandendeavors.BecauseManolinconstantlyexpresseshisdevotionto,reverencefor,andtrustofSantiago,heestablisheshismentorasafigureofsignificantmoralandprofessionalstaturestt声望,despi
21、tethedifficultiesofthepasteighty-fourdays.Whileotheryoungfishermenmakefunoftheoldman,ManolinknowsSantiagostrueworthandtheextentofSantiagosknowledge.Intheoldman,Hemingwayprovidesthereaderwithamodelofgood,simpleliving:Santiagotranscendstheevilsoftheworldhunger,poverty,thecontemptofhisfellowmenbyenduri
22、ngthem.HowcouldSantiago,whosubsistsonoccasionalhandoutsfromkindcafownersor,worse,imaginarymeals,wagetheterrificbattlewiththegreatmarlinthatthenovelrecounts?Asthebookprogresses,weseethatthequestionisirrelevant.AlthoughSantiagosbattleisplayedoutinphysicalterms,thestakesaredecidedlyspiritual.Wecometose
23、eaHeming-codeherowithgraceunderpressure,whocanbedefeatedbutneverbeconquered.HemmingwayrevealsdeepmessageswithhiswritingstyleofIcebergprinciple,thatis,Hemingwaybuiltareputationasajournalisticwriterwhoprizedhardfactsaboveallelse.MetaphysicalmeditationsandloftyphilosophyheldlittleinterestforHemingwaywh
24、encomparedtothedetailsofdailylife.Weneedtointerprettheminutedetailstoachievehisconnotation.BecausetheimageofthelionshasstayedwithSantiagosincehisboyhood,thelionsconnecttheendoftheoldmanslifewiththebeginning,givinghisexistenceakindofcircularity.LikeSantiago,thelionsarehuntersatthecoreoftheirbeing.The
25、factthatSantiagodreamsofthelionsatplayratherthanonthehuntindicatesthathisdreamisabreakfromtheviciousorderofthenaturalworld.TheoldmanisliketheKinglion.Asanexpertseaman,heisabletoreadthesea,sky,andtheirrespectivecreatureslikebooksthattellhimwhatheneedstoknow.Theflyingfish,forinstance,signalthearrivalo
26、fdolphins,while,inSantiagosexperience,themagnificenttugonthelinecanmeanonlyonething:amarlinatypeoflargegamefishthatweighshundredsofpounds.Santiagoexercisesanunparalleledprecisionwhenfishing.Hekeepshislinesperfectlystraightwhichmeansthathealwaysknowsexactlyhowdeeptheyare.Santiagosfocus,hisstrengthand
27、resolveinthefaceoftremendousobstacles,aswellasthesheerartistrywithwhichheexecuteshistasks,markhimasahero.Santiagoconformstothemodeloftheclassicalherointwoimportantrespects.First,hedisplaysararedeterminationtounderstandtheuniverse,asisevidentwhenhemeditatesthattheseaisbeautifulandbenevolent,butalsoso
28、cruelthatthebirdswhorelyontheseasbountyaretoodelicateforit.Second,theoldmanpossessesatragicflawthatwillleadtohisdownfall:pride.Asinclassicalepics,themostimportantstruggleinHemingwaysnovellaisamoralone.Thefishitselfisofsecondaryimportance,foritismerelyatrophy,amaterialprize.Interestingly,Hemingwayals
29、ounitestheoldmanwithmarlinthroughSantiagosfrequentexpressionsofhisfeelingofkinship.Hethussuggeststhatthefateofoneisthefateoftheother.Althoughtheyareopponents,Santiagoandthemarlinarealsopartners,allies,and,inasense,doubles.Thus,thefollowingpassage,whichlinksthemarlintoChrist,implicitlylinksSantiagoto
30、Christaswell:“Christ,I did not know he was so big.”“Ill kill him though,”Santiago said.“In all his greatness and his glory.”III.Character ListSantiago-Theoldmanofthenovellastitle,SantiagoisaCubanfishermanwhohashadanextendedrunofbadluck.Despitehisexpertise,hehasbeenunabletocatchafishforeighty-fourday
31、s.Heishumble,yetexhibitsajustifiedprideinhisabilities.Hisknowledgeoftheseaanditscreatures,andofhiscraft,isunparalleledandhelpshimpreserveasenseofhoperegardlessofcircumstance.Throughouthislife,Santiagohasbeenpresentedwithconteststotesthisstrengthandendurance.Themarlinwithwhichhestrugglesforthreedaysr
32、epresentshisgreatestchallenge.Paradoxically,althoughSantiagoultimatelylosesthefish,themarlinisalsohisgreatestvictory.The marlin-Santiagohooksthemarlin,whichwelearnattheendofthenovellameasureseighteenfeet,onthefirstafternoonofhisfishingexpedition.Becauseofthemarlinsgreatsize,Santiagoisunabletopullthe
33、fishin,andthetwobecomeengagedinakindoftug-of-warthatoftenseemsmorelikeanalliancethanastruggle.Thefishinglineservesasasymbolofthefraternal(兄弟般的)connectionSantiagofeelswiththefish.Whenthecapturedmarlinislaterdestroyedbysharks,Santiagofeelsdestroyedaswell.LikeSantiago,themarlinisimplicitlycomparedtoChr
34、ist.Manolin-Aboypresumablyinhisadolescence,ManolinisSantiagosapprenticeanddevotedattendant.Theoldmanfirsttookhimoutonaboatwhenhewasmerelyfiveyearsold.DuetoSantiagosrecentbadluck,Manolinsparentshaveforcedtheboytogooutonadifferentfishingboat.Manolin,however,stillcaresdeeplyfortheoldman,towhomhecontinu
35、estolookasamentor.HisloveforSantiagoisunmistakableasthetwodiscussbaseballandastheyoungboyrecruitshelpfromvillagerstoimprovetheoldmansimpoverishedconditions.VII.Quotation11.“Henolongerdreamedofstorms,norofwomen,norofgreatoccurrences,norofgreatfish,norfights,norcontestsofstrength,norofhiswife.Heonlydr
36、eamedofplacesnowandofthelionsonthebeach.Theyplayedlikeyoungcatsintheduskandhelovedthemashelovedtheboy.”ThefactthatSantiagonolongerdreamsofanyofthesemakeshimuniqueamongHemingwaysheroes.Ofcourse,bydreamingoflionsheisaheroinhisownmind,butthelionshereareatplayandthussuggestatimeofyouthandease.Theyareals
37、olinkedexplicitlytoManolin,aconnectionthatismadeapparentattheendofthenovelastheboywatchesoverhisagedfriendasSantiagosdreamofthelionsreturns.Quotation2“Theoldmanhithimontheheadforkindnessandkickedhim,hisbodystillshuddering,undertheshadeofthestern.”Hemingwayloadsthepassagewithcarefullychosensounds.For
38、instance,therepetitionofthe“k”and“s”soundsinthelastsentencesuggestsacalm,rhythmicmotion,likethebreakingofwavesagainsttheboatortheside-to-sidetwitchingofthefishsbody.ThepassagealsodemonstratesthepsychologicaldepthsHemingwaycouldaccessdespitehisincredibleeconomyoflanguage.Hemingwaydescribedthistechniq
39、ueasthe“icebergprinciple,”forhebelievedthatthesimplestwriting,whendonewell,wouldhintatthegreatesthumantruths,justasthetipofaniceberghintedattheterrificfrozenmassthatrestedunderwater.Quotation4“Ihaveneverseenorheardofsuchafish.ButImustkillhim.Iamgladwedonothavetotrytokillthestars.”Imagineifeachdayama
40、nmusttrytokillthemoon,hethought.Themoonrunsaway.Thenhewassorryforthegreatfishthathadnothingtoeatandhisdeterminationtokillhimneverrelaxedinhissorrowforhim.Thereisnooneworthyofeatinghimfromthemannerofhisbehaviorandhisgreatdignity.Idonotunderstandthesethings,hethought.Butitisgoodthatwedonothavetotrytok
41、illthesunorthemoonorthestars.Itisenoughtoliveontheseaandkillourtruebrothers.”Herethecrueltyofthisnaturalorderissubverted,however,becauseofthekinshipSantiagofeelsforhisprey.Hisopponentisworthysoworthy,infact,thathelatergoesontosaythatitdoesntmatterwhokillswhom.hereis,intheoldmansestimation,somesenset
42、othisorder.Mancanachievegreatnessonlywhenplacedinawell-matchedcontestagainsthisearthlybrothers.Tofindglory,Santiagodoesnotneedtoextendhimselfbeyondhisanimalnaturebylookingtothesunorthestars.Quotation5Youdidnotkillthefishonlytokeepaliveandtosellforfood,hethought.Youkilledhimforprideandbecauseyouareaf
43、isherman.Youlovedhimwhenhewasaliveandyoulovedhimafter.Ifyoulovehim,itisnotasintokillhim.Orisitmore?Santiagofeelsdeeplyapologetictowardthefish,whichheseesastoodignifiedforsuchawastefulend.Heattemptstoexplaintohimselfhisreasonsforkillingthefish,andadmitsthathisdesiretohuntthefishstemmedfromtheverysame
44、qualitythatledtoitseventualdestruction:hispride.Hethenjustifieshisbehaviorbyclaimingthathisslayingofthemarlinwasnecessarybecauseofhisloveandrespectforit.Indeed,whenSantiagokillsthefish,thelossoflifeissomehowtranscendentlybeautiful,asopposedtothebold,senselessscavengingonthepartofthesharks.VI.Revisionofthestory1.Symbolsinthisstory2.Heming-codehero3.IcebergPrinciple