《英语语法PPT课堂课件-英语从句专四考点归纳.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语法PPT课堂课件-英语从句专四考点归纳.ppt（27页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、从句定义所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。由主句和从句构成的复合句，是英语中比较复杂的句子结构。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为：名词性从句，形容词性从句（即定语从句），副词性从句（即状语从句）三大类。从句构成与用法的考查要点很多，历来是专业四级英语考试试题的热点与焦点，专业四级英语考试几乎每年都涉及到对名词性从句、定语从句以及状语从句的考查，常将并列连接词、从属连词、关系代词、关系副词放在同一题干中进行考查，故意设置干扰项，增加试题难度，以考查考生分析交际语境、理解句子之间的逻辑关系的能力。英语从句专四考点归纳英语从句专四考点归纳名词性从句名词性从句名词性从句：即从句
2、在整个句中起名词名词性从句：即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从句、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句侧重考查考生在一定的语言环境下对英语从句的语序、从句连接词的运用以及主从句时态的呼应等知识点的掌握；考点一：考点一：主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。1）It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。（说明：由连词tha
3、t引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下用代词it作形式主语。）2）Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.我们明天是否在户外开晚会要视天气而定。（此时不能用if引导主语从句，只能用whether。）3）When the sports meet will be held is not decided.何时举行运动会还没有决定。4）Which car you will choose to buy makes no difference.你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。考点二：考点二：宾语从
4、句：主要考查宾语从句if与whether的用法区别：1）whether和if常与or not连用，whether和or not 既可合起来使用，也可分开使用；if和or not只能分开使用。如：He asked whether(if)they would come or not.他问他们是否该来。I dont know whether or not they will come.我不知道他们来不来。2）whether 引导的宾语从句一般是肯定句，if 引导的宾语从句可以是肯定也可以否定的。如:She asked whether/if you had enough money.她问你是否有足够的
5、钱。I dont care if it doesnt rain.我不在乎是否下雨。（只能用if)考点三考点三：表语从句：be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。1）The question is whether the book is worth reading at all.（问题是这本书是否值得一读。）2）That is why we dont like it.考点四：考点四：同位语从句（专业四级英语考查的重点）（专业四级英语考查的重点）同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that,而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news,idea,fact,d
6、oubt,evidence,promise,rumor,hope,truth,belief,message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。如：1）We heard the news that he had won the game.我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。试比较：2）We heard the news that he had told her.我们听到他对她说的消息。（宾语从句）例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词，其作用是修饰the news；例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词，是对the news的进一步说明。有时如果主句的谓语动词较短，为保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，
7、同位语从句也常与要说明的名词分开。例如：Word came that he died yesterday.消息传来说他昨天死了。说明：当名词doubt用在否定句中时，其后的同位语从句应用that引导；而用在肯定句或疑问句中时则可以用其他词来引导。例如：I never have the doubt that you can look after yourself.我从没有怀疑过你可以照看好自己。Some people have the doubt how such a little boy can lift so heavy a box.这么一个小男孩怎么能举起这么重的盒子，对此人们表示怀疑2形
8、容词性从句（即定语从句）（复合句考查的重形容词性从句（即定语从句）（复合句考查的重点）点）定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词（名词或代词）的从句，所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；介词引导词以及非限制性定语从句。对于定语从句，在历年专业四级英语试题中，相对集中地考查了非限制性定语从句、关系代词和关系副词的选用、定语从句中的一致关系以及介词+关系代词等知识点。考点一：考点一：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who,whom,which,that,whose）和关系副词(as,when,wher
9、e,why)等。但是当下列情况出现时，对引导词有特殊要求。1）当先行词是all,everything,nothing,something,little,much时；当先行词被all,no,some,any,every,a few,a little,much,only,very修饰时；当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句的引导词用that。例如:Everything(that)he said seemed quite reasonable.他所说的每件事似乎都很有道理。You can take any toy that you like.你可以拿走任一件你喜欢
10、的玩具。The first thing(that)I saw will never be forgotten.我永远不会忘记我见到的第一件事情。This is the last thing(that)I want to do.这是我最不想做的事情。They are talking about the things and persons(that)they can remember in that country.他们正在谈论他们所能够记起的那个国家的人和事。2）why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because和beca
11、use of。其结构一般为the reason whyis that，或者 the reason that is that，如：He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.他没有告诉我们他为什么又迟到了。The reason why（that）he didnt come is that he was ill 考点二：考点二：考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法。当先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前，构成介词+关系代词(whom/which)结构。但一些短语动词(如look after等)中的介词不能与
12、动词分开，故不能放在关系代词之前。American women usually look upon their best friend as someone with whom they can talk frequently.美国妇女通常把她们最要好的朋友看成是可以经常倾诉的对象。（关系代词whom在定语从句中作介词with的宾语，talk with sb.意为与某人谈话。）另外，我们还要注意部分+of 介词+关系代词（整体名词）结构，该结构，做关系词也就是 部分名词+of which/whom的结构，往往可以翻译成“其中”。(学位考查重点学位考查重点)He invited many sci
13、entists to his birthday party,two of whom were his old classmates.他邀请了许多科学家出席他的生日宴会，其中有两位是他的老同学。考点三：考点三：当先行词为表示时间的名词（如：time,day,year,week,month,occasion）或地点的名词（如：place,room,city,country）时，一般用关系副词 when 和 where.分别相当于in which,at which,on which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语时，则要用关系代词that 或which。I cant forget the
14、 days when(in which)I studied with you.Can you tell me the day when（on which）you met her for the first time?China is the only country where(in which)wild pandas（熊猫）can be found.Ill never forget the village where(in which)I spent my childhood（童年）.试比较：I will never forget the days that/which I spent in
15、 Beijing University.(本句days 作spend 的宾语，故用关系代词that/which)I have never been to Beijing,but its the place that I most want to visit.(place 作visit 的宾语。)考点四：考点四：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导,一般用引导词which/as或who（指人），非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之中或之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。（考查重
16、点）（考查重点）The large area is covered with thick snow,which has been reported on TV.大片区域为积雪所覆盖，这已在电视里报道了。His speech,which was very boring,was over at last.他的讲演，非常枯燥，终于结束了。Her sister,who lived in another city,was coming to visit her.As we all know,the moon（,as is known to us.）is a satellite of the earth.
17、（as is known to us.）此外，as后如果是被动语态，被动语态中的be动词可以省略；which后的be动词同样情况下则不可以省略。Football and baseball,as played in the United States today,are basically modifications of games that originated in England.结构“介词+whom”或“which+不定式短语”作后置定语时，相当于一个定语从句。此时若将介词还原后置，则需省略whom或which，即成为不定式短语。She is pleasant girl with wh
18、om to work.She is a pleasant girl to work with.3副词性从句（状语从句）副词性从句（状语从句）引导状语从句的关联词是一些从属连词。状语从句同状语一样，在句中的位置比较灵活，可置于句首、句末或句中，状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开。若从句较短同时又与主句的关系十分紧密时，也可以不用逗号分开。状语从句根据其用途可以分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和方式状语从句九种。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊连接词。现分别列举如下：1）时间状语从句时间状
19、语从句常用引导词：when,as,while,as soon as,before,after,since,till,until 特殊引导词：the minute,the moment,every time,immediately,no sooner than,hardly/scarcelywhenA good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners curiosity until her reaches the end of the story 一个善于讲故事的人必须能够自始至终抓住听众的好奇心。He made a mistake，but
20、then he corrected the situation before it got worse他犯了错误，但没等局势恶化，他就扭转了局势。I gave her the money you owed her the moment I saw her我一见到她就把你欠她的钱给她。No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.我一到家就开始下雨了。When/whileWhen 表示“当 的时候”，指的是一个时间点（段）的动作；while表示“在 的同时”，只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作。While Tom w
21、as reading,Jack was writing.When he finished his speech,the audience burst into applause.2）地点状语从句地点状语从句常用来引导地点状语从句的关联词有where，wherever等。The famous scientist grew up where he was born and in 1940 he came to Shanghai 那位著名的科学家在出生地长大，于1940年来到上海。Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。3）原因状语从
22、句原因状语从句常用来引导原因状语从句的关联词有because，as，since等。特殊引导词：seeing that,now that,considering thatThe Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for his country那位意大利男孩被看作是英雄，因为他为祖国献出了生命。Now that youve got a chance，you might as well make full use of it既然你有机会，你最好充分利用它。4）目的状语从句目的状语从句 常用来引导目的状语从句的关联词
23、有that，so that，in order that，in case,lest等。从句的谓语常由cancould，maymight 动词原形构成。Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report so that her boss could read it first the next morningSally为完成报告一直工作到深夜，以便她老板第二天早上能第一个阅读它。I am telling you that lest you should make a mistake.我告诉你这一点，以免你搞错。5）结果状语从句结果状语从句引导
24、结果状语从句的连词有：that，so that（从句中不带情态动词），sothat（如此以致），suchthat（如此以致）。We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.我们走的时候如此匆忙，以致于我们忘记锁门了。（such是形容词，后接名词短语）The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.这个村子太小，所以地图上没有。（so是副词，后接形容词或副词短语）6）条件状语从句条件状语从句常用来引导条件状语从句的关联词有if，unless（除非），when（如
25、果），suppose，supposing，given that（假定，给出），on condition that，asso long as等。You will succeed in the end unless you give up halfway如果你不半途放弃，你最终会成功。“So long as we dont understand it too well,every other language is poetry”(Anatole Broyard)“只要我们对别的语音还不太了解，它们就都是诗”(阿纳托尔布鲁瓦亚尔)7）让步状语从句让步状语从句常用引导词：though,althoug
26、h,even if,even though特殊引导词：as（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装），while(一般用在句首,表示尽管，虽然)，no matter,in spite of the fact that,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whicheverMuch as/though I respect him,I cant agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。Well have to finish the job，no matter how long it takes.不管用多长时间，我们都要
27、把工作做完。As 引导的让步状语从句1.必须倒装，如果动词或现在分词提前放在句首，谓语要补加助动词do/does/did,will等，如：Fail as he did,he would never give up.2.做表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不可加冠词，如：Fool as Jane is,she could not have done such a thing.3.从句的主语是代词时，主谓不须倒装；如果主语是名词时，则要倒装，如：Difficult as it was,they finished it in time.Difficult as was the work,the
28、y finished it in time.No matter how 与however 引导的让步状语从句No matter 与疑问词what,when,where,how等连用，或上述疑问词加ever,都可以引导让步状语从句，两者基本可以互换。8）比较状语从句比较状语从句常用引导词：as（同级比较）,than（不同程度的比较）特殊引导词：the more the more ;A is to B what/as X is to Y The more you exercise,the healthier you will be.你越加锻炼，就会越加健康。Air is to us as water is to fish.我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。9）方式状语从句方式状语从句常用引导词：as,as if/though When in Rome,do as the Roman do.入乡随俗They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）I have made the change as you suggested.我已经按你的建议进行了改变。