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1、Part 2 Electronics2.1 Interpreting a digital IC datasheet 2.2 Diodes and Transistors()2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II)2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp（I）2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp（II）2.6 Boolean Algebra2.7 Number System2.8 Flip-Flops and Latches 2.9 Programmable logic Device2.1 Interpreting a digital IC datasheet
2、2.1.2 Specialized English WordsIC 集成电路data sheet 数据手册terminology 术语学specifications 规范Absolute maximum ratings 最大绝对额定值Parameters 参数MOS process 金属氧化物半导体制程heats up 加热threshold 阈值Keep in mind 紧记worst-case 最坏的Timing 时序Once the basic data sheet terminology and organization is understood,it is relatively e
3、asy to figure out other data sheets even when their exact terminology changes.全句可译为“一旦掌握了基本数据手册内的术语和结构，即使以后其中一些的特殊术语改换名称，我们也很容易理解数据手册的内容。”2.1 Interpreting a digital IC datasheet“once”引导的是条件状语从句“it”在这里指的是“to figure out other data sheets”Manufacturers specify a storage temperature range within which t
4、he semiconductor structures will not break down.全句可译为“生产商通常会注明在保证半导体器件不受破坏的情况下的储藏温度范围。”2.1 Interpreting a digital IC datasheet“within which”引起定语从句，“range”为其先行词。Other parameters establish the safe operating limits for input signals as well as the applied voltage thresholds that represent logic 0 and
5、1 states.全句可译为“还有一些参数建立了输入信号的安全限制，以及代表逻辑 1 和 O 的电压阈值等。”2.1 Interpreting a digital IC datasheet“that”引导的定语从句“represent logic 0 and 1 states”修饰“voltage thresholds”“as well as”相当于“以及，和”DC parameters specify the voltages and currents that the IC will present to other circuitry to which it is connected.全
6、句可译为“器件的直流参数主要描述器件和其它电路连接时所表现出的电压和电流特性。”2.1 Interpreting a digital IC datasheet“that”引导的定语从句，修饰“voltages and currents”“to which”又引导了一个定语从句，修饰“other circuitry”“it”指“the IC”。Keep in mind that each manufacturer has a somewhat different style of presenting these specifications.“Keep in mind”为祈使句，省略了主语“W
7、e(or you)must”。全句可译为“这里我们需要注意的是每一个生产厂商的数据手册风格多少会有一些不同。”2.1 Interpreting a digital IC datasheet2.2 Diodes and Transistors()2.2.2 Specialized English Wordssemiconductors 半导体fabricated 制作,构成discrete 分立的，离散的diodes 二极管transistors 晶体管power supplies 电源rectifiers 整流器voltage references 参考电压light emitting dio
8、de 发光二极管switching 开关2.2 Diodes and Transistors()heavy load 重负载signal amplification 信号放大ideal diode 理想二极管one-way 单向valve 电子管reverse bias 反偏forward biased 正偏 junctions 结Real diodes 实际的二极管threshold 阈值 2.2 Diodes and Transistors()impedance 阻抗short circuit 短路dissipate 消耗current-limiting resistor 限流电阻Ther
9、mal overload 热过载lowpass filter 低通滤波器Yet there are numerous instances in which discrete semiconductors,most notably diodes and transistors,are required to complete a system.从句中“most notably diodes and transistors”为“discrete”的同位语。全句可译为“但仍有很多使用分立式半导体元件，主要是二极管和三极管，来构成系统的例子。”2.2 Diodes and Transistors()“
10、in which”为定语从句，修饰“instances”从句中“most notably diodes and transistors”为“discrete”的同位语It is difficult these days not to find a light emitting diode,or LED,in ones immediate vicinity,on some appliance or piece of electronic equipment.本句中采用了双重否定“It is difficult not to”来强调LED的广泛应用。全句可译为“如今在我们的身边，例如各种器械和电子
11、设备上，到处都可以见到发光二极管的应用，或者称之为 LED。”2.2 Diodes and Transistors()Saying that a diode conducts“infinite”current beyond really means that its impedance becomes so low that it no longer becomes the limiting factor in a circuit.本句结果较复杂，主句为“Saying that beyond ”，“Saying”为动名词作主语，它的宾语为“that”引导名词从句。“means”为主语“Sayi
12、ng ”的谓语动词，而“that its impedance”为“means”的宾语从句，而这个从句又有自己的结果状语“so that”。全句可译为“我们说二极管在 以上导通的电流无穷大实际上是指它的阻抗变得如此之小导致它不再是电路中的限制因素。”2.2 Diodes and Transistors()When a diode is used in an application wherein it may be forward biased and driven with excessive current,a current-limiting resistor is inserted in
13、to the circuit to keep the diode within its specified operating limits.这是一个多层的主从复合句。主句为“a current-limiting resistor”，“When a diode is used in an application”为主句的状语从句，而从句中的“an application”又带有一定语从句“wherein it may be”，其中有两个并列被动语态的谓语“be forward biased”和“driven”。全句可译为“在应用中如果二极管正向偏置时的驱动电流很大，会在电路中放置一个限流电阻以
14、保证二极管工作在它的极限范围内。”2.2 Diodes and Transistors()A major use for diodes is in the rectification of AC signals,specifically in power supplies in which the conversion from AC to DC is required.这是个典型主从复合句。全句可译为“二极管的一个主要应用是 AC信号整流，尤其是在某些需要将 AC 电转化为 DC 电的电源中。”2.2 Diodes and Transistors()“in which”引起定语从句，修饰“p
15、ower supplies”2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II)2.3.2 Specialized English Wordsnegative portion 负半周full-wave bridge rectifier全波桥式整流transformers 变压器in conjunction with 与连接bipolar junction 双极性proportionality constant 比例常数base 基极collector 集电极emitter 发射极Four diodes can be assembled into a full-wave bridge r
16、ectifier that passes the positive portion of the sine wave and inverts the negative portion relative to the DC ground.这是一个主从复合句。从句中有两个并列的谓语动词“passes”和“inverts”。全句可译为“四个二极管可以组合成一个全波桥式整流器，它能让正半周的正弦波通过，并把负半周的正弦波反转到正半周。”2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II)“that”引起定语从句，修饰“a full-wave bridge rectifier”Transform
17、ers are used in conjunction with bridge rectifiers to step down the high-voltage AC input to a more appropriate intermediate level that is much closer to the final voltage level required by the system.在这个主从复合句中，“that”为定语从句，修饰“a more appropriate intermediate level”，从句中“required by the system”为过去分词短语作
18、后置定语，修饰“the final voltage level”。全句可译为“常常将变压器和桥式整流器连接在一起，把高压 AC 输入降低到与系统所需要的电压值很接近的一个中间值。”2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II)Diode OR-ing circuits are also seen in battery-backup applications in which it is desired to keep a low-power static RAM chip powered by a battery when the main power supply is tur
19、ned off.本句结构上比较复杂，可以分为三个层次，即主句带有一定语从句，而从句又有自己的状语从句。“in which”以下修饰“battery-backup applications”。“when”引起状语从句，作从句中“keep”的时间或条件状语。全句可译为“二极管电路还被用在备用电池应用中，以保证主要电源被关闭后电池仍可以继续驱动一个低功耗的静态 RAM 芯片。”2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II)When power is turned off,the batterys diode becomes forward biased and maintains po
20、wer to the SRAM so that its data are not lost.本句为主从复合句。“When”引起的是条件从句，而“so that”引起的是表示结果的从句全句可译为“当工作电源关闭后，连接电池的二极管变成正偏，替代工作电源给 SRAM 提供电能，保证了数据不会丢失。”2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II)两个并列谓语动词Transistors are silicon switches that enable a weak signal to control a much larger current flow,which is the proc
21、ess of amplification:magnifying the amplitude of a signal.“that enable a weak signal to control a much larger current flow”为“silicon switches”的定语从句。句末“which is the process of amplification:magnifying the amplitude of a signal”则为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面提到的整个从句。全句可译为“三极管是一个用弱信号来控制另一个大得多的电流的硅开关，这个过程实际上就是将信号的幅度放大的
22、过程。”2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II)主句As long as the base-collector junction remains reverse biased,increasing base current will cause a corresponding increase in collector current,and the transistor remains in active mode.本复合句有两个并列主句，共同有一个状语“As long as”。最后一个“as”为连接词，后接一从句。全句可译为“只要基极-集电极结还处于反偏状态，上升的基极
23、电流就会相应地引起集电极电流的上升，此时的三极管仍处于放大状态。”2.3 Diodes and Transistors(II)2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp（I）2.4.2 Specialized English Wordsop-amp 运算放大器(operation-amplifier之略)analog 模拟,类比circuits 电路amplifiers 放大器amplitude 振幅relevant 相关的RF 射频,无线电(Radio Frequency之略)weak signal 小信号transducer 传感器,变换器microphone 扩音器,麦克风2.4 T
24、he Ideal of Op-amp（I）antenna 天线Discrete 离散的transistors 晶体管general-purpose 通用的interface 接口a differential voltage 差分电压AC signals 交流信号DC voltages 直流电压impedance 阻抗,全电阻open-loop 开环gain 增益(系数)2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp（I）implementation 实现fundamental assumptions 基本假设feeds back 反馈 quantifiable 可量化的resolution 分
25、辨率temperature sensor 温度传感器fixed sampling range固定的采样范围arbitrarily 任意的approach 近似An amplifier is an analog circuit that outputs a signal with greater amplitude than what is presented to it at the input.本句的主句“An amplifier is an analog circuit”为系表结构，其后为“that”引导的定语从句，修饰“analog circuit”，从句中有一“what”引起的名词性从
26、句指代输入端的信号幅值。全句可译为“放大器是让输出信号的幅值比输入信号的幅值增大的模拟电路。”2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp（I）Many of the implementation details of how an AC signal is amplified within the op-amp are hidden from the circuit designer,requiring only an understanding of how the op-amp behaves from an external perspective.句中“of how op-amp”
27、为介词短语结构，用作主语的后置定语，而介词“of”后面的“how an AC signal is amplified within the op-amp”则是名词从句，用作“of”的介词宾语。句末“requiring”以下为现在分词短语，作主句的状语，表示结果。全句可译为“(当直接采用运算放大器设计电路时，)我们可以忽略那些交流信号在运算放大器内是如何被放大的细节，只需要了解运算放大器的外部特性就可以了。”2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp（I）主语谓语It is best to first explore an ideal op-amps operation and then t
28、ake into account the real-world deviations from the ideal model as necessary when designing a real circuit.这是一个并列复合句，“explore”和“take”为两个并列谓语动词，句末“when designing a real circuit”为条件状语，可以认为是“when we are designing”,省略了“we are”。全句可译为：当我们采用运算放大器设计时，最好一开始先采用理想模型，进而再考虑实际模型与理想模型的偏差。”2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp（I
29、）These fundamental assumptions provide the engineer with a very flexible amplifier component that can be customized by surrounding circuitry to suit a wide range of applications.这是一个结构比较清晰的主从复合句。全句可译为“上述基本假设可以提供给设计工程师一个非常灵活的器件，他们可以根据周围电路来设计运算放大器以适应不同的需要。”2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp（I）定语从句，修饰“amplifier c
30、omponent”。Perhaps the first question that comes to mind is how an amplifier with infinite gain can be made useful.本句不长，但结构上有一定复杂性，主句为系表动词+表语句型。主语为“the first question”，连系动词为“is”，“how”为名词性表语从句。“that comes to mind”为定语从句，修饰主句“the first question”。全句可译为“也许映入我们脑海的第一个问题就是如何让一个增益无穷大的运算放大器发挥作用。”2.4 The Ideal
31、of Op-amp（I）Without a feedback path,an open-loop op-amp circuit would,in fact,exhibit very high gain to the point of grossly distorting most types of signals.本句为一简单句，但附属成分较多。“Without a feedback path”和“in fact”均为介词短语作状语，“to the point of”亦为介词短语作状语，表示程度。“distorting”为动名词作介词“of”的宾语。全句可译为“事实上，如果没有反馈回路，运算放
32、大器的开环增益将会非常大，造成绝大多数的输入信号严重扭曲失真。”2.4 The Ideal of Op-amp（I）R1 and R2 are chosen arbitrarily as long as they satisfy the ratio R2:R1=2:3.本句为一主从复合句，主句为“R1 and R2 are chosen arbitrarily”，“as as”构成比较句型，前一“as”为副词，修饰“long”，后一“as”为连接词，引起从句“they satisfy”。全句可译为“R1和 R2 的阻值可以任意确定，只要它们满足 R2:R1=2:3 的比例即可。”2.4 The
33、 Ideal of Op-amp（I）主句“as as”构成比较句型，前一“as”为副词，修饰“long”，后一“as”为连接词，引起从句“they satisfy”。2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp（II）2.5.2 Specialized English Wordsisolated 隔离weak 微弱的heavy load 重负载impedance 阻抗noninverting input 同相输入buffer 缓冲feedback loop 反馈环It can be observed that,for a real-world op-amp gain of much les
34、s than infinity,the ideal gain expression for an op-amp provides a very accurate calculation.这是一主从复合句，“It”为形式主语，代替真正的主语，即名词从句“the ideal gain expression for an op-amp provides a very accurate calculation”，“for a infinity”为介词短语，修饰“provides”，表示原因或条件。全句可译为“通过上述实例我们可以看出，尽管实际运算放大器的增益远小于无穷大，但是采用理想模型仍能够提供非常
35、精确的计算结果。”2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp（II）形式主语An example is the need to isolate a weak driver from a heavy load.这是个简单句，“to isolate from”为不定式短语作定语，修饰“the need”。全句可译为“一个例子就是需要将弱信号与重负载隔离开来（的情况）。”2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp（II）“to isolate from”为不定式短语作定语，修饰“the need”However,both a positive and negative voltage sup
36、ply are required to enable the op-amp to drive both positive and negative voltages.此句为简单句，注意动词“are”为复数形式，因“supply”为不可数名词，此处为复数(a positive and negative)。全句可译为“但是为了使放大器能够输出正电压和负电压，必需提供正负两种电源。”2.5 The Ideal of Op-amp（II）2.6 Boolean Algebra2.6.2 Specialized English Wordsalgorithms 运算task 任务、作业accomplish
37、 完成、实现established 建立over time 过去components 元件unary 一元、单目logical functions 逻辑函数graphical representations 图形表示法terminology 术语parentheses 圆括号explicitly 明确的Boolean algebra is the mathematical basis for logic design and establishes the means by which a tasks defining rules are represented digitally.本复合句的
38、主句有两个并列谓语动词，“is”和“establishes”。“by which a tasks defining rules are represented digitally”是定语从句，修饰“means”。全句可译为“布尔代数是逻辑设计的数学基础，并建立了用数字系统表示一项任务的规则的方法。”2.6 Boolean Algebra两个并列谓语动词With an understanding of how basic logical relationships are established and implemented,the discussion moves on to explain
39、 flip-flops and synchronous logic design.本复合句的主句为“the discussion moves on to”，“With an understanding of”为介词短语作状语，其中“how basic logical relationships are established and implemented”为名词从句，作“of”的介词宾语。注意这两个名词从句有两个并列的被动形式的谓语动词“are established and implemented”。全句可译为“在了解了基本逻辑关系的建立和实现的基础上，继续讨论了触发器和同步逻辑设计。”2
40、.6 Boolean AlgebraA traffic lights behavior is predominantly defined by human beings rather than by natural physical laws.这是一个简单句全句可译为“交通灯的行为就不是由自然物理法则定义的，而是由人定义的。”2.6 Boolean Algebra“rather than”在此表示否定Boolean logic is a branch of mathematics that was discovered in the nineteenth century by an Engli
41、sh mathematician named George Boole.这是一个典型的复合句。“Boolean logic is a branch of mathematics”为主句，其表语“a branch of mathematics”带有“that”引导的从句作定语。句末“named George Boole”为过去分词短语，作“English mathematician”的定语。全句可译为“布尔代数是数学的一个分支，在 19 世纪由英国数学家乔治布尔率先提出。”2.6 Boolean AlgebraMore complex Boolean functions are created
42、by combining Boolean operators in the same way that arithmetic operators are combined in normal mathematics.这是一个典型的复合句，结构较清楚。“that arithmetic operators are combined in normal mathematics”为“the same way”的定语。全句可译为“更复杂的布尔函数可以有这些基本的操作符组合而成，相同的方法就像把算术操作符组合成数学表达式一样。”2.6 Boolean Algebra为“the same way”的定语。2
43、.7 Number System2.7.2 Specialized English Wordsbinary representation 二进制表示法carry 进位(位)digit 数字,数位,数码octa 八进制的digital arithmetic circuits 数字算术(运算)电路hexadecimal 十六进制的positional notation 位置计数法fractional numbers 分数representation 表示,表达decimal point 十进制小数点multiplying factor 乘因子2.7 Number Systemradix point
44、小数点weight权duodemical十二进制的power 幂,乘方term 项coefficient 系数subscript 下标short representation缩写(形式)binary-to-decimal conversion二-十进Algorithm算法，进制转换plus sign 加号double-and add method“乘2加1”法2.7 Number Systemtally marks 筹码remainder 余数Radix基least significant bit 最低位equation 等式,方程most significant bit最高位binary n
45、umber 二进制数difference 差(数)The binary representation of information is generally utilized in computers and other digital systems because the basic elements from which such systems are built are of a binary nature.不难看出，这是一个典型的主从复合句。“because”引起的是原因状语从句。从句的主语“the basic elements”又带有一个定语从句“from which such
46、systems are built”。全句可译为“用二进制表示信息广泛用于计算机和其他数字系统，因为构建这些系统的基本元素具有二进制的本质。”2.7 Number System“because”引起的是原因状语从句。Representation of numbers in positional notation has received such universal acceptance that we tend to overlook its importance and the long historical evolution that brought us to this point.
47、全句可译为“用位置计数法表示数得到如此广泛的认同，以至人们往往对它熟视无睹，忽视了它的重大意义，以及人类走到这一步所经历的漫长历史发展过程。”2.7 Number System第一个”that”引导状语从句，表示结果；第二个“that”引导定语从句,修饰“evolution”。When we are given a sequence of decimal digits,e.g 40795,we attach to each digit a multiplying factor,or weight that is some power of 10 and which depends on the
48、 position of the digit in the number,for example,40795=4104+0103+7102+9101+5100.全句可译为“当我们得到一个十进制数，例如40795时，我们给每一位数码加上一个乘因子，或者说权，它是10的某次幂，幂的大小取决于该数码在整个数字中所处的位置，例如40795=4104+0103+7102+9101+5100。”2.7 Number System指一串十进制数位组成的数，即一个十进制数some power of 10”为“10的某次幂”。It appears that the Mesopotamians understoo
49、d the concept of0 and had a positional system using 60 symbols.全句可译为“美索不达米亚人似乎懂得了0的概念，并有了一种采用六十个符号的位置记数系统”。2.7 Number System指美索不达米亚人，即古伊拉克人。“Positional system”指一种位置法计数系统。The decimal system with a positional notation was developed by the Hindus around the 5th century and was introduced to western civ
50、ilization by the Arabs who also added the symbol 0.全句可译为“十进制位置计数法是印度人在大约五世纪发明的，并由阿拉伯人传给西方文明社会，阿拉伯人还增加了0的符号。”2.7 Number System“Positional system”指一种位置法计数系统。阿拉伯人印度人Another binary-to-decimal conversion technique is the so-called double-and-add method:starting with the most significant binary digits(bit