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1、2015考研英语(一)阅读强化讲义(Part A/B)陈正康博士编讲院正康老聊的鼠功美语蓍言Whether you are I ion or gaze I Ie you must spr i nt for survival !Whether you are poor or wealthy you must strive for success!I can make itYes I can第一部分Part A1.1评价目标考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等,体裁 包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。对所读材料,考生应能:1）理解主旨要义;2）理解文中的具体信息
2、;3）理解文中的概念性含义4）理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;5）根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;6）进行一定的判断和推理和引申;7）理解作者的意图、观点或态度；8）区分论点和论据1.2命题思路透析与技巧点拨【细节题】典型例题1例 !. One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across
3、the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us, the “cashless soci
4、ety is not on the horizon its already here.55. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to,A withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishesB obtain more convenient services than other people doC enjoy greater trust from the storekeeperD cash money wherever he wishes to56. From
5、the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn thatA in the future all the Americans will use credit cardsB credit cards are mainly used in the United State todayC nowadays many Americans do not pay in cashD it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before贞酮题2Yet the BBC will have to cha
6、nge, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels 一 !TV and Channel 4 - were required by the Thatcher Governments Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satell
7、ite channels funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers* subscriptions 一 which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than.A the emergence of commercial TV channelsB the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by t
8、he governmentC the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobsD the challenge of new satellite channels实战训练例 !.What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America - breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would
9、single out the countrys excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, spatial thinking about things technological.1 .According to the author, the great outburst of major inv
10、entions in early America was in a large part due to.A elementary schoolsB enthusiastic workersC the attractive premium systemD a special way of thinking例 2. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they
11、share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services than males.2 .Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they areA more inclined to weigh what they getB attentive to
12、researchers, instructionsC nice in both appearance and temperamentD more generous than their male companions例 3. Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an i
13、llegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They dont realize that fomiliar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear tha
14、t substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.“Substance abuse(Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to drug abuse in that.A substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally usedB drug abuse is only related to a limited number of drugt
15、akersC alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaineD many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous例 4.With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be-even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be r
16、ight-it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature.The author believes that Futurist poetry is.A based on reasonable principlesB new and acceptable to ordinary peopleC indicative of a basic change in
17、human natureD more of a transient phenomenon than literature例 5.1f the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry
18、and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.The selection of medical professionals are currently based on.A candidates9 sensitivity B academic achievementsC competit
19、ive spiritD surer values例 6.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. Those things that do not show up in the test scores - personality, ability, courage or humanity ar
20、e completely ignored/ says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Partys education committee. Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the out
21、cry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the Japanes
22、e morality of respect for parents.0Which of the following is true according to the author?A Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.B Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.C More stress should be placed on the cultivation
23、 of creativity.D Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.例 ?. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.47. Misled people tend to think that usi
24、ng an animal in research isA cruel but naturalB inhuman and unacceptableC inevitable but viciousD pointless and wasteful例 8.Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposit
25、ion of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.40. Washingtons decision to free slaves originated from hisA moral considerations.B military experience.C financial conditions.D political stand.例 9.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetica
26、lly determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.23. According to Ericsson, good memoryA depends on meaningful processing of information.B results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.C is determined by genetic rather
27、 than psychological factors.D requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.例 lO.They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startl
28、ing assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers - whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming - are nearly always made, not born.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe thatA talent is a dominating factor for professional
29、success.B biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.C the role of talent tends to be overlooked.D high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.例 11. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publish
30、ers who have, so far, made handsome profits.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D It benefits scientific research considerably.例 12.Once commerc
31、ial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists.57. In the view of Net purists,.A there should be no marketing messages in online cultureB money making should be given priority to on the WebC the Web
32、 should be able to function as the television setD there should be no online commercial information without requests例 !3. The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly n
33、ecessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that th
34、e importance of education in poor countriesA is subject groundless doubtsB has fallen victim of biasC is conventional downgradedD has been overestimated例 14. If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition一wealth, distinction, control over ones destiny - must be deemed worthy of the sacr
35、ifices made on ambitions behalf67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.A its returns well compensate for the sacrificesB it is rewarded with money, fame and powerC its goals are spiritual rather than materialD it is shared by the rich and the famous例 15. Wild Bill Donovan
36、would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the great game ” of espionage-spying as a profession. Th
37、ese days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well.The emergence of the Net hasA received support from fans like Donovan.B remolded the intelligence services.C restored many common pastimes.D revived spying as a profession.【推
38、断题】实战训练例 1. Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several gia
39、nt dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that.A people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB the blind could be happier than the sightedC over-excited people tend to neglect vital thingsD fascination makes people lose their eyesight例 2
40、.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just eno
41、ugh to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.34. Cartwright seems to suggest that.A waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC dreams should be left to their natural progres
42、sionDdreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious伤 3.1f ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition wealth, distinction, control over ones destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely
43、shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from a
44、mbition 一 if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped 一 with the educated themselves riding on them.68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that
45、 it isA customary of the educated to discard ambition in wordsB too late to check ambition once it has been let outC dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition例 4.There are some good arguments for a technical education g
46、iven the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists
47、, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.61. It could be inferred from the passage
48、 that in the authors country the European model of professional training is.A dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB worth trying in various social sectionsC of little practical valueD attractive to every kind of professional例5. Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of