rna干扰cⅱta控制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应的实验研究.docx

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1、RNA干扰CIITA控制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应的实验研究摘 要本实验构建针对大鼠II类主要组织相容性复合物反式转录激活因子(class Il major histocompability complex transactivator. CIITA)基因的短发夹状 RNA (small hairpin RNA, shRNA)质粒载体,通过体外转染大鼠骨髄源树突状细胞 (dendritic cell, DC)和体内转染脾脏的方法,研究RNA干扰C HTA对于H类 主要组织相容性复合物(class II major histocompability complex, MHC- II )基因 表达的抑

2、制效果,并筛选相对髙效shRNA质粒;采用经门静脉注射质粒载体的 方法体内转染肝脏研究基因转染效果:建立稳定的髙应答大鼠原位肝移植模型, 采用门静脓注射质粒载体方法干预供体,获得免疫原性减低的移植物用于肝移 植,研究RNA干扰CIITA在髙应答大鼠原位肝移植模型中控制移植排斥反应的 作用并探讨其机制.第一部分C1I TA-shRNA质粒载体构建及体外研究目的,构建针对大鼠CHTA基因的shRNA质粒载体,探讨体外RNA干扰 CIITA的抑制效果和对于MHC-I!基因表达的调控作用,并筛选相对髙效shRNA 质粒方法:体外培养大鼠骨循源DC,构建针对大鼠CHTA基因的三个shRNA 质粒载体,设

3、置空白对照组、HK-shRNA阴性质粒对照组、转染剂Lipofectamine 组和三个CHTA-shRNA质粒干预组,分别转染DC,以荧光实时定理:PCR和流 式细胞术检测DC转染后CHTA和MHCH的表达变化.结果:大鼠骨髓源DC 培养成功,C【ITA-shRNA质粒载体构建成功;与空白对照组、HK-shRNA阴性 质粒对照组和Lipofectamine组相比,三个CIITA-shRNA质粒干预组DC转染后 的CIITA和MHC-I!的mRNA转录水平及MHC- II抗原表达水平均显著性减低 (P0.01) , CIITA与MHCII基因表达具有明显正相关:pCIITAI-shRNA T

4、预组对目的基因表达抑制最为明显,CUTA mRNA转录水平为10.753.31%, MHC- II mRNA 转录水平为 15.255.73%, MHC-II 抗原表达水平为 25.015.16%. 结论I应用成功构建的ClITA-shRNA质粒载体转染大鼠骨髓源DC,可显著抑 制DC的CHTA和MHC-H基因表达;CHTA与MHC-11的基因表达具有明显 正相关,说明C1ITA严格调控MHC-U表达,RNA干扰C1ITA可明显抑制 MHC-II基因表达:pCIITAl-shRNA为相对高效的shRNA质粒,可进一步应用 于体内实验和动物实验.第二部分经门静脉注射质粒载体的体内研究目的:评价经

5、门静脉注射质粒载体方法体内转染肝脏的转染效果,探讨体内 RNA干扰CHTA的抑制效果和对于MHC.II基因表达的调控作用,并筛选相对 髙效shRNA质粒方法:设置.生理盐水对照组和质粒载体组,经门静脉注射方 法体内干预大鼠肝脏,采取转染后第一天和第三天肝脏标本,应用全波长配标仪 检测和荧光显微镜观察的方法评价体内肝脏转染效果;设置生理盐水对照组、 HK-shRNA阴性质粒对照组和三个CHTA-shRNA质粒干预组,通过经门静脉注 射方法体内干预大鼠脾脏,转染3天后取脾脏标本,以荧光实时定量PCR和流 式细胞术检测脾脏转染后CUTA和MHC-H的表达变化.结果:第一天和第三 天质粒载体组的增强型

6、绿荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP) 荧光强度均显著强于盐水对照组(P0.01),质粒载体组第三天荧光强度强于 第一天(P0.01);与盐水对照组和HK-shRNA阴性质粒对照组相比,三个 ClITA-shRNA质粒干预组脾脏转染后的CIITA和MHC-1I的mRNA转录水平 及MHC-II的抗原表达水平均显著性减低(PV0.0D , CIITA与MHC-H基因 表达具有明显正相关:pCHTAl-shRNA干预组对目的基因表达抑制最为明显, (21仃0!1转录水平为9.241.12%,04(:-11 mRNA 转录水平为 17.813.

7、61%, MHC-H抗原表达水平为23.875.45%.结论:经门静脉注射质粒载体方法可使 shRNA质粒在体内肝脏获得高效转染;应用成功构建的CHTA-shRNA质粒载体 体内转染大鼠脾脏,可显著抑制脾脏的CI1TA和MHC-U基因表达,CHTA与 MHC-1I基因表达具有明显正相关,说明CHTA严格调控MHC-II表达,在体内 采用RNA干扰技术抑制CIITA可明显抑制MHC-1I基因表达;pC IITAl-shRNA 为相对髙效的shRNA质粒,可进步应用于动物实验。第三部分RNA干扰CIITA在高应答大鼠原位肝移植模型中的实验研究目的:观察经门静脉注射CUTA-shRNA质粒方法干预供

8、体移植物对髙应答 大鼠原位肝移植模型中移植排斥反应的影响,探讨其抗排斥机制,方法;建立髙 应答大鼠原位肝移植模型;采用经门静脉注射pCIITAl-shRNA方法干预供体大 鼠肝脏,干预后3天取移植物进行肝移植,同时设置盐水对照组、HK-shRNA阴 性质粒对照组和环抱素A治疗组,每组各12只大鼠,于移植术后第4天随机选 取6只大鼠取出移植肝脏,病理学检查评定排斥反应分级,荧光实时定量PCR 方法检测标本中CIITA. MHC-II. IL-2和圧N”的mRNA转录水平变化,免疫 组化方法检测MHC-II抗原表达变化,其余6只用于观察存活期。结果:稳定建 立髙应答大鼠原位肝移植模型;与盐水对照组

9、和HK-shRNA阴性质粒对照组相 比,CllDU-shRNA质粒干预组大鼠存活时间明显延长(中位生存期8天vs5天 和5天,尸0.01),排斥反应病理分级明显降低(P0.01), CIITA. MHC-II. IL-2和IFN-的mRNA转录水平均明显降低(PC0.01) , MHC-1I抗原表达水 平明显降低(P0.01)。环袍素A治疗组大鼠均获得了长期存活(超过100天). 结论:髙应答大鼠原位肝移植模型是研究肝移植排斥反应的理想动物模型; C1ITA与MHC-II基因的表达与肝移植排斥反应病理分级具有明显正相关,采用 经门静脉注射CIITA-shRNA质粒方法干预供体移植物可明显减轻肝

10、移植排斥反 应,延长存活时间;其机制为移植物免疫原性减低抑制了受体对移植物的直接识 别,从而减少排斥反应相关细胞因子的分泌,降低了排斥反应强度.关健词:CIITA, MHC-IL RNA干扰,肝移植,质粒,急性排斥反应The Research of the Inhibiting Effect of shRNA InterferingCllTA on Acute Rejection in Rat Liver TransplantationAbstractIn this study, small hairpin RNA (shRNA) plasmid vectors targeting rat c

11、lass II major histocompability complex transactivator (CII TA) gene were constructed. In vitro transfection of rat myeloid dendritic cell (DC) and in vivo transfection of rat spleen were performed to investigate the inhibiting effect on class II major histocompability complex (MHC- II) expression by

12、 shRNA interfering CII TA. A shRNA plasmid with efficient inhibitory effect was chosen for further study. Gene transfection efficiency was confirmed by the direct injection of naked plasmid through portal vein. High responder model of rat orthotopic liver transplantation was established. Graft with

13、lower immunogenicity for liver transplantation was acquired from the donor that received shRNA plasmid delivered by portal vein injection. The inhibitory effect of shRNA interfering C11 TA on acute rejection in high responder model of rat orthotopic liver transplantation and the underlying mechanism

14、 were investigated.Part I Construction and in vitro Characterization of CII TAshRNA Plasmid VectorObjective: Tb construct shRNA plasmid vector targeting rat CII TA gene and determine the inhibiting effect of shRNA on CIITA and the regulating effect on MHC- II expression by CII TA-shRNA plasmid in vi

15、tro. Methods: In vitro culture of the rat myeloid DC was performed and three shRNA plasmids targeting C l TA gene were constructed. , There were totally 6 groups for DC transfection: three pC II TA-shRNA experimental groups, control group, pHK-shRNA control group and Lipofectamine group. Real time Q

16、RT-PCR and flow cytometry (FCM) were performed to analyze the expression changes of CIITA and MHC- II in DC after transfection. Results: Sufficient rat myeloid DC were obtained by in vitro culture and CII TA-shRNA plasmids were successfully constructed and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Compared to co

17、ntrol group, pHK-shRNA control group and Lipoftctamine group, the transcription levels of CIITA and MHC-II and the expression level of MHC- H were significantly inhibited in all three pC II TA-shRNA experimental groups (P0,01). There was positive correlation between the expression of CII TA and MHC-

18、 II. Among the three pC II TA-shRNA groups, p CII TAI-shRNA showed the strongest inhibiting effect on targeting gene expression. The transcription levels of CIITA and MHC-II were 10.753.31% and 15.255.73% and the expression level of MHC- II was 25.015.16%, Conclusion: The expressions of CIITA and MH

19、C II in rat DC are inhibited after pC II TA-shRNA transfection. The regulating effect on MHC- Il expression by CIITA were confirmed by the significant positive correlation between them. shRNA interfering CIITA significantly downregulates the MHC-II expression. pCil TAI-shRNA is more effective in int

20、erfering CIITA and could be applied fbr further studies.Part II In vivo study of the effect of shRNA Plasmid Vectorthrough Portal Vein InjectionObjective: To evaluate the transfection efficiency to liver by direct portal vein injection of naked plasmid vector and determine the inhibiting effect of s

21、hRNA on CIITA and MHC-II expression by CIITA-shRNA plasmid in vivo. Methods: Normal saline group and plasmid vector groups were established for comparison and direct porta! vein injection was performed to transfect liver. Liver specimens were harvested on day 1 and day 3 after transfection. Spectrof

22、luorometer was used to detect the enhanced green fluoresceni protein (EGFP) intensity and EGFP expression was also determined by fluorescence microscope. Totally 5 groups, including three pC II TA-shRNA groups, normal saline control group and pHK-shRNA control group, received splenic transfection by

23、 portal vein injection. Real time QRT-PCR and FCM were performed to determine the expression of CII TA and MHC- II in spleen 3 days after transfection. Results: The EGFP intensities in liver of plasmid vector transfection groups were significantly higher than normal saline group in the two experimen

24、tal time points (P0,01) and the intensity showed higher in the day 1 than in the day 3 for the plasmid groups (尸0.01). Compared to normal saline control group and pHK-shRNA control group, the transcription levels of CII TA and MHC- II and the expression level of MHC-II were significantly inhibited i

25、n all three pC II TA-shRNA groups (P0.01). There was apparent positive correlation between the expression of C H TA and MHC- II. Among the three pC II TA-shRNA groups, pC II TAl-shRNA showed the strongest inhibitory effect on targeting gene expression. The transcription levels of CII TA and MHC- II

26、were 9.2411.12% and 17.813.61% and the expression level of MHC- II was 23.875.45%. Conclusion: Highly efficient liver transfection can be achieved by direct portal vein injection of naked plasmid. The expressions of CII TA and MHC- II in rat spleen are significantly inhibited after pC II TA-shRNA we

27、re transfected to spleen in vivo. C II TA strictly regulates MHC- II expression indicated by the significant positive correlation between them. shRNA interfering CII TA significantly downregulates the MHC- II expression in vivo. pC II TAl-shRNA is the most efficient plasmid here and could be applied

28、 in further study.Part III The study of the Effect of shRNA Interfering CD TAin High Responder Model of Rat Orthotopic Liver Transplantation_ transplantation rejection in high responder model of rat orthotopic liver transplantation and investigate its anti-rejection mechanism. Methods: The high resp

29、onder model of rat orthotopic liver transplantation was established. There were 4 groups: normal saline control group, pHK-shRNA control group, pC IITAI-shRNA treating group and ciclosporin A (CsA) treating group. The donors in the first 3 groups received portal vein injection of normal saline or sh

30、RNA plasmid 3 days before transplantation. 6 recipients in each group were randomly chosen and sacrificed fbr their liver as specimen 4 days after transplantation and the remaining 6 recipients were monitored for survival. The data of pathological rejection grading, MHC- II expression level, transcr

31、iption levels of C II TA, MHC- II ,IL-2 and IFN- Y in specimens were collected by pathological examination, immunohistochemistry staining and real time QRT-PCR. Results: The high responder model of rat orthotopic liver transplantation was stably established. Compared to normal saline control group a

32、nd pHK-shRNA control group, the survival time of pC II TA I-shRNA group extended significantly (median survival time 8 days vs 5 days and 5 days, P0.01), pathological rejection grading significantly depressed (PO.01), MHC-11 expression level significantly decreased (P 0.01) and transcription levels

33、of C II TA, MHC-II ,IL-2 and IFN- y also significantly decreased (PV0.01). All recipients of CsA treating group showed long-term survival (more than 100 days). Conclusion: High responder model of rat orthotopic liver transplantation is an ideal animal model for the study of liver transplantation rej

34、ection. The expressions of C II TA and MHC-II show apparent positive correlation with pathological rejection grading of liver transplantation. Acute rejection reaction can be significantly relieved and survival time is extended by pretreatment of graft and donor with portal vein injection of CII TA-

35、shRNA plasmid. The anti-rejection mechanism of shRNA interfering CI1TA could be the inhibition of direct immunological recognition due to reduced graft immunogenicity and depressed secretions of rejection related cytokines.Key words: CII TA, MHC- II, RNA interference, liver transplantation, plasmid,

36、 acute rejection reaction学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下独立进行研 究工作取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容和致谢的 地方外,论文中不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究 成果,与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作学位论文作者签名:,”叫 日期:吁,月日学位论文版权使用授权书本人完全了解天津医科大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即: 学校有权将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,并 采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编以供查阅和借阅.同意 学校向国家有关部门或机构送交论文,并编入有关

37、数据库。保密,在 年解密后适用本授权书.本论文属于不保密0 .(请在以上方框内打“。”)作者签名:&业导师签名;年月枳前 言半个世纪以来,随着手术技术、围手术期管理和免疫抑制剂的不断发展,肝 脏移植术后生存率逐步达到令人满意的程度,肝移植已成为治疗终末期肝脏疾病 和急性暴发性肝功能衰竭的最有效治疗手段。然而免疫排斥反应仍是人类器官移 植的最大障碍,抗移植物排斥反应依赖于免疫抑制药物,但由于免疫抑制剂不具 有特异性且有不同的毒副作用,而患者又需终身用药,这不仅会导致严重的机会 感染和恶性肿瘤的发生,而且长期使用免疫抑制剂所引起的移植器官血管病变最 终可导致移植物丧失解决移植排斥反应的理想措施应该

38、是既使移植治疗手段取得成功,又不损害 受者的免疫功能目前常用的治疗方案是免疫抑制剂治疗,虽然取得了比较好的 抗免疫排斥反应效果,但却是以牺牲受者全身免疫功能为代价的.试想如果能够 仅通过对供体和移植物的干预就可以降低甚至消除免疫排斥反应,就不需对受体 进行特殊处理,这无疑最大程度的保护了受体的利益,是控制移植排斥反应的更 为理想的方窠,为实现这样的研究思路,应从移植排斥反应的机理和实验干预方 法等方面做进步的探讨.移植排斥反应的本质是受体针对移植物外来抗原的免疫应答,这个排斥的过 程首先是抗原呈递细胞(antigen presenting cell, APC)在抗同种异体移植物的免 疫应答过程

39、中提呈抗原,受体的免疫系统(主要是T细胞)进行免疫识别后增殖 活化,从而使T细胞介导的针对同种异体移植物的免疫应答通过多种机制直接杀 伤细胞或是分泌细胞因子活化免疫系统从而导致炎症,最终使移植物被排斥掉。 大量实验证明,移植排斥反应发生与否及其反应强弱的关键在于供受者间【类主 要组织相容性复合物(class II major histocompability complex, MHC- II )的差 异程度,MHC-II类分子不仅直接参与抗原加工递呈和Th细胞的活化,同时还 决定着T细胞在胸腺中的选择.因而设想,如果能有效抑制移植物内与排斥反应 相关的MHC-II基因表达,那么就可以从移植排斥

40、最初的免疫识别阶段入手,有 效减轻甚至完全抑制移植排斥反应.由于MHC/I类基因存在共显性和大量的复等位基因,所以很难达到直接抑 制MHC II类基因的目的。11类主要组织相容性复合物反式转录激活因子(class II major histocompability complex transactivator CIITA)在功能上作为个分子 开关,控制着MHC-II分子的构成性及诱导性表达回,CIITA的表达水平直接 影响着MHC-II分子的表达量,对MHC II类分子的表达起严格且专的调控作 用,是调节MHC-1I类抗原表达的关键分子.实验证明CIITA不仅定性而且定量 控制MHC-II类分

41、子的表达,同时CIITA还调节其他多种抗原递呈相关基因的表照达,如MHCI、恒定链di)及微球蛋白等,此外CHTA对T细胞的分化也起 重要作用。目前国内外研究者釆用多种基因封闭治疗技术均可达到抑制CIITA mRNA表达,从而阻止其调控基因MHC-I!表达的目的,如构建突变体、反义核交甘酸、核酶、基因敲除等方法CIITA突变体对MHC-II类分子表达的抑制率较 髙,但其构建和功能鉴定是项十分繁琐的工作,技术上有一定困难,反义核昔 酸对MHC-H类分子的抑制率偏低,稳定性较差,基因敲除技术是利用同源重组 的原理破坏内源基因,造成基因功能缺失,但该技术复杂;周期长、费用昂贵等 缺点,极大限制了它的

42、应用.RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)技术作为种新的反向遗传学研究手 段,被广泛地应用于基因功能分析、信号转导通路研究和基因治疗等领域,具有 髙稳定性、髙特异性、髙效率和髙穿透性的特点.研究人员能够利用这种技术降 解序列特异性的同源mRNA,使目的基因发生转录后沉默.RNAi的效应分子是 小分子干扰RNA (short interfering RNA, siRNA),进行RNAi研究的关键在于获 取髙效特异的siRNA,目前体内体外制备siRNA的方法很多,这其中依赖表达质 粒或病毒载体在细胞内获取siRNA的方法被认为是目前唯一理想的可以大规模 制备siRNA和进行

43、长期RNAi研究的方法.该方法通过质粒等载体在细胞内表达针 对目的基因的具有发夹结构的类似siRNA的分子,称为短发央状RNA (small hairpin RNA, shRNA),与直接使用siRNA的作用类似,可产生髙效特异的RNAi 效应.相对于其它基因干预技术,RNA干扰技术周期短,操作方便,不用改变基 因组就能使特定的功能表型缺失,而且理论上可以在各种动物模型上进行实施, 是在移植领域进行基因治疔的有力可靠的研究工具,具有广阔的应用前景.外源基因在动物活体组织的有效表达是基因治疗研究的关键,而对于外源基 因转染的安全性和器官靶向性的问题也是至关重要的.病毒性基因载体能有效地 将目的基

44、因转染活体组织细胞并具有一定的趋肝性,但其安全性不容忽视,相对 于病毒载体,裸质粒载体具有安全性髙、制备简易、使用简单等优点,近年来伴 随基因转染方式的不断发展,裸质粒的基因转染效率得到了很大提髙,成为了基 因治疗中重要的研究工具设想如果通过应用RNA干扰技术抑制C1ITA基因表 达从而有效降低MHC-II表达,并构建含有CUTA-shRNA的质粒载体进行供体 体内转染,就可以获得MHC-H表达减低的移植物,并进步研究观察对于肝移 植排斥反应的实际作用效果,目前这方面的研究鲜见报道.本实验设计了通过干预供体移植物来控制肝移植急性排斥反应的研究思路, 这样就可以避免由于术后免疫抑制剂的应用而造成

45、的受体损害,CIITA对MHC- H表达具有严格的调控作用,因此可能是对移植物进行干预的理想作用位点,通 过对低免疫原性移植物在肝移植动物实验中的作用观察,还有助于进步了解肝 移植排斥反应的机理.另外,针对供体进行干预的研究思路对于异种移植领域也 有着很好的启发作用,如通过预处理的方法可以有效降低异种移植物的免疫原 性,将对减轻异种移植后排斥反应非常有利.本实验分为体外实验、体内实验和动物实验三部分.在第一部分中,构建3 个针对大鼠CHTA基因的shRNA质粒,以构建的shRNA质粒对大鼠DC进行体外 转染,检测转染后DC的CHTA和MHC-H表达变化,证实ClIlX-shRNA质粒载 体对于

46、CUTA基因表达的抑制作用,探讨通过沉默CIITA基因从而下调MHC-H 表达可行性,并筛选确定相对髙效的CHTA-shRNA质粒;在第二部分中,采用 经门静脉注射质粒载体的方法进行大鼠体内肝脏和脾脏转染,确定肝脏基因转染 效果,验证CTA-shRNA质粒载体在体内的RNA干扰效果:在第三部分中,建 立髙应答大鼠原位肝移植模型,采用经门静脉注射筛选后ClITA-shRNA质粒载 体方法干预供体,获得免疫原性减低移植物进行肝移植,通过比较不同组别的存 活期、病理学表现、CIITA和MHC-H表达变化及白介素一2 (interleukin-2, IL-2) 和Y干扰素(inlerferon gam

47、ma, IFN*y) mRNA的变化,验证RNA干扰CIITA在髙 应答大鼠原位肝移植模型中控制移植排斥反应的作用,探讨其机制.第一部分CIITA-shRNA质粒载体构建及体外研究材料与方法、实验材料(-)实验动物实验所用大鼠为雄性远交系封闭群Wistar大鼠,体重180-200g,清洁级(clean animal, CL)1饲养于通风、清洁、温暖(20-25C)环境中,特供饲料喂养,购 自中国医学科学院放射医学研究所实验动物中心,(二)主要试剂1 .高糖DMEM培养基干粉(GIBCOBRL,美国)2 .胎牛血清(GIBCO,美国)3 . 2筑基乙醛(2-MB) (Sigma,美国)4 .重组

48、大鼠集落刺激因子(rrGMtSF):重组大鼠白细胞介素4 (rrlL-4); 重组大鼠肿瘤坏死因子a (rrTNF*a) (Peprotech,英国)5 . PE标记小鼠抗大鼠MHCCLASS I!单克隆抗体(catlog numberl2-0920, eBioscience)6 . PE标记小鼠抗大鼠OX-62单克隆抗体(MCA1029PE, SeroTec)7 .细菌培养用胰蛋白炼(北京陆桥技术公司)8 .细菌培养用酵母浸粉(北京奥博星生物技术公司)9 . B型超纯质粒小量提取试剂盒(硅胶树脂型)(BioDev,北京)10 .普通琼脂糖凝胶DNA回收试剂盒(离心柱型)(TIANGEN,北京

49、)11 .8型超纯质粒大量快速提取试剂盒(去内毒素,适用于真核细胞转染) (BioDev,北京)12 . Lipofectamine2000转染剂(Invitrogen,美国)13 .0pti-MEM 培养基(Invitrogen,美国)14. TRIzo! 试剂(Invitrogen,美国)M-MLV试剂盒:M-MLV, 5X反应缓冲液及O.iM DTT (Invitrogen,美国)16 . 4,三磷酸脱氧核甘酸混合物(dNTPs) (TaKaRa, R本)17 . Premix Taq 酹(Takara,日本)18 . platiaum SYBR GREEN qRCR Super Mix-UDG (Invitrgeon,美国)19 .PCR 试剂盒:包括 TaqDNA 聚合酶、lOxBuflfer、25mM MgCl2 (华美, 天津);

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