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1、1D r a f tLife Cycle AssessmentA product-oriented methodfor sustainability analysisUNEP LCA Training KitModule b Overview of LCAWhat is LCA?Why LCA?The ISO 14040 frameworkGoal and scope definitionInventory analysisImpact assessmentInterpretationContentsD r a f t233D r a f tWhat is LCA?(1)Officially:
2、Life Cycle AssessmentHere confined to:quantitative environmental Life Cycle Assessment of productsenvironmental Life Cycle Assessment quantitative products344D r a f tWhat is LCA?(2)At least three different meanings:LCA as a field of studyLCA as a techniqueLCA as a specific study455D r a f tWhat is
3、LCA?(3)Basically:tool for decision-supportcomputational aspectswhich datawhich modelswhich formulasprocedural aspectswho to involvehow to reporthow to use566D r a f tWhat is LCA?(4)ISO-standardised procedure(ISO 14040,created in 1997-2000;revised in 2006)Structured framework:four phasesRules,require
4、ments and considerations specifiedSpecific data and calculation steps not specifiedMuch attention for transparency in reporting6ISO 14040 framework(1)Source:ISO 14040D r a f t788D r a f tISO 14040 framework(2)ISO:Compilation and evaluation of the inputs,outputs and the potential environmental impact
5、s of a product system throughout its life cycleInternational Standard ISO 14040complementary International Standards ISO 14041,14042,14043no Technical Report to 14040,but Technical Reports to 14041 and 1404214044 merges the revised 14040-14043(2006)899D r a f tWhy LCA?(1)Why a product-oriented infor
6、mation tool?Increased attention for product policyseveral national policy plansEUs Integrated Product PolicyUNEPs International Declaration on Cleaner Productionetc.Influence consumption and production patternsclean(er)productionecolabelproduct stewardshipetc.91010D r a f tWhy LCA?(2)Why an integrat
7、ed information tool?Prevent problem shiftingto other life cycle stagesto other substancesto other environmental problemsto other countriesto the future101111D r a f tWhy LCA?(3)Why a method?To structure the large amount of complex dataTo facilitate comparisons across product alternativesTo enable be
8、nchmarking11Why LCA?(4)Why complex data?Product propertyIncandescent lampFluorescent lamppower consumption60 W18 Wlife span1000 hr5000 hrmass30 g540 gmercury content0 mg2 mgetcD r a f t12ISO 14040 framework(3)Source:ISO 14040D r a f t131414D r a f tPhase 1:Goal and scope definition(1)Phase of life c
9、ycle assessment in which the aim of the study,and in relation to that,the breadth and depth of the study is establishedgoal definitionscope definition141515D r a f tPhase 1:Goal and scope definition(2)Goal definition:intended applicationproduct development and improvementstrategic planningpublic dec
10、ision makingmarketingotherreasons for carrying out the studyintended audience151616D r a f tPhase 1:Goal and scope definition(3)Scope definition:function,functional unit and reference flowinitial choicessystem boundariesdata qualitycritical review and other procedural aspects161717D r a f tPhase 1:G
11、oal and scope definition(4)Functional unit:comparison on the basis of an equivalent functionexample:1000 liters of milk packed in glass bottles or packed in carton,instead of 1 glass bottle versus 1 carton171818D r a f tPhase 1:Goal and scope definition(5)Critical review and other procedural aspects
12、critical review to ensure the consistency,scientific validity,transparency of the report,etc.internal review,external review,review by interested partiesprocedural embedding of LCA:LCA as a(participatory)process181919D r a f tPhase 2:Inventory analysis(1)Phase of life cycle assessment involving the
13、compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs,for a given product system throughout its life cycleSteps:preparing for data collectiondata collectioncalculation proceduresallocation and recycling192020D r a f tPhase 2:Inventory analysis(2)Central position for unit processsmallest portion of a
14、product system for which data are collectedTypical examples:electricity production by coal combustionPVC productionuse of a passenger carrecycling of aluminum scrap20Phase 2:Inventory analysis(3)Data collection for unit processes:flows of intermediate products or waste for treatmentelementary flows
15、from or to the environmentelectricity productionelectricitycoalgeneratorfly ashD r a f t21Phase 2:Inventory analysis(4)Combination of unit processes into a product systemGraphical representation in a flow diagramelectricity productionelectricitycoalgeneratorfly ashcoal miningequipmentgenerator produ
16、ctionsteelfly ash treatmentgypsumsystem boundaryreference flowproduct systemD r a f t22Phase 2:Inventory analysis(5)D r a f t23Phase 2:Inventory analysis(6)electricity productionwith cogenerationof heat(CHP)electricitycoalgeneratorfly ashheatD r a f tCalculation proceduresrelate process data to the
17、functional unit(matrix algebra)allocation of multiple processes(multiple outputs,multiple inputs,re-use and recycling)aggregation over all unit processes in the inventory table242525D r a f tPhase 2:Inventory analysis(7)Inventory tableElementary flowIncandescent lampFluorescent lampCO2 to air800000
18、kg50000 kgSO2 to air1000 kg80 kgCopper to water3 g20 gCrude oil from earth37000 kg22000 kgetc252626D r a f tPhase 3:Impact assessment(1)Assessment of the importance of the potential environmental effects with the aid of the results of the inventory analysisSteps:selection and definition of impact ca
19、tegories,indicators and modelsclassificationcharacterisationnormalisationaggregation and/or weighing2642Phase 3:Impact assessment(2)D r a f t272828D r a f tPhase 3:Impact assessment(3)Example of a category indicatorGlobal Warming:Global Warming Potential(GWP):measure for Global Warming in terms of r
20、adiative forcing of a mass-unitExample calculation:5 kg CO2 (GWP=1)+3 kg CH4(GWP=21)=1 x 5+21 x 3 kg CO2-equivalents(=68 kg CO2 equivalents)282929D r a f tPhase 3:Impact assessment(4)Characterisation:Simple conversion and aggregation of GHGs:CO2,CH4climate changeGWP(1 and 21)5 and 3 kg68 kg CO2-eqin
21、frared radiative forcingIPCC climate model293030D r a f tPhase 3:Impact assessment(5)Impact categories,characterisation methods and characterisation models:some baseline examples303131D r a f tPhase 3:Impact assessment(8)Impact categoryIncandescent lampFluorescent lampClimate change120000 kg CO2-eq4
22、0000 kg CO2-eqEcotoxicity320 kg DCB-eq440 kg DCB-eqAcidification45 kg SO2-eq21 kg SO2-eqDepletion of resources0.8 kg antinomy-eq0.3 kg antinomy-eqetc313232D r a f tPhase 3:Impact assessment(7)Impact category results still difficult to understand:difference in unitsdifference in scaleNormalisation st
23、ep to relate the results to a reference valuee.g.,total world impacts in 2002result often referred to as the normalised environmental profile323333D r a f tPhase 3:Impact assessment(8)Impact categoryIncandescent lampFluorescent lampClimate change1.210-11 yr410-12 yrEcotoxicity1.610-10 yr2.210-10 yrA
24、cidification910-11 yr4.210-11 yrDepletion of resources2410-12 yr910-13 yretc333434D r a f tPhase 3:Impact assessment(9)Even after normalisation no clear answeraggregation of(normalized)impact category results into a single indexsubjective weighting factors needed343535D r a f tPhase 3:Impact assessm
25、ent(10)Example of a weighted environmental indexWeighed indexIncandescent lampFluorescent lampWeighted index8.510-10 yr1.410-10 yr353636D r a f tPhase 4:Interpretation(1)Conclusions,recommendations,analysis,all related to goal and scope of the researchamong others based on data quality and sensitivi
26、ty analysisalso:critical review by independent experts363737D r a f tPhase 4:Interpretation(2)Example of a contribution analysisProcessIncandescent lampFluorescent lampElectricity production88%60%Copper production5%15%Waste disposal2%10%Other5%15%Total climate change120000 kg CO2-eq40000 kg CO2-eq37Phase 4:Interpretation(3)Example of an uncertainty analysisD r a f t383939D r a f t演讲完毕，谢谢观看！