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1、句子成分句子成分基本成分：主语、谓语动词、宾语、表语、宾补基本成分：主语、谓语动词、宾语、表语、宾补修饰成分：定语、状语修饰成分：定语、状语句子是否正确取决于：句子结构是否完整是否缺基本成分 各种成分所用的形式是否恰当 是否遵循了所用词语的词法句子的修饰成分之一定语前置定语后置定语大多数单个的词语（方位副词除外）短语作定语从句作定语定语从句interestingstorygoodbookhappygirlmybookherpenourteacherthisbookthatgirlWhatdifficultydoyouhave?Idontknowwhoseumbrellathisis?schoo
2、lliferoomnumberNickshouseyesterdaysmeetingfivecountriestenapples形容词形容词性物主代词指示代词疑问代词 名词名词所有格数词充当定语的词类及其他形式单词短语thepeopleinthepark 介词短语apieceofadvice 数量词短语（前置）theboysswimminginthepool 现在分词短语thequestionsabove 方位副词runningwaterdevelopedcountries 大多数单个的非谓语动词allstudentsmuchmoney限定词thebridgeconstructedlastye
3、ar 过去分词短语theproblemtobediscussedatthemeeting 不定式短语前置后置TheAttributiveClause定语从句用一个主谓结构限定名词、代词或解释句子时用Review1.Chinaiswidelyknownforitsancientcivilisationwhichhascontinuedallthewaythroughintomoderntimes.(Ll1-2,P62)2.PeopleinmoderntimescanreadtheclassicworkswhichwerewrittenbyChineseinancienttimes.(Ll25,P
4、62)3.WrittenChinesehasalsobecomeanimportantmeansbywhichChinaspresentisconnectedwithitspast.(LL24-25,P62)4.EmperorQinshihuangunitedthesevenmajorstatesintooneunifiedcountrywheretheChinesewritingsystembegantodevelopinonedirection.(Ll20-21,P62)功能功能 指代 引 导 词 引 导 词 类 别review指人指人relativepronouns关系代词关系代词指物指
5、物定语从句中的引导词在从句中起名词性作用时用主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语who/that/aswhom/who/that/asthat/aswhose主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语which/that/aswhich/that/asthat/as/whichwhose/whichAllsuchsuchpeopleasasarelikelytosucceedhaveworkedhard.Heissuchsuchagoodboyasaseveryonelikes.Ihaveneverseensuchsuchafoolasasheis.Isthisthesamethesamedogasasbi
6、tyoujustnow?Haveyoueverheardsuchsuchastoryasashetold?Chinaisnolongerthesamethesamepoorcountryasasitwas.Chinaisnolongerthethepoorcountry(that)(that)itwas.功功 能能 指 代 引 导 词 引 导 词 类 别定语从句中的引导词在从句中起副词作用时用时间时间relativeadverbs关系副词关系副词whenwhere地点地点原因原因why(状语状语)Theusageofrelativeadverb关系副词关系副词先行词从句中所充当的句子成分whe
7、ntime等表示时间的词语等表示时间的词语状状 语语whereplace等表示地点的词语等表示地点的词语whyreasonthatway关系副词的构成和基本用法关系副词可以换成“介词+which”，但“介词+which”不一定能换成关系副词。when只可换成“in/at/on/during+which”where只可换成“in/at/on+which”why只可换成“forwhich”Part1先行词通常为time,day,date,morning,night,week,year等先行词在从句中不作状语就不用副词：Doyoustill remember the days(that(that/w
8、hich)which)wespentinthecountryside?先 行 词 通 常 为 place,spot,street,house,city,town,woods,country等或point(地步),case(情况),situation(情形),position(位置),stage(阶段)等表示抽象地点先行词在从句中不作状语就不用副词：Thisisthehouse(that(thatwhich)which)myfatherbuiltlastyear.先行词只有reason:Isthisthereasonwhywhyyouwereabsentfromclassyesterday?先行
9、词在从句中不作状语就不用副词：Iwontlisten to the reason(that(that/which)which)youhaveexplainedtous.先行词只有way:Idont like the way(that(that/inin which)which)hetreatshischildren.先行词在从句中不作状语就不用副词：Theway(that/which)hethought of to solve theproblemwasnotpractical.Icanneverforgettheday.(第一次见到你第一次见到你)October1st,1949wasthed
10、ay.(中华人民共和国成立中华人民共和国成立)restrictiverelativeclauses1.when引导定语从句引导定语从句when I first saw youwhen the Peoples Republic of China was founded(从句本身不缺基本成分)张雨湘周 槟China-chic(中国风)receivedattentionin2018,whenChinesesportswearbrandLI-NINGchanged things up(改变了一切).whenIlikethebeautifulmountain.(我们栽树我们栽树)Afterlivinga
11、broadfor50yearshereturnedtothesmalltown.(他长大他长大)2.where引导定语从句引导定语从句 where可用于表示抽象意义的地点名词(situation,stage,point,case,position,condition等)后：e.g.Theaccidenthasreachedtothepoint.事情发展到了不得不请双方家长来一趟的地步。where/on which we planted treeswherehegrewupwhereboth their parents are to be called in(从句本身不缺基本成分)王 蓓高丽凡
12、EmperorQinshihuangunitedthesevenmajorstatesintooneunifiedcountrywheretheChinesewritingsystembegantodevelopinonedirection.whereUnsuccessfulpeoplecanalwaysfindreasons.(他们表现不好)Ireallydontknowthereason.(她突然病倒)3.why引导定语从句引导定语从句 先行词是reason时，引导词需根据其在定语从句中充当的成分而定。从why theyre not doing wellwhy/for which he s
13、uddenly fell ill(从句本身不缺基本成分)句缺少状语时用why；缺少主语或宾语则用that/which：e.g.Idontbelievethereasonhegavemeforhisbeinglate.我不相信他给出的迟到的理由。(that/which)龚晨钰王思辰 Chinaiswidelyknownforitsancientcivilization,whichhascontinuedallthewaythroughintomoderntimes,despitethemanyupsanddownsinitshistory.Therearemanyreasonswhythisha
14、sbeenpossible.why用关系副词where,when,why填空。1.Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetime_heshouldbeabletobeindependent.2.Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivities_theycangainexperienceforgrowth.3.Thereason_heresignedisknowntous.whenwherewhy判断引导词：1.从句缺什么成分就用引导词充当什么成分，缺主语、宾语、表语和
15、定语用关系代词，缺状语用关系副词2.引导词的作用相同时看先行词表示的是人还是事物、是时间、地点还是原因，从而选用不同的引导词“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”代替关系副词的用法代替关系副词的用法Part2介词介词的确定的确定1)Istillremembertheday_ImetTFboys.2)Theyear_theearthquakehappenedwas2008onwhich替代替代when：inwhich1)Thisisthefarm_Iusedtowork.2)Heforgottheexactplace_hehadhiddenthejewelry.onwhich(介词的选用取决于介词本身的
16、用法、先行词和从句表意需要介词的选用取决于介词本身的用法、先行词和从句表意需要)替代替代where：inwhich1)Idlikeyoutoexplainthereason_yourefusedmyoffer.forwhich替代替代why：引引引引 导导 词词在从句中的作用指 代关系词类 别主主 语人who/that关系代词宾 语whom/that表表 语that定定 语whose主主 语事、物（包括时间、地点和原因）which/that宾 语表表 语that定定 语whose/which状状 语时间when关系副词地点where原因why说明：先行词指物且引导词作定语时，表所属关系用who
17、se，仅代替先行词时用which。引导词的基本用法Practice:用适当的关系副词或用适当的关系副词或“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”填空填空1)Illneverforgetthetime_Iwaswithmyfriendsinthecountry.2)Iwillofferyouabetterway_youcandothejob.3)Thisisthefactory_heusedtowork.4)Isthisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld?5)Idontknowthereason_hewaslateforschool.6)Theway_MissLiuteaches
18、EnglishisdifferentfromMissZhaos.7)Self-drivingisanarea_alltheworldareonthesamestartingline.8)Doyouknowtheyear_theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?9)Wewereputinaposition_wehadeithertoacceptwewerelessimportant,orfightthegovernment.when(inwhich)inwhichduringwhichwherewhereinwhichwhyforwhich(that)(inwhic
19、h)inwhichwhereinwhichwhenwhereinwhichP.64thedaywhentheearthquakehappenedI was on holiday the day when the earthquake happened.theplacewheremyfriendlivesShe works near the place where my friend lives.thereasonwhyIdidntgetapay-riseI dont know the reason why I didnt get a pay-rise.theplace/timein/atwhi
20、chIfoundGrandmasglassesThis is the cupboard in which I found Grandmas glasses.P.64Complete the passage with the correct relative adverbs orpronouns.Addaprepositionwherenecessary.ExercisePage64P.64where/inwhichwhen/onwhichwhere/atwhichwhich/thatwhy汪 盼金 政李 豪黄天赐郑 者1 U nder l i ne the cl auses i n the s
21、entences and deci de w hether they ar e restrictive relative clauses or object clauses.1ThereasonwhyhefoundGermansodifficultwasbecauseofitsgrammar.2A:Haveyoudecidedwhereweshouldgoforourholidayyet?B:Afterlearningfortwoyears,IreallywanttovisitacountrywhereFrenchisspoken.3Accordingtoanoldstory,therewas
22、onceatimewhenthewholeworldspokeonlyonelanguage.4ThispassageintroduceshowChinesecharactershavechangedovertime.P.96限定性定语从句宾语从句限定性定语从句宾语从句限定性定语从句2 Fill in the blanks with the correct relative pronouns or adverbs.Add a preposition where necessary.1Japaneseusesthreewritingsystems,includingkanji_originate
23、d(起源)inChina.2Nineteenfifty-threewastheyear_Xinhua Zidian,ortheNew Chinese Dictionary,firstcameout.3Bones_symbolswerecarved,knownas“oraclebones”,havecontributedalottoourunderstandingofChinaspast.4Therearemanyreasons_Englishissowidelyusedaroundtheworldinthefieldsofscience,business,andmore.5Signlangua
24、geisofgreatimportanceforpeople_aredeaforhavepoorhearing.P.96which/thatwhen/inwhichwhere/onwhichwhy/forwhichwho/that叶子娴胡静雲何千一邱钰慧匡琳淼TheUnitedNations(UN)isanorganization_aimstopromoteinternationalcooperation.Itwasfoundedin1945andhasabout190memberstates.Thisisthereason_theUNhasahugenumberoftranslatorsan
25、dinterpreters,sinceinternationalmeetingsin the UN are attendedby people_ speak so many different languages.Translators are people _usually work with written language,while interpreters work with spokenlanguage.Meetings_onlytwolanguagesareusedmayneedonlyoneinterpreter,whilelargerevents_leadersfromman
26、ycountriesgathermayneedover70interpreters.which/that3Completethepassagewiththecorrectrelativepronounsoradverbsbelow.P.97that when where (in)which who whywhywhowhowhere/inwhichwhere/inwhichTherearetwomainwaysthataninterpretercanprovidespokentranslation.Firstisthemethod_requiresthespeakertostopeveryfe
27、wsentences,sothe interpreter can translate those sentences for the audience.The secondmethodistheone_theinterpreterlistensandtranslatesatthesametime.Thissecondmethodismoredifficult,buttheplace_theinterpreterislocatedisnotsoimportant.Theinterpretercanbeinacompletelydifferentlocation from the speaker,
28、listen through headphones,and translate for anaudiencesittinginanotherlocation!P.97that/whichthat/inwhichwhere/inwhich4 M atch the sentence par ts w i th the ti m es,pl aces,and r easons.T hen make complete sentences with restrictive relative clauses.when/prep+whichALuXunwasbornBIhavemydebatingclass
29、1(A)1881Eighteeneighty-onewastheyearwhenLuXunwasborn.2(B)Sunday_where/prep+whichCtheoldestwrittenEuropeanlanguagehasbeenfoundDlanguageisprocessed3(D)theleftpartofthebrain_4(C)modernTurkey_P.97Sundayisthedaywhen/onwhichIhavemydebatingclass.Theleftpartofthebrainistheplacewhere/inwhichlanguageisprocess
30、ed.ModernTurkeyistheplacewhere/inwhichtheoldestwrittenEuropeanlanguagehasbeenfound.whyEsomestudentsliketodovolunteerworkFpeopleoftenchoosetolearnaforeignlanguage5(E)caringaboutothers_6(F)spendingsometimeabroad_P.97Thereasonwhysomestudentsliketodovolunteerworkisbecausetheycareaboutothers.Caringabouto
31、thersisthereasonwhysomestudentsliketodovolunteerwork.Areasonwhypeopleoftenchoosetolearnaforeignlanguageistospendsometimeabroad.Tospendsometimeabroadisthereasonwhypeopleoftenchoosetolearnaforeignlanguage.Language study表达：strugglev.拼搏、奋斗；挣扎(在不利处境下极其努力)C斗争、奋斗；难事astrugglebetweenand和之间的斗争astrugglewithsb与某人的斗争Itis(not)astruggletodosth做（不）是一件难事strugglefor为奋斗、努力求struggleagainst反抗；在不利环境挣扎struggletodosth.吃力地做某事、挣扎着struggletoonesfeet挣扎着站起来那些英语不好的人得努力赶上来。ThosewhoarenotgoodatEnglishhavetostruggletocatchup.长久以来，中国人一直在为成为一个强国而与贫困作斗争。TheChinesehavelongbeenstrugglingagainstpovertyforapowerfulcountry.