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1、Talk about China in EnglishCultureTraditional Chinese CultureChapter One A modern Chinese usually has(1)a surname(“family name”)or xing 姓 and(2)a given name(“first name”or“Christian name”),1._ ming 名(or mingzi 名字)，always in that order.Thus Deng Xiaoping is Mr.Deng with the personal name Xiaoping the
2、 same way John Jones is Mr.Jones 2._ the personal name John.In ancient China,however,3._(name)was very complicated and one person usually had several 4._(name),and naming involved xing,shi,ming,and zi.Each of 5._(this)four words 6._(mean)a different thing.Xing and shi together formed todays surname,
3、and ming 7._zi todays given name.Today,people use xingshi 8._(refer)to a persons surname,mingzi to refer to ones given name.Day 1 Chinese Personal Namesororwithwithnamingnamingnamesnamesthesethesemeantmeantandandto referto refer Study of ancient Chinese documents shows that xing 9._(original)referre
4、d to the names of different matriarchal tribes（母系部落).It also had something to do 10._ the place 11._people lived.Researches show that xing came into being during the matrilineal society(母系社会)period,i.e.,around four to five thousand years ago.Nearly always the family name(surname)is one-syllable long
5、.The only common modern surnames that 12._(be)two-syllables long are ouyang and Sima.Day 1 Chinese Personal Namesoriginallyoriginallywithwithwherewhereareare The Chinese Lunar Calendar is 1._(base)on the cycles of the moon,and is constructed in a different fashion than the Western solar calendar.In
6、2._Chinese calendar,the 3._(begin)of the year 4._(fall)somewhere between late January and early February.The Chinese 5._(adopt)the Western calendar,but the lunar calendar is still 6._(use)for festive occasions such 7._ the Chinese New Year.Many Chinese calendars will print both the solar dates 8._ t
7、he Chinese lunar dates.Day 2 The Chinese Lunar Calendarbasedbasedthethebeginningbeginningfallsfallshave adoptedhave adoptedusedusedasasandand Day 3 The Twelve Animal Signsthatthat In traditional China,dating methods were cyclical means something 1._ is repeated time after time according to a pattern
8、.A popular folk method which reflected this cyclical method of 2._(record)years are the Twelve Animal Signs.Every year 3._(assign)an animal name or sign according to a 4._(repeat)cycle:Rat,Ox,Tiger,Rabbit,Dragon,Snake,Horse,Sheep,Monkey,Rooster,Dog,5._Boar.Therefore,every twelve years 6._same animal
9、 name or sign would reappear.recordingrecordingis assignedis assignedrepeatingrepeatingandandthethe Day 3 The Twelve Animal Signs The animal signs serve a useful 9._(society)function for finding 10._ peoples ages.Instead of asking 11._(direct)how old a person is,people often ask what is his or her a
10、nimal sign.This would place that persons age 12._ a cycle of 12 years,and with a bit of common sense,we can deduce the exact age.More often,people ask for animal signs not to compute a persons exact numerical age,but to simply know who is 13._(old)among friends and acquaintances.socialsocialoutoutdi
11、rectlydirectlywithinwithinolderolder The Four Treasures of the Study are the 1._(write)tools with Chinese characteristics.Also known 2._“the Scholars Four Jewels”namely the writing brush,ink-stick,paper and ink-slab.The study got 3._(it)name in the Northern and Southern 4._(dynasty),referring only t
12、o the study of the literati(文人).The Four Treasures,5._(vary)and colorful,are famous for their hubi(writing brush 6._(produce)in Huzhou,Zhejiang Province),huimo(ink-stick produced in Huizhou,Anhui Province),xuanzhi(rice paper 7._ xuan paper,made in Xuancheng,Anhui Province),and duanyan(ink-slab 8._(m
13、ake)in Duanxi,Guangdong Province).Day 4 The Four Treasures of the StudyasaswritingwritingitsitsdynastiesdynastiesvariedvariedprodecedprodecedorormademadeDay 5 Chinese Medicine With a history of 2000 to 3000 years,Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)1._(form)a unique system to diagnose 2._cure illness.T
14、he TCM approach is 3._(fundamental)different from 4._of Western medicine.The theory of TCM is based 5._ jing,qi,shen,yin-yang,five elements principle etc.to diagnose 6._(ill)and to cure it according to the well-known Bencaogangmu(Compendium of Materia Medico)7._(write)by Li Shizhen.has formedhas for
15、medandandfundamentallyfundamentallythatthatononillnessillnesswrittenwritten器具 Similar 1._ people of other nationalities,ancient Chinese people 2._(grasp)or tore food 3._ their bare hands at the beginning.Chopsticks,forks,knives and spoons 4._(use)much later,of which chopsticks,with a history of thou
16、sands of years,5._(be)a wonder of Chinese dining utensils(器 具).Chopsticks are the dining utensils most 6._(frequent)used in Chinese peoples daily life.In ancient China,they 7._(call)zhu.When the Chinese began to use chopsticks 8._ an eating instrument is anybodys guess.They were first mentioned in w
17、riting in Liji(The Book of Rites),a work compiled some 2 000 years ago.Chopsticks may be made 9._ any of several materials:bamboo,wood,gold,silver,ivory,pewter,10._ plastics.In cross-section,they may be either round 11._ square.Some of them are engraved with coloured pictures or calligraphy for deco
18、ration.Ordinary chopsticks12._(use)in Chinese homes are of wood or bamboo,those for banquets are often ivory,whereas gold ones belonged only to the royalty and aristocracy（皇室和贵族）.Day 6 Chopstickstotograspedgraspedwithwithwere usedwere usedarearefrequentlyfrequentlywere calledwere calledasasofofandan
19、dororusedused China has long been known as the“land of ceremony and propriety”(文明礼仪之邦).1._(consequent),there are certain manners 2._ should be observed at banquets or formal dinners.First,seat order.Chinese people attach great 3._(important)to the seating order at banquets or formal dinners.In the a
20、ncient 4._(time),at a banquet,people sat in a circle 5._ the ground.Their seating 6._(arrange)are unknown,but it is certain that they 7._(arrange)in a certain order.It was recorded 8._ the most honorable guest sat 9._(face)the east,the next important guest sat facing the south,next facing the north
21、10._ the last facing the west.Day 7 The Etiquette of Chinese Banquets（1）ConsequentlyConsequentlythatthatimportanceimportancetimestimesononarrangementsarrangementswere arrangedwere arrangedthatthatfacingfacingandandDay 8 The Etiquette of Chinese Banquets（2）Even today at formal banquets people are arr
22、anged 1._ a certain order,but in different areas,there are different rules 2._(concern)seat order.In the past,Chinese people often sat around a so-called eight-immortal table(a table with a rectangular top,normally with eight seats around it)3._(dine).In the north,the seat order was arranged this wa
23、y:the two seats facing the door were the 4._(importance),the host sat on the right and the most honorable guest 5._ the left;opposite these two seats sat two specially 6._(invite)guests who were supposed 7._(help)entertain the main guests；the other people,guests or specially invited guests,were arra
24、nged,according to their age,to sit on the other two sides of 8._ table.The two seats 9._(close)to the host and most honorable guest were considered more important 10._ the other two seats.In the south,the seat order was a bit different.in inconcerningconcerningto dineto dinemost importantmost import
25、antononinvitedinvitedto helpto helpthetheclosercloserthanthanDay 9 The Etiquette of Chinese Banquets（3）Apart 1._ seat order,there are also rules regarding the order of 2._(serve)dishes and the way dishes 3._(set)on the table.Dishes,in the broad sense,refer 4._ wine(or liquor),meat and vegetable dish
26、es and grain food;in 5._ narrow sense,it only refers to meat and vegetable dishes.The rules 6._(undergo)some changes.In the ancient times,grain food 7._(serve)before wine,while today wine and meat and vegetable dishes are served before grain food.For meat and vegetable dishes,there are cold dishes a
27、nd hot dishes.8._(normal)cold dishes are served before hot 9._(one),dry dishes are served before soup.Hot dishes are the main courses;usually there 10._(be)even numbers of hot dishes,4,6 or 8.Sometimes there could be 16 or 32 dishes.The most sumptuous feast一Man Han Feast,has as many as 108 dishes.So
28、up is usually the last dish.fromfromservingservingare setare settotothethehave undergonehave undergonewas servedwas servedNormallyNormallyonesonesareare For the way dishes 1._(set)on the table,there are also rules.For example,2._(new)served dishes are always put near 3._ most honorable guest;when wh
29、ole fish,whole chicken or whole duck 4._(serve),the dish is normally put 5._ such a way 6._the head is towards the most honorable guest.This is a way 7._(show)respect to the most honorable guest.In order to show their respect and hospitality,Chinese hosts often help the guests to the dishes.For hygi
30、enes sake,when 8._(do)this,they usually use 9._extra pair of chopsticks or spoon 10._(put)on the table.Day 10 The Etiquette of Chinese Banquets（4）are setare setnewlynewlythetheis servedis servedin inthatthatto showto showdoingdoingananputputChinese FestivalsChapter Two Far and away the most importan
31、t holiday in China is the Spring Festival,also 1._(know)as the Chinese New Year.To the Chinese people it is as important 2._ Christmas to people in the West.The dates for this annual celebration 3._(determine)by the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar,so the timing of the holiday varie
32、s from late January 4._ early February.To the ordinary Chinese,the festival actually 5._(begin)on the eve of the lunar New Years Day and ends on the 6._(five)day of the first month of the lunar calendar.But the 15th of the first month,7._ normally is called the Lantern Festival,8._(mean)the official
33、 end of the Spring Festival in many parts of the country.9._(prepare)for the New Year begin in the last few days of the last moon,when houses are thoroughly cleaned,debts 10._(repay),hair cut and new clothes purchased.Houses are festooned with paper scrolls bearing auspicious antithetical couplet an
34、d in many homes,people burn incense at home and in the temples 11._(pay)respects to ancestors and ask the gods for good health in the 12._(come)months.knownknownasasare determinedare determinedDay 11 The Spring Festival（1）totobeginsbeginsfifthfifthwhichwhichmeansmeansPreparationsPreparationsrepaiedr
35、epaiedto payto paycoming coming“Guo Nian,”which 1.means passing the year,”is the common term 2.among the Chinese people for 3.celebrating the Spring Festival.It actually means 4.greeting the new year.5.At midnight at the turn of the old and new year,people 6.used to let off fire-crackers which serve
36、 to drive away the evil spirits and 7.to greet the arrival of the new year.In an instant the whole city would be engulfed in the deafening 8.noise of the firecrackers.On New Years Eve,all the members of families come together to feast.Jiao-zi,a steamed dumpling,9.is popular in the north,10.while sou
37、therners favor a sticky sweet glutinous rice.meansmeansDay 12 The Spring Festival（2）“Guo Nian,”which 1._(mean)passing the year,”is the common term 2._ the Chinese people for 3._(celebrate)the Spring Festival.It actually means 4._(greet)the new year.5._ midnight at the turn of the old and new year,pe
38、ople 6._(use)to let off fire-crackers which serve to drive away the evil spirits and 7._(greet)the arrival of the new year.In 8._ instant the whole city would be engulfed in the deafening noise of the firecrackers.On New Years Eve,all the members of families come together to feast.Jiao-zi,a steamed
39、dumpling,9._(be)popular in the north,10._ southerners favor a sticky sweet glutinous rice.amongamongcelebratingcelebratingAtAtusedusedto greetto greetananis iswhilewhilegreetinggreetingDay 13 The Lantern Festival（1）The Lantern Festival is 1._ the 15th day of the first Chinese lunar month.It is part
40、of and the last day of the Spring Festival.In the old days,people began preparing 2._ the Spring Festival about 20 days before.However the Lantern Festival 3._(mark)the end of the New Year celebrations.And 4._ the Lantern Festival,everything returns to normal.The Lantern Festival is also 5._(know)as
41、 the Yuanxiao Festival.Yuan literarily means“First while“Xiao refers to“night.Yuanxiao is the first time 6._ people see the full moon in the New Year.It is traditionally a time for family reunion.The most prominent activity of the Yuanxiao Festival is the display of all 7._(type)of beautiful lantern
42、s.So the occasion 8._(call)the Lantern Festival.There are many 9._(believe)about the origin of the Lantern Festival.But one thing for sure is 10._ it had something to do with religious worship.ononforformarksmarksafterafterknownknownwhenwhentypestypesis calledis calledbeliefsbeliefsthatthatDay 14 Th
43、e Lantern Festival（2）There are many beliefs about the origin of the Lantern Festival.But one thing for sure is that it had something to do 1._ religious worship.One legend tells that it was a time 2._(worship)Taiyi,the God of Heaven in ancient 3._(time).The belief was 4._ the God of Heaven controlle
44、d the destiny of the human world.He had sixteen dragons at his back and call.It was he 5._ decided when to inflict drought,storms,famine or pestilence upon human beings.Beginning with Qin Shi Huang,the first emperor 6._ united China,all subsequent emperors 7._(order)splendid ceremonies each year.The
45、 emperor would ask Taiyi 8._(bring)favorable weather and good health to him and his people.Emperor Wudi of 9._ Han Dynasty directed special attention to this event.In 104 BC,he proclaimed it one of the most important 10._(celebrate),and the ceremony would last throughout the night.withwithto worship
46、to worshiptimestimesthatthatwhowhowhowhoorderedorderedto bringto bringthethecelebrationscelebrationsDay 15 Chinas Tomb Sweeping Day（1）April the fourth 1._ fifth of the solar year(according to the Gregorian calendar)is a traditional day for the Chinese people to show respect 2._ their ancestors.On th
47、is day,people sweep their ancestors tombs and burn paper money 3._(wish)their ancestors good luck.There is a legend 4._(relate)to this tradition.According to the legend,during the Spring and Autumn Period,a person 5._(name)Jie Zhitui followed his master Chonger,the prince of Jin,and 6._(stay)with hi
48、m during all the 19 years when the prince was in exile.Jie Zhitui was so loyal to his master that once when the prince was starved to7._(die),Jie cut one piece of flesh from his leg to feed his master so as 8._(save)his life.However,when the prince ascended the throne and became king of the Jin stat
49、e,he forgot about Jie Zhitui 9._(complete).He awarded all his other 10._(follow)except Jie.Jie,on his part,left his master with his old mother 11._ even one word of complaint.The local people were very indignant about this and they compiled a rhyme to satirize the king.ororforforto wishto wishrelate
50、drelatednamednamedstayedstayeddeathdeathto saveto savecompletelycompletelyfollowersfollowerswithoutwithoutDay 16 Chinas Tomb Sweeping Day（2）The king learned about this and in order not 1._(ruin)his reputation,he ordered his men to go to Jies home to bring him back,2._they failed to find Jie.The king