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1、科技英语翻译与写作n参考书目：n实用科技英语翻译研究西安交通大学出版社n英语科技文献的语言特点与翻译上海交通大学出版社n汉英科技翻译教程西北工业大学出版社EGP/ESP EST,EVP,EOP,EAP,EBE,ESSnEGP:English for General Purpose nESP:English for Specific Purposes nEST:English for Science and TechnologynEVP/EOP:English for Vocational/Occupational PurposenEAP:English for Academic Purpose
2、 nEBE:English for Business and EconomynESS:English for Social Sciences Objectives:nbe aware of some knowledge of lexical and discourse features of EST genres,criteria of EST translation,the common grammatical mistakes or errors in EST translation and writing.nPave the way for students future learnin
3、g of specialized knowledge in EnglishnHelp conquer students fear of encountering long and difficult sentences concerning science and technology 研究生入学考试翻译试题n(46)In physics,one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everythinga single generative equation for a
4、ll we see.n(47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification for if all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.n(48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex
5、 cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.n(49)The second,by Joshua Greenberg,takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits(particularly in word order)shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive
6、 constraints.n(50)Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.What is ESTnEST(English for Science&Technology or Technical English or Scientific English)is a special language variety widely used in the fields of sc
7、ience and technology.Its believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology,and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common features of this special genre including reading comprehension,writing and even tra
8、nslation.n科技英语（English for Science and Technology，简称EST）是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体（科技文体）。科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究，目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告，科技实用手段（包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等）的结构描述和操作说明等。1.1 Grammar Features 客观性（客观性（Objective）、准确性（准确性（accuracy）和精练性精练性(conciseness)。(1)(1)广泛使用被动语态广泛使用被动语
9、态(2)(2)广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式 (3)(3)省略句使用频繁省略句使用频繁 (4)(4)It句型句型,固定句型和祈使句固定句型和祈使句使用频繁使用频繁(5)(5)复杂长句使用频繁复杂长句使用频繁(6)(6)后置形容词短语作定语多后置形容词短语作定语多 （7 7）名词化的大量使用名词化的大量使用语法特点(1)(1)广泛使用被动语态广泛使用被动语态1.1 Grammar Features l主体主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断；个人的主观臆断；l中中心心是是客客观观现现象象及及事事物
10、物本本身身，而而非非动动作作的的发发出出者者，把把论论证证说说明明的的对对象象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。(客观性客观性)1)Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.电可以用数量和质量来度量。电可以用数量和质量来度量。2)Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.互感器安装在高压设备上互感器安装在高压设备上1.1 Grammar Features 3)Electr
11、ic power is generated in power generating stations or plants.电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的 4)The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程 ，以便读出期望的数值。，以便读出期望的数值。5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates sep
12、arated by an insulation medium.Such a device is called a capacitor,and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in Farads.电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。1.1 Grammar Features(
13、2)(2)广泛使用非谓语形式广泛使用非谓语形式 非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。动名词动名词 用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句 1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.2)An object becomes hot.It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun,an object becomes hot.物体放置在太阳下会变热。The signal sho
14、uld be filtered before being amplified.放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波(精炼)1.1 Grammar Features 3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验 用动名词短语做主语用动名词短语做主语 4)Changing resistance is a me
15、thod for controlling the flow of the current.改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法 5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动 1.1 Grammar Features 分词分词 l 过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态l 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态 1)The power supply,which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1,is a single-phase switch-mode
16、 inverter.The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。Vibrating objects produce sound waves and each vibration produces one sound wave.Vibrating objects produce sound waves,each vibration producing one sound wave.振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声
17、波。1.1 Grammar Features 2)A three-phase circuit,as it was pointed out above,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.A three-phase circuit,as pointed out above,is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。3)The transistor,which is working with corr
18、ectly polarities,can work as an amplifier.The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。1.1 Grammar Features 不定式不定式 用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句(1)The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power i
19、s satisfied.The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。(2)What does a fuse do?It protects a circuit.The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.保险的作用就是保护电路。1.1 Grammar Features(3)省略句使用频繁省略句使用频繁省略成分：状语从
20、句中的主语、全部或部分谓语；定语从句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代从句。1)If it is possible,the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.If possible,the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.2)As illustrated in Fig.1,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.As in Fig.1
21、,there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。(精炼)1.1 Grammar Features 3)The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system with two
22、 circuits in it.这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。As already discussed 前已讨论As explained before 前已解释As described above 如上所示If possible(necessary)如果可能（必要）其他常用的省略形式：其他常用的省略形式：If so 倘若如此As previously mentioned 前已提到When needed(necessary,feasible)必要时Where feasible 在实际可行的场合Where possible 在可能的情况下1.1 Grammar Feature
23、s(4)固定句型频繁使用固定句型频繁使用 1)It follows form Maxwells hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field,a magnetic field is produced.2)As 结构句型 As with the metal,a semiconductor is composed of a regular geometric lattice of parent atoms.3)Given current and resistance,we can find out voltage.T
24、he speed of light being extremely great,we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.4)Well-grounded students can absorb Chapters 4 and 5 in say three weeks.It remains to be seen when Hamiltonian satisfies.Tool marks,if any,shall be lengthwise of the specimen.（准确、精炼）n5）In what follows,the expression”the
25、 velocity of a body”is understood to mean its velocity relative to the earth.nCurrent change with what is described as resistance.nAfter a chemical change,a substance is changed to something different from what it was.1.1 Grammar Features(5)复杂长句使用频繁复杂长句使用频繁1)It has been mentioned above that the elec
26、trons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal,that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。（准确、精炼）为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句1.1 Grammar Features 2)The reluctance
27、motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.磁磁阻阻电电动动机机以以某某一一速速率率同同步步动动转转，该该速速率率是是由由电电源源频频率率和和定定子子绕绕制制的的级级数数决定的。决定的。3)The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this section with chief refer
28、ence to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.交交磁磁发发电电机机的的试试验验将将在在本本节节中中叙叙述述，它它主主要要涉涉及及每每台台电电机机在在离离开开制制造造厂厂前前应进行的试验。应进行的试验。nThe efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical char
29、acter as an elastic solid body led,in the first instance,to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibration but later to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.n为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有
30、一种具有与弹性固体相同的物为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理介质。这种尝试的结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向震动理介质。这种尝试的结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向震动的介质的具体实例，但后来却使人得出了这样一个明确的结论：并不的介质的具体实例，但后来却使人得出了这样一个明确的结论：并不存在任何具有上述假定所认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。存在任何具有上述假定所认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。1.1 Grammar Features(6)后置形容词短语作定语多后置形容词短语作定语多代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。1)All radiant
31、 energies have wavelike characteristics,which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.2)The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs The instruments presen
32、t include some digital ones relative to DSPs 所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。到场的仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器（精炼）nThe distance from the radar set to the target is called the range nIn radiation,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy,similar in nature to light.nThe number of radioactive atoms that decay p
33、er unit time is proportional to the number of atoms available.nThe force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.nThe heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.nThe energy required to effect the successive accelerations and move an electron from one point
34、 to another is called the electronic potential difference.1.1 Grammar Features（7）大量使用名词化结构nArchimeds first discovered the principle that water is displaced by solid bodies.nArchimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。The earth rot
35、ates on its own axis,which causes the change from day to night.nThe rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。Ifyou use firebricks round the walls of the boiler,the heat loss can be considerably reduced.nThe heat loss can be considerably
36、reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler.炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。低热耗。Television transmits and receives images of moving objects by radio waves.Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。1.2
37、Rhetoric Features l注重科学技术方面的观察、试验和客观规律、事物特征 l涉及的内容(如概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等)大多没有特定的时间关系和时效性(1)广泛使用一般现在时广泛使用一般现在时(2)较多地使用图、表和公式较多地使用图、表和公式 常使用数据、图、表和公式等非语言因素来表明科技概念、原理、定理或定律、规则、方法等。(3)逻辑语法使用多逻辑语法使用多修辞特点 进行条件论述、理论分析和公式推导时，多使用逻辑语法，即表示条件、原因、语气转折、限制、假设和逻辑顺序等词汇 although,because,but,if,once,only,suppose,as a re
38、sult,because of,due to,so,therefore,thus,without等。1.3 Vocabulary Features(1)词汇分类l专业或技术词汇专业或技术词汇 l 次技术词汇次技术词汇 diode ，capacitor ，substation ,autotransformer ，superconductivity 。很多专业和学科所共有的词汇,不同专业和学科往往具有不同词义 某个专业所特有的词汇，其专业性强，词义狭窄和单一。power:幂，乘方动力，功率，效率 电源，电力，功率，电能 bus:公共汽车 母线,总线 Condenser：电容器，补偿机 冷凝器 po
39、wer plant:发电厂 动力装置：专业或技术词汇，次技术词汇，非技术词汇(二极管)（电容器）(变电站，变电所)（自耦变压器）(超导特性)1.3 Vocabulary Featuresl 非技术词汇非技术词汇 在普通英语或非专业英语中使用较少，但实际却属于非专业英语的词汇 take in -absorb,Look into -examine,find out -discover turn round -rotate make good use of -utilize,change -convert 1.3 Vocabulary Features(1)词汇构成1)1)合成法合成法由相互独立的两
40、个或更多的词合成得到新词 名词+名词（n.+n.）n.:horsepower,bandwidth,power utilization名词+形容词(n+adj.)adj.：ice-cold,network-wide名词+副词(n+adv.)n.，adj.:feedback形容词名词（adj+n）n.，adj.：low-pass,high-speed,short-circuit,newtype形容词+名词+ed(adj.+n.+ed)adj.:forward-directed，small-sized介词+名词(prep.+n.)adj.,n.：bypass,overhead,on-line,ove
41、rvoltage1.3 Vocabulary Features2)2)派生法派生法通过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来构成新词 专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法构成的，semi-构成的词有230个以上:semiconductor，semimonthly等，thermo-130 个以上：thermo-chemical，thermo-electricalmicro-300个以上:auto-260个以上:前缀（prefix）：词义变化，词类不变后缀（suffix）：词义可能变化可能不变，词类一定会变常用的前缀和后缀却多达百个，可见派生法的构词能力是非常强的。作为一个专业技术人员，至少应掌握50个常用前缀和后
42、缀。名词前缀名词前缀前缀前缀含义含义例词例词auto-自动，自己，自身autocompensation，automation，autoexcitation counter-反，逆，抗，补countermodulation；countercurrent hydr(o)水，流体，氢(化)hydroenergy，hydropowerhyper-超，过hyperfrequency，hyperplanemini-微，小minicomponent，minipadmicro-微，百万分之一micromotor，microadjustment semi-半，部分，不完全semiconductor，semiem
43、pirical，semielectronicsuper-超，上，特superconductor，supergridultra-超，过度，极端ultra-high voltage（UHV）ultraspeedextra-超，特extra-high voltage(EHV)后缀后缀含义含义例词例词-age抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等voltage，percentage-ance,-ence抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等resistance电阻，difference差别-ency抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等efficiency效率，frequency频率，emergency 紧急情况-ion，-
44、tion,-sion,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等action作用，automation自动化,transmission传输-logy学论，技术technology 技术，dermatology，iatrology医学，electrotechnology 电工学-ness性质、状态、程度hardness 硬度，deepness深度，brightness 亮度，roughness粗糙度-ship情况、性质、状态、关系、地位relationship关系，friendship友好，membership会员资格，scholarship奖学金，学问，学识，fellowship伙伴关系-er,-or仪器
45、，设备driver驱动器,capacitor电容器，conductor导体，reactor电抗器，breaker，disconnector断路器名词后缀名词后缀3)3)词汇缩略词汇缩略1.3 Vocabulary Features只由词汇中的部分字母或由词组中每个词汇的首字母。节略词，缩略词，首字词和缩写词 l节略词：只取词汇前面几个字母或只由后面词根组成节略词：只取词汇前面几个字母或只由后面词根组成 addelexamdeglabdi(a)dir depadvertisement;deleteexamination degreelaboratory diameter directorydep
46、artment1.3 Vocabulary Featuresl缩略词：由缩略词：由词组中某些词的词头字母词组中某些词的词头字母（有时多于一个）所组成，（有时多于一个）所组成，作为一个词按照正常的作为一个词按照正常的规则发音规则发音 ROMRAMRadarGISread only memory 只读存储器random access memory 随机（存取）储存器radio detecting and ranging；雷达gas insulated station 气体绝缘变电站 geography information system 地理信息系统 1.3 Vocabulary Feature
47、sl首首字字词词：与与缩缩略略词词类类似似，区区别别在在于于每每个个实实词词只只取取第第一一个个字字母母，且且必必须须逐逐字母念出字母念出 ACDCCDLEDIDIPUPSHVHVDCIEEIEEEalternating current交流电direct current 直流电compact disc光盘，压缩磁盘light emitting diode 发光二极管identification card 身份证uninterruptible power supply 不间断电源high voltage 高压 high voltage direct current 高压直流 institutio
48、n of Electrical Engineers 英国电气工程师协会 institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 美国电气电子工程师协会 Internet Protocol,网际协议l缩缩写写词词：并并不不一一定定由由某某个个词词组组的的首首字字母母组组成成。有有些些缩缩写写词词仅仅由由一一个个单单词变化而来，且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。词变化而来，且大多数缩写词每个字母后都附有一个句点。1.3 Vocabulary Featuresappx.appendix 附录；fig.figure 图；sq.square 平方；msg
49、.message 信息；amp.amplifier 放大器；o.p.operational amplifier 运算放大器；1.3 Vocabulary Featuresl混合法混合法:由两个词汇的第一个词汇的前面几个字母和第二个词汇的后面由两个词汇的第一个词汇的前面几个字母和第二个词汇的后面几个字母结合在一起构成。几个字母结合在一起构成。positronnegatronl字母外形法字母外形法:对一些形状与字母外形相似的物体，可以利用连字符把字对一些形状与字母外形相似的物体，可以利用连字符把字母和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。母和名词连接在一起组成新词汇。X-ray X 射线U-shaped ma
50、gnet 马蹄形磁铁Y-direction Y轴方向H-frame structure H型框架结构T-filter T型滤波器Y-connection Y(星)形连接positive electron正电子 negative electron负电子1.3 Vocabulary Featuresl人人名名法法:对对一一些些科科学学家家、发发明明家家所所发发现现或或发发明明的的理理论论、方方法法、定定理理或或定定律、东西和物品等，用他们的名字组成新词。律、东西和物品等，用他们的名字组成新词。Ohm欧姆Volt伏特Watt瓦特Ampere安培Hertz赫兹Kelvin开尔文Coulomb-库仑1)