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1、English Rhythmic StructureEnglish Rhythmic Structure&Tips for Teaching Rhythmic Structure&Tips for Teaching Rhythmic Structure 英语英语英语英语话语节律话语节律话语节律话语节律教学实用方法教学实用方法教学实用方法教学实用方法 Wang Wang GuizhenGuizhenGuangdong University of Foreign Studies Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 王桂珍王桂珍王桂珍王桂珍王桂珍王桂珍 广
2、东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学 英语语音课程教学培训英语语音课程教学培训英语语音课程教学培训英语语音课程教学培训 课程第三讲第三讲王桂珍王桂珍王桂珍王桂珍王桂珍王桂珍 广东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学广东外语外贸大学 英语语音课程教学培训英语语音课程教学培训英语语音课程教学培训英语语音课程教学培训 课程第三讲第三讲1 1Language Rhythmn nStress-timedrhythmn nSyllable-timedrhythmn nEnglishrhythmisdescri
3、bedasstress-timedrhythm.2 2The characteristics found in languages with stress-timed rhythmn nStress-timedlanguageshavealargevarietyofStress-timedlanguageshavealargevarietyofsyllabletypesbothopensyllables(endinginsyllabletypesbothopensyllables(endinginvowels)andclosedsyllablesofvarioustypesvowels)and
4、closedsyllablesofvarioustypes(syllablesendinginconsonants).(syllablesendinginconsonants).n nStress-timedlanguagesmayalsohaveheavyandStress-timedlanguagesmayalsohaveheavyandlightsyllablesheavysyllables,whichattractlightsyllablesheavysyllables,whichattractstress,arethosethathavelongvowelsand/orstress,
5、arethosethathavelongvowelsand/orendinconsonantclusters.endinconsonantclusters.n nInstress-timedlanguages,unstressedsyllablesInstress-timedlanguages,unstressedsyllablesareshorterthanstressedsyllables,andvowelsinareshorterthanstressedsyllables,andvowelsinunstressedsyllablesmaybereduced.unstressedsylla
6、blesmaybereduced.n nThemoreofthesecharacteristicsalanguagehas,Themoreofthesecharacteristicsalanguagehas,themorestress-timeditsrhythmthemorestress-timeditsrhythm3 3The characteristics found in languages with syllable-timed rhythm n nStressedandunstressedsyllablesareofapproximatelyequallength;n nTheva
7、rietyofsyllabletypesismorelimited;n nVowelreductioninunstressedsyllablesisunlikely.4 4n nLloydJameslikensstress-timedrhythmtoLloydJameslikensstress-timedrhythmtoMorsecodesignals(longdashesandshortMorsecodesignals(longdashesandshortdots)andsyllable-timedrhythmtodots)andsyllable-timedrhythmto“machineg
8、un”orstaccatopatterns“machinegun”orstaccatopatterns(1940).(1940).n nLearnerswhosenativelanguageisLearnerswhosenativelanguageissyllable-timedhavedifficultylearningsyllable-timedhavedifficultylearningEnglishrhythm,butwithexposureandEnglishrhythm,butwithexposureandincreasingproficiency,theywillacquirei
9、ncreasingproficiency,theywillacquiresomeofthecharacteristicsofstresssomeofthecharacteristicsofstresstiming.timing.5 5Evidence from Instrumental testing？n nInstrumentaltestinghasfailedtoconfirmsomeInstrumentaltestinghasfailedtoconfirmsomeoftheperceptualcharacteristicsofstress-timedoftheperceptualchar
10、acteristicsofstress-timedlanguages(languages(DauerDauer1983,1983,RamusRamusetal.1999).etal.1999).n nInstress-timedlanguages,stressesareheardasInstress-timedlanguages,stressesareheardasoccurringatequalintervalsintime(occurringatequalintervalsintime(isochronyisochrony););insyllable-timedlanguages,thet
11、imebetweeninsyllable-timedlanguages,thetimebetweenstressesismorevariable.stressesismorevariable.n nHowever,instrumentalmeasurementsrevealthatHowever,instrumentalmeasurementsrevealthatstressesinEnglish(astress-timedlanguage)arestressesinEnglish(astress-timedlanguage)arenomoreregularthanthoseinsyllabl
12、e-timednomoreregularthanthoseinsyllable-timedlanguages(languages(DauerDauer1983).1983).6 6n nInformationaboutthestress-timednatureofEnglishrhythmisincludedinmanypronunciationtextbooksandhelpsstudentsunderstandandbecomeawareofthegeneralnatureofEnglishrhythm.7 7Rhythmic Structures in English Utterance
13、sn n1.RhythmandStressn n2.RhythmandSoundLinkingn n3.RhythmandWeakForms8 81.Rhythm and Stress9 910101111Pronunciation1212终于被点燃1313n nStressandunstressedsyllablesn nLongersyllablesandshorteronesn nBoundariesbetweensyllablesnotclearn nSoundchangeoccurswhenunstressed1414n nStress:therelativeemphasisthat
14、maybegiventocertainsyllablesinaword,ortocertainwordsinaphraseorsentence1515n nStressedsyllablesareoftenperceivedasbeingmoreforcefulthannon-stressedsyllables16161717The first feature for stressed syllablesThe first feature for stressed syllablesIt is longer.It is longer.It takes longer to say“growth”
15、and“It takes longer to say“growth”and“pepe”.”.1818The second feature for stressed syllablesThe second feature for stressed syllablesIt is Louder.It is Louder.The relative amplitudes of the syllable“growth”and“The relative amplitudes of the syllable“growth”and“pepe”increase.”increase.1919The third fe
16、ature for stressed syllablesThe third feature for stressed syllablesIt has a change in pitch.It has a change in pitch.The pitch of“growth”and“The pitch of“growth”and“pepe”is usually higher.”is usually higher.2020The forth feature for stressed syllablesThe forth feature for stressed syllablesIt is sa
17、id more clearly.It is said more clearly.The vowel sound in the stressed syllable is usually a full vowel.The vowel sound in the stressed syllable is usually a full vowel.2121The fifth feature for stressed syllablesThe fifth feature for stressed syllablesIt uses larger facial movements.It uses larger
18、 facial movements.You will see more noticeable jaw movements when you say You will see more noticeable jaw movements when you say the syllables“growth”and“the syllables“growth”and“pepe”.”.2222Fivefeaturesforstressedsyllables:Itislonger.ItisLouder.Ithasachangeinpitch.Itissaidmoreclearly.Ituseslargerf
19、acialmovements.2323Featuresforastressedsyllable:Featuresforastressedsyllable:ItislongerItislonger:Ittakeslongertosay“growth”and“Ittakeslongertosay“growth”and“pepe”inthe”inthephrase“phrase“growthandprosperitygrowthandprosperity”.”.ItisLouderItisLouder:therelativeamplitudesofthesyllable“growth”therela
20、tiveamplitudesofthesyllable“growth”and“and“pepe”increase.”increase.IthasachangeinpitchIthasachangeinpitch:Thepitchof“growth”and“Thepitchof“growth”and“pepe”isusuallyhigherthantheunstressedsyllablescomingbeforeisusuallyhigherthantheunstressedsyllablescomingbeforeandafterwards.andafterwards.Itissaidmor
21、eclearlyItissaidmoreclearly:ThevowelsoundinthestressedThevowelsoundinthestressedsyllableisusuallyafullvowelwhilethoseinunstressedsyllablessyllableisusuallyafullvowelwhilethoseinunstressedsyllablescanbereducedvowels.canbereducedvowels.ItuseslargerfacialmovementsItuseslargerfacialmovements-Lookinthemi
22、rrorLookinthemirrorandyouwillseemorenoticeablejawmovementswhenyousayandyouwillseemorenoticeablejawmovementswhenyousaythesyllables“growth”and“thesyllables“growth”and“pepe”thanothersyllables.”thanothersyllables.2424鲜鲜 艳艳 夺夺 目目2525终于被点燃2626Two Chinese syllables:医院医院Two Chinese syllables:觉得觉得(the second
23、 syllable with weak stress)2727n n活动hudonghudngn n运气ynqiynqn n对头dutoudutun n孙子snzisnzn n兄弟xingdixingd2828n n活动活动 hudnghudng（n n）“广场上正在举行盛大的庆祝广场上正在举行盛大的庆祝”。活动活动 hudonghudong（v v）“你得经常活动才行你得经常活动才行”。n n运气运气 ynqynq（v v）“练气功首先得学会从丹田运气。练气功首先得学会从丹田运气。”运气运气 ynqiynqi（n n）“你真是运气。你真是运气。”2929孙子孙子snzsnz（n n）孙子在当
24、时很有名气。（指战国时军事家）孙子在当时很有名气。（指战国时军事家）孙子孙子snzisnzi（n n）他的孙子都有好几个了。（指儿子的儿子）他的孙子都有好几个了。（指儿子的儿子）报仇报仇 bochubochu（v v）他发誓要报仇雪恨。）他发誓要报仇雪恨。报酬报酬 bochoubochou（n n）他们主动上街为民服务，不求报酬。）他们主动上街为民服务，不求报酬。东西东西 dngxdngx（词组）（指方向）我都分不清东西南北了。（词组）（指方向）我都分不清东西南北了。东西东西 dngxidngxi（n n）（指物件）你把东西放哪儿了？）（指物件）你把东西放哪儿了？3030汉语声调统计汉语声调统
25、计静态统计：静态统计：n n一声一声 20%20%左右，二声左右，二声 23%23%左右，左右，n n三声三声 20%20%左右，四声左右，四声 35%35%左右，左右，n n轻声轻声轻声轻声 5%5%左右左右左右左右现实动态语流统计：现实动态语流统计：n n一声一声 20%20%左右，二声左右，二声 23%23%左右左右n n三声三声 5%5%左右，四声左右，四声 35%35%左右，左右，n n轻声轻声轻声轻声 20%20%左右左右左右左右3131Ishallhavetotryandgetsomecashfromourbankatlunchtime.Thenwecanletthemhavet
26、hemoneythattheywantassoonastheylike.Whataretheyaskingustopaythem?3232Ishallhavetotryandgetsomecashfromourbankatlunchtime.Thenwecanletthemhavethemoneythattheywantassoonastheylike.Whataretheyaskingustopaythem?(15/41)3333n nWordstress:keytounderstandingn nSentencestress:1.Toindicatetheimportantwordsina
27、1.Toindicatetheimportantwordsinasentence.sentence.2.Toserveasthebasisfortherhythmical2.Toserveasthebasisfortherhythmicalstructureofthesentence.structureofthesentence.3434 Pronunciation is important.发发 音音 很很 重重 要要r r r R r r r R rR R R R R3535Pronunciation3636Pronunciation3737终于被点燃3838终于被点燃3939终于被点燃P
28、ronunciation40404141 Pronunciation is important.发发 音音 很很 重重 要要r r r R r r r R rR R R R R4242Content words:StressedNouns (table,dog)Verbs (walk,eat)Adjectives (big,beautiful)Adverbs (quickly,very)Demonstratives (this,those)Questionwords (Who?How?)Negatives(contractions included)(not,dont,isnt)Functio
29、n Words:UnstressedArticles (a,an,the)Auxiliaryverbs (am,is,has,can,will)Shortprepositions (to,at,in,for,with)Conjunctions (and,or,that,when,if)Relativepronouns (who,whom,that,which)Personalpronounsandpossessiveadjectives (I,you,he,them,our,their)ContentWords&FunctionWords43432.Rhythm and Sound Linki
30、ngn nInconnectedspeech,soundsatwordboundariesjoincloselytogether,insomecasescreatingblends;44442.Rhythm and Sound Linking1.1.ToblendorjointhefinalconsonantofoneToblendorjointhefinalconsonantofonewordwiththeinitialwordofthefollowingwordwiththeinitialwordofthefollowingword:word:postpost officeoffice 2
31、.2.Tolinkthefinalvowels/Tolinkthefinalvowels/:/and/:/and/toa/toafollowingvowelbyaddingthe/r/sound:followingvowelbyaddingthe/r/sound:herher ownown,the the ideaidea ofof 3.3.TomakesmoothtransitionswhentheTomakesmoothtransitionswhentheprecedingwordendswithavowelandtheprecedingwordendswithavowelandthefo
32、llowingwordbeginsalsowithavowelfollowingwordbeginsalsowithavowelsoundbyaddingaslight/j/or/w/:soundbyaddingaslight/j/or/w/:mymy armarm“,”“,”two others”two others”4.4.TochangethepronunciationofsomefinalTochangethepronunciationofsomefinalandinitialconsonants,asinandinitialconsonants,asinDidDid youyou 4
33、545Types of LinkingTypes of LinkingPost officeNext topicMy armtwo othersher ownthe idea ofDid you46461.postoffice2.herown,theideaof3.nexttopic4.myarm,twoothers5.Didyou4747ThisisreallyatwohourpresentationThisisreallyatwohourpresentationIgivetohighIgivetohigh schoolstudents,cutdowntothreeminutes.schoo
34、lstudents,cutdowntothreeminutes.AnditAnditallstartedonedayonaallstartedonedayona plane,onmywaytoTED,plane,onmywaytoTED,sevenyearsago.sevenyearsago.AndintheseatnexttomewasaAndintheseatnexttomewasa highschoolstudent,ateenager,andshecamehighschoolstudent,ateenager,andshecamefromareallypoorfamily.Andshe
35、wantedfromareallypoorfamily.Andshewantedtomaketomakesomethingofherlifesomethingofherlife,andsheaskedmeasimple,andsheaskedmeasimplelittlequestion.Shesaid,Whatleadstosuccess?littlequestion.Shesaid,Whatleadstosuccess?AndIfeltreallybadly,becauseAndIfeltreallybadly,becauseIcouldntIcouldnt givehergivehera
36、goodansweragoodanswer.So.SoIgetofftheplane,andIcomeIgetofftheplane,andIcometoTEDtoTED.AndIthink,jeez,.AndIthink,jeez,IminthemiddleofaIminthemiddleofaroomofroomofsuccessfulpeople!SowhydontIasksuccessfulpeople!SowhydontIaskthemwhathelpedthemsucceed,themwhathelpedthemsucceed,andpassitontoandpassitontok
37、idskids?4848ThisisreallyatwohourpresentationThisisreallyatwohourpresentationIgivetohighIgivetohigh schoolstudents,cutdowntothreeminutes.schoolstudents,cutdowntothreeminutes.AndAndititallstartedonedayonaallstartedonedayona plane,onmywaytoTED,plane,onmywaytoTED,sevenyearsago.sevenyearsago.Andintheseat
38、nexttomewasaAndintheseatnexttomewasa highschoolstudent,ateenager,andshecamehighschoolstudent,ateenager,andshecamefromareallypoorfamily.Andshewantedfromareallypoorfamily.Andshewantedtomaketomakesomethingofherlifesomethingofherlife,andsheaskedmeasimple,andsheaskedmeasimplelittlequestion.Shesaid,Whatle
39、adstosuccess?littlequestion.Shesaid,Whatleadstosuccess?AndIfeltreallybadly,becauseAndIfeltreallybadly,becauseIcouldntIcouldnt givehergiveheragoodansweragoodanswer.So.SoIgetofftheplane,andIcomeIgetofftheplane,andIcometoTEDtoTED.AndIthink,jeez,.AndIthink,jeez,IminthemiddleofaIminthemiddleofaroomofroom
40、ofsuccessfulpeople!SowhydontIasksuccessfulpeople!SowhydontIaskthemwhathelpedthemsucceed,themwhathelpedthemsucceed,andpassitontoandpassitontokidskids?49493.Rhythm and Weak Formsn nSpeech:anon-goingstreamofsounds,withnoSpeech:anon-goingstreamofsounds,withnoclearborderlinesbetweeneachword.clearborderli
41、nesbetweeneachword.n nTospeakwithmaximaleconomyofmovementTospeakwithmaximaleconomyofmovementratherthanmaximalclarity.ratherthanmaximalclarity.n nSomesoundsarelost,andsomearelinkedSomesoundsarelost,andsomearelinkedtogether.together.n nEconomyofmovement:theuseofweakformsEconomyofmovement:theuseofweakf
42、ormsinspeech.inspeech.5050n n1.1.a a/e eI I/Wevegotadog.Wevegotadog.n n2.2.anan/n n/n n/Takeanapple.Takeanapple.n n3.3.herher/h h:/:/h h/,/,/:/,/:/,/Whatshername?/Whatshername?n n4.4.hishis/h hI Iz z/I Iz z/Johnhadhishaircut.Johnhadhishaircut.n n5.5.ourour/a a /:/:/Wecandoitonourown.Wecandoitonourow
43、n.n n6.6.some/ssome/s m/m/s s mm/,/,/smsm/Getmesomewater./Getmesomewater.n n7.7.thethe/i i:/:/I I/,/,/TheysawtheyoungandtheTheysawtheyoungandtheold.old.n n8.8.youryour/j j :/:/j j/Takeyourtime.Takeyourtime.n n9.9.hehe/hi:/hi:/h hI I/,/,/I I/Whatdidhedo?Whatdidhedo?n n10.10.meme/mi:/mi:/mmI I/Letmeha
44、vealook.Letmehavealook.5151 n n11.11.sheshe/i i:/:/I I/Didshecome?Didshecome?n n12.12.themthem/emem/mm/,/,/mm/Letthemgo.Letthemgo.n n13.13.usus/s/s/s s/Hetoldusastory.Hetoldusastory.n n14.14.wewe/wiwi:/:/wwI I/Hereweare.Hereweare.n n15.15.youyou/juju:/:/j j /Didyouseemypen?Didyouseemypen?n n16.16.hi
45、mhim/h hI Imm/I Imm/Givehimapen.Givehimapen.n n17.17.amam/mm/mm/,/m/,/m/Improudofit.Improudofit.n n18.18.areare/:/:/Whatareyoudoing?Whatareyoudoing?n n19.19.bebe/bi:/bi:/b bI I/Dontbelate.Dontbelate.n n20.20.cancan/k kn n/k k n n/,/,/knkn/WhatcanIdo?WhatcanIdo?5252n n21.21.dodo/du:/du:/d d/d/d/Whatd
46、oyoudoonWhatdoyoudoonSundays?Sundays?n n22.22.doesdoes/d/d z/z/d d z z/Whendoesthetrainleave?Whendoesthetrainleave?n n23.23.hadhad/h hd d/h h d d/d d/d/Howmanyhadhehad?/d/Howmanyhadhehad?n n24.24.hashas/h hz z/h h z/z/z/zz/z/s/Whathashappened?/s/Whathashappened?n n25.25.havehave/h hv/hv/h v v/,/,/v
47、v/,/v/Thekidshavegone./,/v/Thekidshavegone.n n26.26.isis/I Iz z/z/,/s/z/,/s/Heiscoming.Heiscoming.n n27.27.mustmust/m/m st/mst/m st/,/mst/,/m s s/Wemustgonow./Wemustgonow.n n28.28.shallshall/l l/l l/,/,/l l/Whatshallwedo?Whatshallwedo?n n29.29.waswas/w/w z/z/ww z z/,/,/wzwz/Hewasout.Hewasout.n n30.3
48、0.werewere/ww:/:/ww/Wewerealllate.Wewerealllate.5353 n n31.31.willwill/wwI Il l/ww l l/,/,/l l/Thatwilldo.Thatwilldo.n n3232 atat/t t/t t/Lookathim.Lookathim.n n33.33.forfor/f f :/:/f f/Isitforme?Isitforme?n n34.34.fromfrom/frfr m/frm/fr mm/frmfrm/Theycomefromthestates./Theycomefromthestates.n n35.3
49、5.ofof/v/v/v v/v/f/Itsverykindofyou./v/f/Itsverykindofyou.n n36.36.toto/tutu:/:/t t/Youdonthavetoworry.Youdonthavetoworry.n n37.37.andand/nd/nd/nd/nd/n/nd/nn/nd/n/Wehadfishandchips./Wehadfishandchips.n n38.38.asas/z z/z z/Justasyoulike.Justasyoulike.n n39.39.butbut/b/b t/t/b b t t/Itsgoodbutexpensiv
50、e.Itsgoodbutexpensive.n n40.40.soso/s s/s/s/Itsnotsocoldhere.Itsnotsocoldhere.n n41.41.thanthan/n n/n n/Itsbiggerthanthis.Itsbiggerthanthis.n n42.42.thatthat/t t/t t/Hesaidthathewascoming.Hesaidthathewascoming.5454ThisisreallyatwohourpresentationIgivetohighschoolstudents,cutdowntothreeminutes.Andita