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1、The Mental Status Examination(MSE)第一页，共三十七页。Mental StatuslMental status is the total expression of a persons emotional responses,mood,cognitive function,and personalitylIt is closely linked to the individuals executive functioning,i.e.motivation,initiative,goal formation,planning and performing,self
2、-monitoring,and integration of feedback第二页，共三十七页。Quick Neurology ReviewlFrontal lobe lSpeech formation(Broca area)lEmotions/affectlDrive lAwareness of selflShort-term memory lGoal-oriented behavior第三页，共三十七页。Quick Neurology ReviewlParietal lobe lSensory perceptionlSpatial sense and navigation第四页，共三十七
3、页。Quick Neurology ReviewlTemporal lobe lPerception and interpretation of sounds lWernickes area lIntegration of behavior,emotion,and personalitylLong-term memory第五页，共三十七页。Quick Neurology ReviewlLimbic system lSurvival behaviors(mating,aggression,fear,affection)lReactions to emotions,and expression o
4、f affect is mediated by connections of the limbic system and the frontal lobe第六页，共三十七页。DementialDementia is a clinical syndrome,characterized by deteriorating cognition,behavior,and functional independencelIt is usually related to obvious structural disease of the brain(most commonly atrophy)lDement
5、ia affects 3-11%of adults older than 65第七页，共三十七页。Mnemonic for causes of dementialD:drugs and toxinslE:endocrinelM:metabolic and mechanicallE:epilepsy lN:nutritional and nervous systemlT:tumor and traumal I:infectionlA:arterial 第八页，共三十七页。DeliriumlDelirium is different than dementia lIt is an acute co
6、nfusional state accompanied by a disorder of perceptionlSymptoms include alterations in mental status(disorientation),attention span,sleep patterns,and affectlSudden and fluctuatinglUsually reversible第九页，共三十七页。Mental Status Examination lThe MSE is one component of an exam and may be viewed as the ps
7、ychological equivalent of the physical examlIt is an important component to a neurological evaluation第十页，共三十七页。Factors affecting the MSElCulture and educational background of the patient lWhat is abnormal for a person with high intellectual ability may be normal for a person of less educationlPatien
8、ts with ESL may have difficulty with some components of the exam第十一页，共三十七页。Major Components of the MSE1.Appearance 2.Motor3.Speech4.Affect&mood5.Thought Content6.Thought Process7.Perception8.Intellect9.Insight第十二页，共三十七页。AppearancelAgelGenderlRacelBody buildlPosturelEye contact lDresslGroominglManner
9、lAttentiveness to examinerlEmotional facial expressionlAlertness第十三页，共三十七页。MotorlBehavior:Pleasant?Cooperative?Appropriate for the particular situation?lHesitancylAgitationlAbnormal movementslGaitlCatatonia第十四页，共三十七页。SpeechlRate lRhythm lVolumelAmount lArticulation lSpontaneity第十五页，共三十七页。Affect and
10、MoodlAffect:How do they appear to you?lStabilitylRangelAppropriatenesslIntensitylMood:Dr.asks the patient directly how he/she feels第十六页，共三十七页。Thought ContentlSuicidal ideationlDeath wisheslHomicidal ideationlDepressive cognitionlObsessionslRuminationslPhobiaslParanoid ideationlMagical ideationlDelus
11、ionslOvervalued ideasDescription of what the patient is thinking about第十七页，共三十七页。Thought ProcesslAssociationslCoherencelLogiclStreamlClang associations lPerseverationlNeologism lThought blockinglAttentionDescription of the way in which the patient thinks第十八页，共三十七页。PerceptionlHallucinationslIllusions
12、lDepersonalizationlDerealizationldj vuljamais vu第十九页，共三十七页。IntellectlGlobal impression:average,above average,below average第二十页，共三十七页。InsightlAwareness of illness第二十一页，共三十七页。MSElThe full MSE is a lengthy examlYou assess many components of the MSE in your normal work up of a patientlWhen you need to d
13、o a shorter neurological screening exam,you may shorten the MSE to the Mini Mental Status Exam(MMSE)第二十二页，共三十七页。MMSElTakes approximately 10 minuteslThe MMSE tests:lOrientationlImmediate and short-term memorylConcentration lArithmetic ability lLanguagelPraxis(learning)第二十三页，共三十七页。MMSElOrientation:lWh
14、at is the(year)(season)(date)(day)(month)?lWhere are we?(state)(country)(town)(office)(floor)5 pointslRegistration:lName 3 objects,taking 1 second to name each.Then ask the patient to repeat them.1 point for each correct.lAttention and Calculation:lAsk the patient to count backwards from 100 in 7s.S
15、top after 5 answers.lAlternatively,ask the patient to spell“world backwards.l1 point for each correct answer (5)l1 point for each correct answer (5)l1 point for each correct answer (3)l1 point for each correct answer (5)第二十四页，共三十七页。MMSElRecall:lAsk the patient for the 3 objects named under“Registrat
16、ion.lLanguage:lPoint to two objects and ask the patient to name them(pen and watch).lAsk the patient to repeat“No ifs,ands,or buts.lAsk the pt.to follow a 3-step command:“Take this paper in your right hand,fold it in half,and put it on the table.lAsk the pt.to read and obey the following:“Close your
17、 eyes.lWrite a sentence.lCopy a drawing of intersecting pentagons.l1 point for each correct answer (3)l1 point for each correct answer (2)l1 point for correct answer (1)l1 point for each correct task (3)l1 point for correct task (1)l1 point for correct task (1)l1 point for correct task (1)lTotal (30
18、)第二十五页，共三十七页。Interpretation of the MMSElThe traditional threshold for the MMSE is a score of 23 or greaterlScores of 0-23 argue strongly for the diagnosis of dementiaBut,false-positive results are a concern when applied to large populations with low incidence of dementia,so some experts prefer the f
19、ollowing scoring system:l0-20:dementia highly probablel26-30:dementia highly unlikelyl21-25:results not conclusive第二十六页，共三十七页。lThe MMSE is a copyrighted psychological test published by Psychological Assessment Resources(PAR),Inc.第二十七页，共三十七页。So,why do DCs need to do MSEs?lEmotional and behavioral cha
20、nges are often the first signs of organic brain diseaselDoes the patient see his or her M.D.as frequently as he or she sees you,the chiropractor?lBrain tumors,subdural hematomas,small infarcts,and cerebral atrophy may be undetected on routine neurological examination,whereas the cognitive effects of
21、 these lesions may be apparent on an MSE第二十八页，共三十七页。DrawbackslDoes a normal MSE or MMSE indicate competence?lNolCompetence relates to a pt.s ability to provide food&shelter,to manage$,and to participate in activities and decisionslPts.who score well may have difficulty with basic activities of daily
22、 living 第二十九页，共三十七页。DrawbackslDoes an abnormal MSE or MMSE indicate incompetence?lNot necessarilylMany pts.with cognitive limitations develop alternative means of coping with deficits,allowing them to live fairly independent lives第三十页，共三十七页。DrawbackslThe MSE and MMSE screenings have limitations lThe
23、y are subject to interpretive bias and experience of the interviewer lThey have a fairly significant false-negative rate,esp.in pts.with right hemisphere lesionslDemographics and culture:Age(60),education(9th grade),limited cultural experiences,and low socioeconomic status limit usefulness lScreenin
24、g questionnaires are less sensitive to cognitive impairments第三十一页，共三十七页。Do you have to be a DC&a Psychiatrist/Psychologist?lNo.It is not realistic to expect that you evaluate a patient to the same level of a psychiatrist or a psychologist lBut,a large part of a persons overall health is his or her m
25、ental health lAs subluxations may be caused by“thoughts,a persons mental status should be important to you第三十二页，共三十七页。Documentation of Mental StatuslDocumentation of the patients mental status is not remarkably different than the documentation for the history exam or physical examlInclude it in the
26、Neurology section of your narrative history第三十三页，共三十七页。Example of normal:“The patient is alert and oriented x 3.Correct registration of 3 objects was noted.Attention and calculation are appropriate with serial 7 counting.Short term memory is intact.Language skills are demonstrated without evidence o
27、f agnosia,aphasia or apraxia.第三十四页，共三十七页。Example of abnormal:l“The patient is alert and oriented to person and time,but is unable to identify the location,believing she is in her childhood home in Omaha.Correct registration of 3 objects is noted.The patients attention and calculation are deficient,w
28、ith the patient correctly counting backwards from 100 by 7s to 86.The patient correctly repeats the names of objects,without evidence of agnosia or aphasia.The patient is unable,however,to complete commands or purposeful actions and demonstrates difficulty completing written or verbal commands.Aprax
29、ia is suspected.第三十五页，共三十七页。The MMSE and CPTlThe MMSE is considered a component of the neurological portion of the E&M;therefore,no separate CPT code is entered第三十六页，共三十七页。内容总结The Mental Status Examination(MSE)。The MMSE tests:。Attention and Calculation:。Write a sentence.。Drawbacks。Example of abnormal:第三十七页，共三十七页。