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1、英国概况 The Union Jack n呈横长方形,长与宽之比为。为“米”字旗,由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治,白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁,红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。此旗产生于年,是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。National Emblem n即英王徽。中心图案为一枚盾徽,盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮,象征英格兰;右上角为金地上半站立的红狮,象征苏格兰;左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴,象征爱尔兰。盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的
2、独角兽支扶着。盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言,意为“恶有恶报”;下端悬挂着嘉德勋章,饰带上写着“天有上帝,我有权利”。盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。【国歌】上帝保佑女王 god save the queen(如在位的是男性君主,国歌改为god save the king)【国花】玫瑰花【国鸟】红胸鸽(Red chest pigeon)Robin【国石】钻石 英国王朝n按时间顺序分别是:诺曼王朝、安茹王朝、金雀花王朝、兰开斯特王朝,约克王朝、都铎王朝、斯图亚特王朝、汉诺威王朝、萨克森-科堡-哥达王朝和温莎王朝诺曼王朝 House of Norman n威廉一世 King
3、William I the Conqueror 征服王 n威廉二世 King William II Rufus 红毛王 n亨利一世 King Henry I Well-Educated,Beauclerc 儒雅王 n斯蒂芬(King Stephen)(布洛瓦王朝)安茹王朝安茹王朝 House of Anjor n亨利二世 King Henry II Curtmantle 短斗篷王 n理查一世 King Richard I Coeur de Lion 狮心王 n约翰 King John Lackland 无地王 金雀花王朝House of Plantagenet n亨利三世 King Henry
4、 III)n爱德华一世 King Edward I Long Shank)“长脚王”n爱德华二世 King Edward II n爱德华三世 King Edward III n理查二世 King Richard II兰开斯特王朝 House of Lancaster n亨利四世 King Henry IV n亨利五世 King Henry V n亨利六世 King Henry VI约克王朝 House of York n爱德华四世 King Edward IV n爱德华五世 King Edward V n理查三世 King Richard III都铎王朝 House of Tudorn亨利七世
5、 King Henry VII n亨利八世 King Henry VIII n爱德华六世 King Edward VI n简格雷 Lady Jane Grey n玛丽一世 Queen Mary I the Bloody“血腥玛丽”n伊丽莎白一世 Queen Elizabeth I斯图亚特王朝 House of Stuartn詹姆斯一世 King James I n查尔斯一世 King Charles I共和政府n奥利弗克伦威尔 n理查克伦威尔斯图亚特王朝复辟 House of Stuart n查尔斯二世 King Charles II n詹姆斯二世 King James II n威廉三世和玛丽
6、二世 King William III and Queen Mary II)n安妮女王 Queen Ann汉诺威王朝 House of Hannovern乔治一世 King George I n乔治二世 King George II n乔治三世 King George III n乔治四世 King George IV n威廉四世 King William IV n维多利亚女王 Queen Victoria萨克森科堡-哥达王朝House of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha n爱德华七世 King Edward VII n乔治五世 King George V温莎王朝 The House
7、 of Windsorn乔治五世 King George V n爱德华八世 King Edward VIII n乔治六世 King George VI n伊丽莎白二世 Queen Elizabeth II英国历任首相1 罗伯特沃波尔(Robert Walpole)17211742 辉格党2 威尔明顿伯爵(Spencer Compton,Earl of Wilmington)17421743辉格党3 亨利佩尔汉姆(Henry Pelham)17431754 辉格党4 纽卡斯尔公爵(Thomas Pelham-Holles,Duke of Newcastle)17541756辉格党5 德文郡公爵(
8、William Cavendish,Duke of Devonshire)17561757辉格党乔治一世和乔治二世时期乔治一世和乔治二世时期乔治三世时期6 纽卡斯尔公爵(Thomas Pelham-Holles,Duke of Newcastle)17571762辉格党7 比特伯爵(John Stuart,Earl of Bute)17621763托利党8 乔治格兰维尔(George Grenville)17631765辉格党9 白金汉侯爵(Charles Wentworth,Marquess of Rockingham)17651766辉格党10 查塔姆伯爵(William Pitt,Ear
9、l of Chatham)17661768 辉格党11 格拉夫顿公爵(Augustus Henry Fitzroy,Duke of Grafton)17681770辉格党12 诺斯勋爵(Lord North)17701782托利党13 白金汉侯爵(Charles Wentworth,Marquess of Rockingham)1782辉格党14 谢尔本伯爵(William Petty,Earl of Shelburne)17821783 辉格党15 波特兰公爵(William Bentinck,Duke of Portland)1783 托利党/福克斯-诺斯联合内阁16 威廉皮特小皮特(Wi
10、lliam Pitt)17831801 托利党17 亨利埃丁顿(Henry Addington)18011804 托利党18 威廉皮特小皮特(William Pitt)18041806 托利党19 格伦维尔勋爵(William Wyndam Grenville,Lord Grenville)18061807 辉格党联合内阁20 波特兰公爵(William Bentinck,Duke of Portland)18071809托利党21 斯潘塞帕西瓦尔(Spencer Perceval)18091812托利党乔治四世时期22 利物浦伯爵(Robert Banks Jenkinson,Earl of
11、 Liverpool)18121827 托利党23 乔治坎宁(George Canning)1827 托利党24 戈德里奇子爵(Frederick Robinson,Viscount Goderich)18271828托利党25 威灵顿公爵(Arthur Wellesley,Duke of Wellington)18281830托利党威廉四世时期26 格雷伯爵(Earl Grey)18301834辉格党27 墨尔本子爵(William Lamb,Viscount Melbourne)1834 辉格党28 威灵顿公爵(Arthur Wellesley,Duke of Wellington)183
12、4 保守党29 罗伯特皮尔爵士(Robert Peel)18341835保守党30 墨尔本子爵(William Lamb,Viscount Melbourne)18351841辉格党维多利亚女王时期31 罗伯特皮尔爵士(Robert Peel)18411846保守党32 约翰罗素勋爵(Earl Russell)18461851辉格党33 德比伯爵(Earl of Derby)1852 保守党34 阿伯丁伯爵(Earl of Aberdeen)18521855 Peelite/联合内阁35 帕尔姆斯顿子爵(Viscount Palmerston)18551858辉格党36 德比伯爵(Earl o
13、f Derby)18581859保守党37 帕尔姆斯顿子爵(Viscount Palmerston)18591865自由党38 约翰罗素勋爵(Earl Russell)18651866自由党39 德比伯爵(Earl of Derby)18661868保守党40 本杰明迪斯雷利(Benjamin Disraeli)1868 保守党41 威廉格莱斯顿(William Ewart Gladstone)18681874自由党42 本杰明迪斯雷利(Benjamin Disraeli)18741880保守党43 威廉格莱斯顿(William Ewart Gladstone)18801885自由党44 索尔
14、兹伯里侯爵(Robert Gascoyne-Cecil,Marquess of Salisbury)18851886 保守党45 威廉格莱斯顿(William Ewart Gladstone)1886 自由党46 索尔兹伯里侯爵(Robert Gascoyne-Cecil,Marquess of Salisbury)18861892 保守党47 威廉格莱斯顿(William Ewart Gladstone)18921894自由党48 罗斯贝利伯爵(Earl of Rosebery)18941895自由党49 索尔兹伯里侯爵(Robert Gascoyne-Cecil,Marquess of S
15、alisbury)18951902 保守党爱德华七世时期50 亚瑟贝尔福(Arthur James Balfour)19021905保守党51亨利坎贝尔班内南爵士(Henry Campbell-Bannerman)19051908 自由党两次大战时期52 赫伯特亨利阿斯奎斯(Herbert Henry Asquith)19081916自由党53 大卫劳合乔治(David Lloyd George)19161922联合内阁54 安德鲁伯纳尔劳(Andrew Bonar Law)19221923保守党55 斯坦利鲍德温(Stanley Baldwin)19231924保守党56 拉姆赛麦克唐纳(J
16、ames Ramsay MacDonald)1924 工党57 斯坦利鲍德温(Stanley Baldwin)19241929 保守党58 拉姆赛麦克唐纳(James Ramsay MacDonald)19291935 工党/国民内阁59 斯坦利鲍德温(Stanley Baldwin)19351937 保守党/国民内阁60 尼维尔张伯伦(Arthur Neville Chamberlain)19371940 保守党/国民内阁61 温斯顿丘吉尔(Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill)19401945 1945 保守党/联合内阁过渡政府伊丽莎白二世时期62 克莱门特艾
17、德礼(Clement Richard Attlee)19451951工党63 温斯顿丘吉尔(Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill)19511955保守党64 安东尼艾登爵士(Anthony Eden)19551957保守党65 哈罗德麦克米伦(Harold Macmillan)19571963保守党66 道格拉斯霍姆爵士(Alec Douglas-Home)19631964保守党67 哈罗德威尔逊(Harold Wilson)19641970工党68 爱德华希思(Edward Heath)19701974保守党69 哈罗德威尔逊(Harold Wilson)197
18、41976工党70 詹姆斯卡拉汉(James Callaghan)19761979工党71 玛格利特撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher)19791990保守党72 约翰梅杰(John Major)19901997保守党73 托尼布莱尔(Tony Blair)19972007工党74 戈登布朗(James Gordon Brown)2007年06月27日 2010年5月11日 工党 75 戴维卡梅伦(David William Donald Cameron)2010年05月11日 保守党 第一章 英国地理nGeographical names:the British Isles,Grea
19、t Britain and England.地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰。nOfficial name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。nThe British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain(the larger one)and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.n不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。Diff
20、erent Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 n4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain:England,Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。n(1)England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is the largest,most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区。n(2)Scotland is i
21、n the north of Great Britain.It has three natural zones(the Highlands in the north;the Central lowlands;the south Uplands)Capital:Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区:北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵。首府:爱丁堡。n(3)Wales is in the west of Great Britain.Capital:Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府:加的夫n(4)Northern Ireland is the fourth regio
22、n of the UK.Capital:Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府:贝尔法斯特。nThe Commonwealth(of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.It was founded in 1931,and has 50 member countries until 1991.n英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年,至2009年止已有53个成员国。The CommonwealthGeog
23、raphical Features 英国的地理特征 nGeographical position of Britain:英国的地理位置:nBritain is an island country surrounded by the sea.It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.英国是一个岛国。
24、它位于大西洋北部,与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。nThe north and west of Britain are mainly highlands;and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.英国的西部和北部主要是高地,东部和东南部主要是低地。Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 nBen Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain(1,343m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰,海拔1,343米。nSevern River is the longest
25、 river in Britain(338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。nThames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain.(336km).泰晤士河是英国第二大河,也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。nLough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland.(396 square kilometres).讷湖(内伊湖)是英国最大的湖,位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。nRiver
26、Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。nSnowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.(1,085m)斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点,海拔1,085米。Climate 气候 nBritains favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件:nBritain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainf
27、all throughout the whole year.The temperature varies within a small range.英国属于海洋性气候:冬季不过于寒冷,夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量,气温变化幅度小。nThe factors influence the climate in Britain:影响英国气候的因素:n1)The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in su
28、mmer;环绕四周的海水。冬天,海水可使岛内气温升高,夏天则使气温降低,从而起到平衡季节温差的作用;n2)The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气,使气温适宜;n3)The North Atlantic Drift passes the wester
29、n coast of the British Isles and warms them.北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸,使气候变暖。nRainfall 降雨量 nBritain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm.There is a water surplus in the north and west,and a water deficit in the south and east.英国全年降雨量稳定,
30、平均降雨量超过1000毫米。英国北部、西部雨量过多,但是南部、东部有所缺乏。The People 人口 npopulation distribution 人口分布:nBritain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed.90%of the population is urban and only 10%is rural.The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English(83.8%),the Scottish(8.5%)
31、,the Welsh(4.9%),the Northern Irish(2.9%).英国人口约6094万,分布极不均匀,90%是城市人口,只有10%是农村人口。英国人口组成为:英格兰人(83.8%),苏格兰人(8.5%),威尔士人(4.9%),北爱尔兰人(2.9%)。nThe difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots,Welsh and Irish:英伦三岛民族的祖先:nThe ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,the Scots,Welsh and Irish are
32、Celts.英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁-萨克逊人,而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。nThe difference in character个性差别:nThe Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.They are music lovers and are proud of their past.威尔士人感情丰富,情绪高涨,热爱音乐,为过去感到自豪。nThe Scots are said to be a serious,cautious and thrifty people,and they are also hospitable,generous
33、and friendly.苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭,但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。nThe Irish are charm and vivacity.爱尔兰人充满魅力,生性活泼。nThe difference in speech between southern England and northern England:英格兰南方人和北方人语言上的差别:nSoutherners speak the type of English close to BBC English;In northern England,regional speech is usually broader
34、than that of southern England.南方人讲的英语接近BBC,北英格兰人的发音通常要比南英格兰人宽。nThe Welsh keep their language and culture in this way:威尔士人以这样的方式使他们的语言及文化保持活力。nThroughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod.On these occas
35、ions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art.一年中他们有称之为艺术年会的唱歌、跳舞、诗歌节。一年中最重要的节日是全国诗歌音乐比赛会。在那里会举行威尔士诗歌、音乐、唱歌和艺术比赛。nThe main problem in Northern Ireland:北爱尔兰存在的主要问题:nThe fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group,and the Roman Catholics,who are seeking more social,poli
36、tical and economic opportunities.作为统治者的新教徒和要求更多社会、政治及经济权利的罗马天主教徒之间的斗争。第二节 英国的起源nThe first known setters of Britain were the Iberians.More dramatic monuments were the henges,the most important of which was Stonehenge in Wiltshire.n人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比例亚人。更为引人注目的是那些圆形石结构,其中最重要的是在维尔特郡发现的巨石阵。nThe Celts may or
37、iginally have come from eastern and central Europe,they came to Britain in three main waves:the first wave was the Gaels,the second was Britons and the third was Belgae.n凯尔特人最初来自于东欧及中欧,他们入侵英国分三次高潮:第一次是盖尔人;第二次是布立吞人;第三次是比利其人。nJulius Caesar,the great roman general,invaded Britain for the first time in
38、55BC.For nearly 400 years,Britain was under roman occupation.n伟大的罗马将军尤利乌斯恺撒,于公元前55年第一次入侵英国。将近400年,英国人处于罗马的占领下。nThe roman built two great walls to keep the Picts.There were the Hadrians wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle,and the Antonine wall linking the estuaries of the Forth and the Clyde.n罗马人
39、修建了2座长城以抵御皮特人。一条是哈德良长城,从卡莱尔到纽卡斯尔,另一条是链接福斯河口和克莱德河口的安东尼长城。nThe Romans made use of Britains natural resources,mining lead,iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.n 罗马人很好地利用了英国的自然资源,开采铅矿、铁矿和锡矿以及生产陶瓷。nIn the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders,Jutes,Saxons,and Angles came to Britain,they were three Teu
40、tonic tribes.n五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵英国。这是三支日尔曼部落。nThese seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Essex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria have given the name of Heptarch.n这七个主要的王国:肯特、威塞克斯、苏塞克斯、埃赛克斯、东安各鲁,麦西亚和诺森布里亚合称七王国。nAt the beginning of ninth century,under their king Egbert the West Saxons d
41、efeated the Mercies.In 829,Egbert became an overlord of all the England.n九世纪初,在国王埃格伯特的带领下,西撒克逊人打败了麦西亚人。829年,埃格伯特成了整个英国的最高君主。nIn 597,pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility.n
42、597年,教皇格里高利派遣圣奥古斯廷去英格兰,使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面,圣奥古斯廷特别成功。nAlferd,king of Wessex,was strong enough to defeat the Danes.He is known as the“father of Britain navy”.n韦塞克斯的国王阿尔佛雷德非常强大,打败了丹麦人,他以“英国海军之父”闻名于史。nWhen Ethebreds death left no strong Saxon successor,the Witan chose Canute the Danish leader,
43、as king in 1016.n埃塞尔雷德死后没有留下有实力的撒克逊继承人,于是贤人会议选择了丹麦首领克努特为国王。nKing Edward seemed more concerned with building Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state.He was far more Norman than Saxon.n爱德华国王对国事的关心远不及对威斯敏斯特大教堂的修建,他更像诺曼人而非撒克逊人。nAnglo-Saxon England perished with Harolds death.William was crowned kin
44、g of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York.n随着哈罗德德死亡,安各鲁撒克逊人的英国消失了,在威斯敏斯特大教堂,约克大主教加冕威廉为英格兰国王。nThe Norman conquest of England is perhaps the best-known event in English history.Under William,the feudal system in England was completely established.n诺曼征服或许是英国历史上最著名的事件,至此,英格兰的封建制度被完全建立起
45、来。第三节 英国的形成nWilliam replaced the witan,the council of the Anglo-Saxon kings,with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief.n威廉用由他的土地承租人组成的大议会取代了安各鲁撒克逊国王的顾问团贤人会议。nThe Doomsday Book,completed in 1086,was the result of general survey of England made in 1085,and stated the extent,value,the populatio
46、n,state of cultivation and ownership.n末日审判书完成于1086年,它记录了1085年进行的英国总调查结果。此册陈述了土地的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权。nWilliams policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control,but at the same time to uphold its power.n威廉对教会的政策是完全控制的同时,赞成它拥有权利。nHenry was the first king of the House of Plantagenet.H
47、e took measures to bring the disorders of king Stephen reign to an end.n亨利二世是金雀花王朝的首位国王。他采取措施结束了史蒂芬森国王统治时期的混乱局面。nHenry greatly strengthened the Kings Court and extended with its judicial work.He insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the Kings Courts instead of in
48、 the Bishops Court.n亨利二世大大加强了王室法庭的力量并扩展了司法工作。他坚持被控刑事犯罪的教士都应在国王法庭受审而不是在主教法庭受审。nIt was these exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into collision with Tomas Becket,the Archbishop of Canterbury.n正是神职人员享有的特权导致了亨利国王和坎特伯雷大主教托马斯贝克特之间的冲突。nGeoffrey Chaucers best known work is t
49、he Canterbury Tales which describes a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Tomas Beckets tomb.n杰佛利乔叟的名著坎特伯雷故事集描述了一群朝圣者到坎特伯雷参观托马斯贝克特坟墓的旅行nThe barons charter,or Magna Carta,as it came to be known was presented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of 1
50、215.n1215年夏天,贵族代表团把他们的宪章后以大宪章闻名递交给国王和他的顾问团们。nA committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carry out the Charter,with the right of declaring war on him should he break its provisions.n由24名贵族和伦敦市市长组成的委员会帮助国王执行大宪章,若国王违反规定,他们有权对国王宣战。nMagna Carta(The Great Charter)was a s