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1、Revision of Noun Clause -名词性从句Questions:1.What is noun clause?2.How many kinds of clauses belong to noun clause?What are they?Tell what kind of clauses the following sentences are and the function of them:1.What he needs are books.2.I know that he is friendly and honest.3.My idea is that you should
2、make good use of your time.4.The news that he gave in surprised me.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句Summary:在句子中起在句子中起名词名词作用作用的句子叫名词性从句的句子叫名词性从句.宾语从句宾语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句表语从句表语从句表语从句表语从句主语从句主语从句主语从句主语从句名词性从句名词性从句名词性从句名词性从句Exercises:fill in the blanks with the right words.1._ he did made me extremely angr
3、y.2.The news _ he was badly injured surprised us.3._ we will go picnicking tomorrow depends on the weather.4.It sounds _ you are from the north of the States.WhatthatWhetheras if5.I dont know _ he left.6.This is _ he once lived.7._ comes will be welcome.whenwhereWhoeverSummary:引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词
4、1 1、连接代词：、连接代词：、连接代词：、连接代词：_.有词义，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。有词义，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。2 2、连接副词：、连接副词：、连接副词：、连接副词：_.有词义，在从句中作状语。有词义，在从句中作状语。3 3、连接词：、连接词：、连接词：、连接词：_.that无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if(whether),asif虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。分。who,whose,whom,what,which,whatever,whoeverwhen,where,wh
5、y,how,however,wherever,wheneverthat,whether,if,asif/asthough,becauseJudge the following sentences:1.My mother asked who was the girl over there.2.Our success depends on if everyone works hard.3.She will refuse the offer seems unlikely.4.I doubt that he is at home.5.My suggestion is we should set out
6、 at once.FFFFFSummary:1.名词性从句中都要用名词性从句中都要用陈述句语序陈述句语序。2.介词后的宾语从句只能用介词后的宾语从句只能用whether连接，连接，不用不用if连接。连接。3.主语从句中的主语从句中的that虽只起连接作用，但虽只起连接作用，但一般不能省略。一般不能省略。4.doubt用于用于肯定肯定结构时，后面用结构时，后面用whether/if引导名词性从句；用于引导名词性从句；用于否定结否定结构或疑问结构构或疑问结构时，后面用时，后面用that引导名词性引导名词性从句。从句。5.表语从句中的表语从句中的that一般都不能省一般都不能省略。略。主语从句主语从
7、句1、主语从句在复合句作主语。、主语从句在复合句作主语。Whowillgoisnotimportant.2、主语从句由从属连词、主语从句由从属连词that,whether和连和连接代词接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever及连接副词及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。等词引导。thatthat在从句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代在从句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。That you dont like h
8、im is none of my business.Who will win the match is still unknown.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.Exercise:Exercise:1.Where and when he was born _(have,(have,has)has)not beennot been found.2.When the person was murdered and why he was murdered(is,are)still unknown.3
9、.What he needs _(is,are)books.单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。另外，若从句后语，谓语动词则用复数形式。另外，若从句后的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数形式。的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数形式。hasareareTranslate the following sentences:1.帮助那些处在困境中的人是我们的职责。Its our duty that we should help the people in ne
10、ed.2.当我拜访他时，他碰巧不在家。It happened that he was out when I called on him.3.据说他们已成功地进行了这个实验。Its said that they have succeeded in carrying out this experiment.Summary:有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it代替主语从代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：用句型如下：1）It+系动词系动词+
11、名词名词+that从句从句Itisapity/ashame/goodnews/afact/anhonour/awonder/nowonder/ourduty+that从句从句Eg.难怪你取得了这么多成功。难怪你取得了这么多成功。Itsnowonderthatyouveachievedsomuchsuccess.2）It+不及物动词不及物动词+that从句从句Itseems/happened/turnedout/occursappears+that从句从句Eg.Itseemsthatitisgoingtorain.3）It+be+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词+that从句从句Itissaid/r
12、eported/announced/believed/thought/wellknown/hoped/foundout/suggested/ordered+that从句从句Eg.ItisreportedthatamineaccidenthappenedinShanxiProvince.4）It+be+形容词形容词+that从句从句Itisnecessary/important/strange/surprising/obvious/possible/unlikely+that从句5)其它句型，如：其它句型，如：A)It doesntmatterB)It makes no differenceEx
13、amples:1.我们学一门外语是必要的。我们学一门外语是必要的。It necessary that we should learn a foreign language.2.只要看起来干净整洁，你穿什么都可以。只要看起来干净整洁，你穿什么都可以。It doesnt matter what you wear,as long as you look neat and tidy.3.你去还是不去对我来说无所谓。你去还是不去对我来说无所谓。It makes no difference to me whether you go or not.在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、在主语从句中用来表示
14、惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：，常用的句型有：It is necessary/important/strange/surprising/obvious/possible/unlikely+that从句另外，在另外，在“Its suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required/demanded+that 从句从句”中中，谓语动词要谓语动词要用虚拟语气用虚拟语气“(should)+do”表语从句表语从句1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位
15、于系动词之后。表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。Eg.Thequestionwaswhocouldgothere.2、常用的系动词有、常用的系动词有be，seem,remain,look等。等。Eg.ItseemsthathehasbeentoAmerica.3.asif/asthough引导的表语从句，系动词通常为引导的表语从句，系动词通常为look,seem,sound等，从句可用陈述语气，也可等，从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。用虚拟语气。Eg.Itlooksasifitis/weregoingtorain.表语从句中需要注意的问题：表语从句中需要注意的问题：Exercises
16、:1.Thereasonwhyhewasabsentfromthemeetingwas_(why,that)hefellillsuddenly.2.Theteachersadvicewasthatwe_(did,do)morepractice.注意注意1：主语为名词：主语为名词reason，表语从句用，表语从句用that而而不用不用why引导。引导。注意注意2：主语为名词：主语为名词idea,advice,suggestion,order,request等时等时,表语从句用虚拟语气，即表语从句用虚拟语气，即“should+V原原”that(should)do比较：用why,that,becau
17、se填空1.That is _we dont trust him.2.That is _ he has often lied.3.The reason _ we dont trust him is _ he has often lied.注意3：That is why+结果，意为“那就是的原因”That is because+原因,意为“那是因为”The reason why/for is that意为“的原因是”。whybecausewhythat宾语从句宾语从句1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词的连词that一般可省略。一般可省略。Ih
18、ope(that)everythingisallright.2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或或if连连接，要分别用接，要分别用what或或whether。Iminterestedinwhetheryouvefinishedthework.Imsurprisedatwhatyousaid.3、whether与与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。换。由连接词由连接词that引导宾语从句时，引导宾语从句时，that在在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如果从句是并列的文体中常被省去，
19、但如果从句是并列句时句时,第二个分句前的第二个分句前的that不可省。不可省。Eg.We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.。注意:在demand,order,suggest,advise,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“should+动词原形”。I insist that she(should)do her work alone.The commander ordere
20、d that troops(should)set off at once.但是但是,如果如果suggest作作“表明、暗示表明、暗示”讲讲,insist作作“坚持说、坚持认为坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后的宾语从讲，则其后的宾语从句中应该用陈述语气。句中应该用陈述语气。Eg.1).他脸上的微笑表明他已通过考试。The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the exam.2).那个老人坚持说是那个小男孩偷了他的钱。The old man insisted that the little boy had stolen his money.w
21、hether或if引导的宾语从句whether和和if均可引导动词后的宾语从均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有句，常可互换。但从句中有ornot时或时或介词后的宾语从句中只能用介词后的宾语从句中只能用whether连连接接,另外，另外，whether还可与还可与todo连用。连用。其它名词性从句，如：主语从句、表其它名词性从句，如：主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只用语从句、同位语从句只用whether.Fill in the blanks by using whether or if.1）Idontknow_ornotthereportistrue.2）Itdependson_we
22、haveenoughtime.3）Theydontknow_togothere.whetherwhetherwhether介词后的宾语从句一般不用介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和和if引导，引导，要用要用whether和和what。that也很少引导介词也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在宾语从句，只在except,but,besides等之等之后才用。后才用。I dont care about whether you have money or not.Everything depends on whether we have enough money.宾语从句中的时态呼应宾语从句中的时态呼应:
23、宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时从句响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态；中的谓语动词可以用各种时态；I know that he studies English every day.I know that he studied English last term.We all know that he has studied English since 1998.如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则从句中的语动只能用过去时的某种形式，从句中的语
24、动只能用过去时的某种形式，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；等；We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house.The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。态。The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.当主句是当主句是I/Wethink(
25、suppose,expect,believe,guess,imagine)时，时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成从从句中转移到主句中成为否定的转移。为否定的转移。We dont believe that he will win the game.I do so.如如果果宾宾语语从从句句后后还还有有宾宾语语补补足足语语，则则必必须须用用it作作形形式式宾宾语语，而而将将宾宾语语从句后置，并且从句后置，并且that不能省略。不能省略。He has made it clear that he will not give i
26、n.it作形式宾语的情况1.动词 find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后有宾语补足语时，则要用it作形式宾语，把作为真正宾语的that从句后置。Eg.1)我们每天六点钟起床已成惯例了。We make it a rule that we get up at six every day.2)我们都认为保护环境使其不受污染很重要。We all think it important that we should protect the environment from being polluted.2)有些动词接宾语从句时，需在动词与从句间加it。这些动词有：h
27、ate,appreciate,take,owe,have等。Eg.我讨厌满嘴食物说话。I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food.我认为你会同意我们的。I take it that you will agree with us.3)介词+it+that 结构Eg.I will see to it that everything is ready on time.我将负责按时做好一切准备。doubt用于用于肯定肯定结构时，后面用结构时，后面用whether/if引引导名词性从句；用于导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构否定结构或疑
28、问结构时，时，后面用后面用that引导名词性从句。引导名词性从句。besure用于用于肯定句或疑问句肯定句或疑问句时，后接时，后接that引导的名词性引导的名词性从句；用于从句；用于否定句否定句时，后接时，后接whether/if引导引导的名词性从句。的名词性从句。1）Wedoubtwhether/ifhecanwinthegame.2）Idontdoubtthathewillwinthegame.3）我们确信他是无辜的。We are sure that he is innocent.4)这位老人不太确定他见过我。The old man didnt seem to be sure whethe
29、r/if he had met me.常接宾语从句的形容词有：sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied,sorry 等词。Eg.恐怕他不能来参加我们的聚会了。Im afraid that he wont attend our party.连接代词连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever可可引导名词性从句，相当于引导名词性从句，相当于anyonewho,anythingthat等。它们也可以引导让步状语等。它们也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于从句，相当于nomatterwho/what/which。但但
30、nomatterwho/what/which只能引导让只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。Eg.1)Whoever breaks the law should be punished.2)I will try my best to finish the work no matter how hard it is.=however hard it is（五）同位语从句（五）同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：名词（如：news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise
31、,problem,hope,information,message,belief,doubt,opinion,possibility,thought,wish,truth,question,reply,answer,report,advice,order,warning等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容.引导同位语从句的连词除引导同位语从句的连词除that,whether外，还外，还可以用可以用who,what,how,when,where,why等等,whose,which,if通常不引导同位语从句通常不引导同位语从句.Eg.1)Ihavenoideawhenhew
32、illbeback.2)Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.3)Nextcomesquestionwhatyouwantitfor.其次就是这个问题，你为什么要它。其次就是这个问题，你为什么要它。同位语从句和定语从句的区别：同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一没有实际意义，不充当句子成分
33、，一般不能省略。般不能省略。I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）名词性从句重难点归纳分析名词性从句重难点归纳分析 1、that和和what都可以引导名词性从句，都可以引导名词性从句，that是连接词，本身无词义，仅起连接作用，不是连接词，本身无词义，仅起连接作用，不在从句中担任任何成份；在从句中担任任何成份；what是连接代词，不仅引导名词性从
34、句，而且是连接代词，不仅引导名词性从句，而且在从句中充当一定的成份，如主语、宾语或表在从句中充当一定的成份，如主语、宾语或表语。语。Thathestoleabikewastrue.Theimportantthingiswhatyoudo,butnotwhatyousay.2、单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。、单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。动词则用复数形式。Whereandwhenhewasbornhasnotbeenfound.Whenthepersonwasmurd
35、eredandwhyhewasmurderedarestillunknown.3、在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序，即使从句、在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义。表达的是疑问含义。Theproblemiswhathehasdonetothelittleboy.陈述句的语序陈述句的语序陈述句的语序陈述句的语序4、引导主语从句的引导主语从句的that不能省略。但为避免头重不能省略。但为避免头重脚轻，可以用脚轻，可以用it作为形式主语，而把真正主语从句作为形式主语，而把真正主语从句放到后面。如果放到后面。如果that引导的主语从句出现在疑问引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，必须
36、以句中时，必须以it作形式主语而把主语从句后置。作形式主语而把主语从句后置。Isittruethatthescientistwillgiveusalecturenextweek?5、宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，、宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中的谓如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态；如果主句中的谓语动词语动词可以用各种时态；如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则从句中的谓语动只能用过去用了一般过去时，则从句中的谓语动只能用过去时的某种形式，但如果从句表达的是客观真理或时的某种形式，但如果从句表达的是客
37、观真理或客观存在则不受此影响。客观存在则不受此影响。Webelievedthathehadearnedenoughmoneytobuildahouse.6、与、与“命令、要求、建议命令、要求、建议”等相关的名词性从句等相关的名词性从句中通常用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的构成是中通常用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的构成是“should动词原形动词原形”或省去或省去should。Sheinsistedthatshenotbesenttothecountryside.如果如果suggest作作“表明、暗示表明、暗示”，insist作作“坚坚持说、坚持认为持说、坚持认为”,则其后的宾语从句中应该用则其后的宾语从句中应该
38、用陈述语气。陈述语气。Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathehadpassedtheexamination.9、介词后的宾语从句一般不用、介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和和if引导，要引导，要用用whether和和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在句，只在except,but,besides等之后才用。等之后才用。IcouldsaynothingbutthatIwasangry.我无话可说，只是感到生气。我无话可说，只是感到生气。10、引导宾语从句的连接词引导宾语从句的连接词that一般可以省略，但一般可以省略，但如果有二个或二个以
39、上的宾语从句时，只有第一如果有二个或二个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个个that可以省略。可以省略。Hesaid(that)thetextwasverydifficultandthatwehadtoworkhardatit.11、当主句是、当主句是I/Wethink(suppose,expect,believe,guess,imagine)时，其后的宾语从句时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到从从句中转移到主句中，成为否定的转移。主句中，成为否定的转移。Wedontbelievethathewillwinthegame.not12、如果宾语从
40、句后还有宾语补足语，则必须用、如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则必须用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置，并且作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置，并且that不能不能省略。省略。Hehasmadeitclearthathewillnotgivein.宾语补足语宾语补足语13、doubt用于肯定结构时，后面用用于肯定结构时，后面用whether/if引引导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构时，后导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构时，后面用面用that引导名词性从句。引导名词性从句。besure用于肯定句或疑问句时，后接用于肯定句或疑问句时，后接that引导引导的名词性从句；用于否定句时，后接的名词性从句
41、；用于否定句时，后接whether/if引导的名词性从句。引导的名词性从句。Wedoubtwhether/ifhecanwinthegame.Wedontdoubtthathecanwinthegame.Wearesure14、连接代词、连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever可可引导名词性从句，相当于引导名词性从句，相当于anyonewho,anythingthat等。等。(他们也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于他们也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于nomatterwho/what/which.)Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.Anyone
42、whoExercises:用名词性从句翻译下列句子.1 What matters is whether you have tried to finish the task.2 What makes me surprised is that so many people broke the world record with efforts3 What makes me happy is that I was admitted to Fudan University,which I dreamed of.4 That he once came to China made all the peop
43、le present very excited.5 Whether he robbed the bank remains to be investigated further.6 Whether the sports meeting will be held tomorrow depends on what the weather is like.7 The reason why he didnt attend the meeting was that he had been caught in a traffic jam.8 The reason why my mother was sad
44、was that she lost a bag,containing many important files.9 The reason he explained at the meeting was that someone neglected his duty.10 That is how he deals with it,which made me worried.11 Doctors gradually realized that the environment in the hospital is important to the recovery of diseases.12 He
45、 felt that artists had lost his place in modern society and that art should be enjoyed by a larger audience.13 As students,we should pay more attention to what teachers said and make full use of what we have.14 Whether we begin the experiment depends on whether we have enough money.15 The difficulty
46、 lies in the fact that attitudes towards the population growth vary from country to country.16 Please give the prize to whoever comes first.17 When children grow up,they should be encouraged to do whatever housework they can do.18 More and more college students are faced with the fact that it is ver
47、y hard to find a suitable job.19 The reason why he became short-sighted was that he often kept reading books for 4 to 5 hours.20 There is no doubt that the government will take measures to prevent the disease form spreading.21 Whether the meeting will be held as planned hasnt been decided yet.22 The
48、 reason why she was late was that she had to take care of her sick sister.23 That China joined WTO is not only a great challenge but also a good opportunity.24 It is reported that so far 91 children have died in the flood.25 Human beings have to accept the fact that because of the green house effect
49、,the climate over the earth is becoming warmer and warmer.26 Why metals can conduct electricity is an interesting problem.27 When this theory was originally formed is not known.28 There is no possibility that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.29 The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in this region has been discussed.30 What is the most important thing for us to do is to protect the wild animals which are being threatened with extinction.