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1、专题 04 阅读理解2019 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲（英语）中有关阅读的要求：要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。【解读】阅读是我国考生学习和使用外语的最主要途径，因此，阅读理解在试卷中占权重较大。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：2.理解文中具体信息文章
2、主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节信息对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。具体信息有时可以直接从文章中获取，有时则需要进行归纳、概括和推断后才能得到。3.根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词和短语，但许多这类词语的含义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断词语含义的能力，是一个合格的读者必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读理解部分经常考查的一种能力。4.根据所读内容作出判断和推理在实际的阅读活动中，常常需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势等。这种
3、判断和推理的能力是阅读理解能力的重要构成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。6.理解作者的意图、观点和态度每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，读者需要在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。【说明文】【样题】(2018 全国新课标I，D)We may think we re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new,but
4、 a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置)well after they go out of style.Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using,Callie Babbi
5、tt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.D
6、evices were grouped by generation.Desktop computers,basic mobile phones,and box-set TVs defined 1992.Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997.And MP3 players,smart phones,and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002,before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices,however,we di
7、dnt throw out our old ones.“The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room,and suddenly one day,you have a TV in every room of the house,”said one researcher.The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007.We re not just keeping t
8、hese old devices we continue to use them.According to the analysis of Babbitt s team,old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放)more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So whats
9、the solution(解决方案)?The teams data only went up to 2007,but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function,such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing.They found that more on-demand entertainment viewin
10、g on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32.What does the author think of new devices?A.They are environment-friendly.B.They are no better than the old.C.They cost more to use at home.D.They go out of style quickly.33.Why did Babbitts team conduct the res
11、earch?A.To reduce the cost of minerals.B.To test the life cycle of a product.C.To update consumers on new technology.D.To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34.Which of the following uses the least energy?A.The box-set TV.B.The tablet.C.The LCD TV.D.The desktop computer.35.What does the
12、 text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A.Stop using them.B.Take them apart.C.Upgrade them.D.Recycle them.【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。33.D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using,Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Roche
13、ster Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可 知，Babbitt s team 研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。34.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consu
14、mption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选 B。35.A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。【议论文】【样题】(2018 全国新课标II，D)We ve all been there:in a lift,in line at the bank or on an airplane,surrounded by people who are,like us,deeply focused on their smartphones or,worse,struggling wi
15、th the uncomfortable silence.What s the problem?It s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence.It s more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging,or we think its annoy ing and unnecessary.But the next time you find yourself among strange
16、rs,consider that small talk is worth the trouble.Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy,but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation.Small talk is the grease(润滑剂)for
17、 social communication,says Bernardo Carducci,director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,he explains.The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others,not just communi
18、cate with them.In a 2014 study,Elizabeth Dunn,associate professor of psychology at UBC,invited people on their way into a coffee shop.One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动)with its waiter;the other,to speak only when necessary.The results showed that those who chatted with their server r
19、eported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.It s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,says Dunn.But interactions with peripheral(边缘的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also.Dunn believes that people who reac
20、h out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging,a bond with others.Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.Small talk is the basis of good manners,he says.32.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A.Addiction to smartphones.B.Inap
21、propriate behaviours in public places.C.Absence of communication between strangers.D.Impatience with slow service.33.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?A.Showing good manners.B.Relating to other people.C.Focusing on a topic.D.Making business deals.34.What does the coff
22、ee-shop study suggest about small talk?A.It improves family relationships.B.It raises people s confidence.C.It matters as much as a formal talk.D.It makes people feel good.35.What is the best title for the text?A.Conversation Counts B.Ways of Making Small Talk C.Benefits of Small Talk D.Uncomfortabl
23、e Silence【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。32.C 【解析】主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。34.D 【解析】推理判断题。题干
24、问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。题型 2 七
25、选五型阅读理解阅读理解七选五侧重考查考生的逻辑思维能力，要求考生在语篇层面对文章整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义进行把握。其命题形式体现了新课标对考生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力的要求。文章体裁以说明文为主，语篇模式较为固定：提出问题提供解决方案。文章题材较为固定：与学生的日常生活、学习紧密相关。近三年新课标全国卷高考七选五实况分析：年份卷别体裁词数题材话题2018 全国卷 I 说明文 259 家庭生活室内设计中颜色的选择问题全国卷 II 说明文223 社会生活列举了早晨锻炼对人身体的四条好处全国卷 III 说明文195 社会生活介绍了跳舞的好处2017 全国卷 I 记叙
26、文225 个人生活作者对野营活动由抵触到喜欢的转变过程全国卷 II 说明文196 工作如何避免工作时被打断全国卷 III 说明文244 个人生活如何做计划建立好生物钟，保持早睡早起的好习惯2016 全国卷 I 说明文195 文化科技密码的设置方法和破解的方法全国卷 II 说明文262 家庭生活自己建设花园的具体建议全国卷 III 说明文201 家庭生活买鱼和烧鱼的常识2018 年高考对七选五的考查将更多地涉及所填句子和所在段落主题的呼应以及空白处与上下句之间的一致性。考生要想做好此类题目，必须注意：话题的一致性，代词指代的一致性，句式的一致性，数字列举的一致性以及段落结构对空白处所填内容的影响
27、。【样题】(2018 全国新课标II)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Color is fundamental in home design something you ll always have in every room.A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms youll love to live in.Do you want a room thats full of life?Professiona
28、l?Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?36 ,color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.Over the years,there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.37 ,they can get a little complex.But good news is th
29、at there re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home:the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.38 .Theyre the little spots of color like throw pillows,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms.Less tiring than painting y
30、our walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa,small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas,dinner tables or bookshelves.39 .They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones,and th
31、ey have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls,ceilings,and floors.Whether youre looking at wallpaper or paint,the time,effort and relative expense put into it are significant.40 .A.While all of them are useful B.Whatever you re loo
32、king for C.I f you re experimenting with a colorD.Small color choices are the ones were most familiar withE.Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces F.So it pays to be sure,because you want to get it right the first time G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small
33、 ones in two major ways【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了室内设计中颜色的选择问题。38.D 【解析】本空是一个主题句，总说选择小颜色是我们很熟悉的方法。后文分说小颜色的具体用途。故选 D。39.G 【解析】根据前文“中型颜色选择通常是指一些例如沙发，餐桌或者书架等家具的颜色选择”接着表明这种范围的颜色选择是对小型颜色选择在两种方式上的进一步提示，故选G。40.F 【解析】前文the time,effort and relative expense put into it are significant你所付诸的时间、精力和相关的费用是巨大的。后文 F那肯定是值得的，因为你想第一次把它弄好。故选 F。