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1、English Literature1.What is Literature?oLiterature refers to the practice and profession of writing.It comes from human interest in telling a story,in arranging words in artistic forms,in describing in words some aspects of human experiences.文学是指的是写作的练习和专业，它是从人们讲故事的兴趣发展而来的，用安排好的词语和艺术的格式，描述人们一些方面的经验。
2、oLiterature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by university of intellectual and emotional appeal.文学是以优美的表达和格式以及（明智的大学）情感的呼吁为特点的。oLiterature shows us not only what a society is like in a certain age,but also what individual feel about it,what they hope from it,and how they can cha
3、nge it or escape from it.文学不仅仅是向我们展示了某一时期的社会是什么样的，并且包括了个体的感觉在里面，他们从里面希望了什么，并且他们能怎样去改变它或者逃离它。Poetry o1.epic（史诗）:a long poem about the early history of a nation关于一个民族早期历史的长诗o2.Lyric（抒情诗）:a short poem expressing personal mood,feeling or meditation一种关于个人的心情，感受和沉思的短诗。o3.Pastoral（田园诗）:a conventional普通的,常见
4、的,习惯的,常规的 poem celebrating the innocent life of shepherds or shepherdesses.一种牧羊人庆祝无辜生活的常见的诗o4.Ballad（民谣）:a story told in song,usually in 4-line stanzas,with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.（属于folk literature）用歌来诉说的故事，一般是4行，第二行和第四行押韵，属于民间文学。o5.Symbolist（象征诗）:a poem aiming at“suggestion”（隐含的，暗藏的）rath
5、er than direct statement,as opposed to realist（现实派）or naturalist（自然派）.(比较现代的诗歌)o一种瞄准于宁愿隐藏的东西而不愿意直接表明立场的诗，就像反对现实派和自然派。Dedy（喜剧）:a play written chiefly to amuse its audience and is closer to the representation of everyday life.oe.g.Dantes“The Divine Comedy”is a narrative poems that ends happily.oShakes
6、peares romantic comedy“A Mid-Summer Nights Dream”o2.tragedy（悲剧）：a serious play representing the disastrous downfall of a central character,or the“protagonist”.oe.g.Shakespeares fatalistic（宿命论的）painful tragic play“King Lear”and his revenge tragedy,or tragedy of blood（special term）,“Hamlet”Fictiono1.C
7、oncepts of“prose”散文 and“fiction”小说oProse:the form of written language that is not organized according to the formal patterns of verse,i.e.non-poetic writings.oFiction:the general term for inventory stories such as,novels（长篇小说），short stories（短篇小说），novellas（中篇小说），romances（传奇小说），fables（寓言神话故事）.一种详细故事的一
8、般术语，例如2.Why we read Literature?oa.read for pleasure为了取乐o Howells observed that the study of Literature should begin and end in pleasure.ob.reading for relaxation 为了放松，消遣oModern life is full of pressure.It is peoples common desire to seek temporally relaxation from the stress in life.oc.reading to ac
9、quire knowledge.为了获取知识oLiterature gives readers an insight into the tradition,custom,beliefs,attitudes,folklore,values of the age in which it is written.3.How to study Literature?oa.analytical approach分析的方法oThe elements of fiction include plot,character,setting,point of view,theme,symbol,allegory,st
10、yle.ob.thematic approach主题的方法oWhat is the story,the poem,the play,or the essay about?c.historical approach历史的方法oIt aims at illustrating the historical development of literature.All the Literature exists in time and as such bears the unmistakable imprint of the period and culture in which it is writt
11、en Overview of English Literatureo1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period(7th C)o2.English Literature of Middle Centuries(mid 11th 15th C)o3.English Literature of Renaissance(early 16thmid 17th C)o4.English Literature during the Bourgeois Revolution (16251688)o5.English Literature of the 18th Cen
12、turyo6.Romanticism in England (1798-1832)o7.English Literature of the Mid&Late 19th Centuryo8.English Literature of the 20th Century1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodoTime:about 7th centuryoFeatures:特征特征nverse literature（唱诗）ntwo groups:pagan（非宗教性的）and religiousoMain works:代表作代表作o“Beowulf”opo
13、etry by Caedmon and Cynewulf 2.English Literature of Middle CenturiesoTime:mid 11th Century 15th CenturyoFeatures:特征o1.influence of the Norman Conquesto诺曼底人军事征服的影响o2.Main works and writers:o主要作品和作家o3.the Romances（骑士文学）o4.Chaucers“The Canterbury Tales”乔叟的3.English Literature of Renaissance oTime:earl
14、y 16th Centurymid 17th CenturyoFeatures:the first glorious period of English literary history,“A nest of singing birds”（百家争鸣，百花齐放）oMain writers:o1.Thomas Moreo2.Edmund Spencero3.Francis Bacon o4.Shakespeare4.English Literature during the Bourgeois RevolutionoTime:16251688oThe English Bourgeois Revol
15、ution begins from 1642oFeatures:oPuritan age represented by John MiltonoMain literary form:PoetryoMain writers:oJohn Milton 1608-16745.English Literature of the 18th CenturyoFeatures:oAlso as the Enlightenment Movement Period（启蒙时期）oIt is divided into 3 stages:o1.“Glorious revolution”to the end of 17
16、30s;o2.The mature period(1740s1750s);o3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century.oMain authors:o（小说家）Daniel Defoe，Jonathan Swift,Henry Fieldingo（诗人）Alexander Pope6.Romanticism in EnglandoTime:1798-1832oFeatures:o1.poetry is blooming；o2.Lake poets,satanic poets。oMain poets:o1.Willi
17、am Wordsworth o2.Shelley,Baron,Keats7.English Literature of the Mid&Late 19th CenturyoFeatures:o“Critical Realism Period”；oCharles Dickens,William Thackeray；oReflecting 19th centurys reality;；oFemale writers：Charlotte Bronte&Emily Bronte,“Wuthering Heights”,“Jane Eyre”8.English Literature of the 20t
18、h CenturyoFeatures:oMain writers:o1.Bernard Shaw；o2.D.H.Lawrence；o3.James Joyce，“Stream of Consciousness”o4.William Butler Yeats。II:the Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)o1.Historical Background o Three conquests:Roman conquest in 43 AD;Anglo-Saxon conquest in 449;Norman conquest in 1066o 43 AD,Roman conq
19、uered Britain,making the latter a province of Roman Empire;in 449,the withdrawal of Roman troops,the Teutonic tribes,esp.,the Anglos conquered the island and called it Angle-land,then England,their language is Anglo-Saxon old English.1.Pre-Roman/Pre-Historical up to 55 B.C.2.Roman Occupation 55 B.C.
20、410 A.D.3.Anglo-Saxon Period 410 787 A.D.4.Viking Invasions 787 1066 A.D.5.Norman Conquest begins in 1066Overview of Periods of Early English HistoryPre-History1066 A.D.Origin of the English NationoMany centuries ago,the Celts were taken as the earliest natives,who were later also called the Britons
21、.The Celt is One of an Indo-European people originally of central Europe and spreading to western Europe,the British Isles,and southeast to Galatia during pre-Roman times.They actually knew nothing of a written language.The Roman ConquestoThe Roman Conquest started from 55 B.C.Not until 78 A.D.the R
22、omans established their ruling role in Britain.At the same time,Roman civilization was brought in:a knowledge of iron,a better way of cultivation and Roman law were introduced;highways,towns,temples,theatres and fine buildings were built.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years,and in 410 A.D
23、.when the Germanic races were attacking Rome,all the Roman troops were withdrawn.BackRoman OccupationHadrians Wall was a Roman frontier built in the years AD 122-30 by order of the Emperor Hadrian.The English ConquestoIn the 4th and 5th centuries when the Huns（匈奴）came pouring into Europe,all the Ger
24、manic tribes of Europe felt the pressure,among them the Angles and the Saxons and the Jutes drove the Britons west and north,and settled down themselves.The three tribes had mixed into a whole people called English,and the three dialects spoken by them grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon,
25、which is now called Old English.2.literatureo1):pagan:oral sagas:the Song of Beowulfo2):Christian:copied by the monk.oThe influence of the Christianity upon language and culture.oTwo ecclesiastic poets:Caedmon and CynewulfA manuscript of Beowulf3.the Song of Beowulf-Englands national epic1)creation
26、time:written in 10-th century2).plot and theme:fight with Grendel fight with Grendels mother fight with firedrake death and funeral 3).Characteristics of“Beowulf”o3).Characteristics of“Beowulf”oa.the mixture of pagan elements with Christian coloring.The most outstanding example is the frequent refer
27、ence in the epic to“Wyrd”(fate)as the decisive factor in human affaires,while on other occasions“God”or“Lord”is also mentioned as the omniscient and omnipotent being that rules over the whole universe.Characteristics of“Beowulf”(2)ob.the frequent use of metaphors and understatements.“Ring giver”is u
28、sed for king,“Swan road”,“whale-path”or“seal bath”for the sea,“wave-traveler”or“sea-wood”for ship,“shield-bearer”,“battle-hero”or“spear-fighter”for soldier.oc.Beowulf is written in alliterative(头韵)verse.Its rhythm depends upon accent and alliteration.That is,the beginning of two or more words in the
29、 same line with the same sound or letter.Characteristics of“Beowulf”(3)oBeowulf towers above all other Anglo-Saxon literature,not only because it is a powerful poem about peoples hero written in true epic style,but also because it tells in artistic form the tale in a leisurely way,full of elaboratio
30、ns in legendary details,and the verse rises at places to heights of poetic grandeur.The significance of Beowulfo4).The significance of Beowulf：oa.This glorious epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting agains
31、t the elemental forces.ob.The epic reflects the situations the epoch of pagan tribalism and of the era of the Christianized feudal society.oc.The epic gives the vivid portrayal of a great national hero,strong and courageous people and his kinfolk.oAlliteration:the repetition of the same sounds-usual
32、ly initial consonants of words or stressed syllables-in any sequence of neighboring words.(Tennyson)o常见押头韵的短语常见押头韵的短语o first and foremost 首先 o (with)might and main 尽全力地 o saints and sinners 圣人与罪人 o (in)weal and(or)woe 无论是福是祸 o头韵在诗歌中 1.John Donne Songs and Sonnets 歌与14行诗 the union of soul and body 2.
33、William Blake Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱联姻3.3.Robert Burns Robert Burns O O My Loves Like a My Loves Like a R Reded R Reded R Roseose 我的爱像一朵红红的玫瑰我的爱像一朵红红的玫瑰 o头韵在诗歌中 Percy Bysshe Shelley Ode to the West Wind西风颂 O Wild West Wind,thou breath of Autumns being 啊，狂野的西风，你是秋日的气息 round the rocks runs
34、the riverEpic 史诗oThe epics are the earliest pieces of literature surviving from the Old English period.They are usually the composing in verse of tribal or national legends about a great hero,always a fighting warrior.Beowulf is a good example.oEpic:A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a
35、 great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Part II:the Anglo-Norman period(10661350)o1 The Norman Conquest and its Influenceo2 Literature during t
36、he periodo3 Romanceo4 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1 The Norman Conquest and its Influenceo1).Conquest:Norman Conquest of Anglo-Saxon England,under William,Duke of Normandy after the battle of Hastings in 1066,accelerated the development of feudalism in England.oThe middle ages:the dark age(449-16
37、th century)2)Three Chief Effects of the Conquest.oa the bringing of Roman civilization to England,It marks the establishment of feudalism in England.ob the growth of nationality.oc the new language and literature,the English gradually absorbed and so came the middle English.2 Literature During the P
38、eriod1)Four kinds.o a.Geoffreys History:a source book of literatureo b.the work of the French Writers:Arthurian legendso c.Riming/rhythmic chronicles:history in doggerel verse o d.metrical（韵律的）romances,or tales in verse.（用诗歌写的，韵文的）2)Three major groupsb.the matter of France:about Charlemagne and his
39、peers/knights c.the matter of Greece and Rome:about Alexander the great and the Trojan War and the fall of Troy a.the matter of Britain:king Arthur and his Round Table knight e.g.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight3 RomanceoRomance,a long narrative in prose or verse that tells of the adventures and hero
40、ic exploits of chivalric heroes,is the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England.Many romances are associated with the romantic figure of King Arthur,King Arthur and his Round Table knight among with the best is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.4.Sir Gawain and the Green Knighto a.the ploto 1).Feast in the palaceo 2)journey for the green chapelo 3)test in the castleo 4).blow in the chapelb.Motif oMotif:othe tests of faith,courage and purity-nobility of heroo the human weakness for self-preservation-humanness