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1、Elasticity and Its Application弹性及其应用弹性及其应用Chapter 5Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第1页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Elasticity.弹性弹性u is a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions.是衡量买者和卖者对市场条件变动的是衡量买者和卖者对市场条件变动的反应大小的指
2、标。反应大小的指标。u allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision.使我们可以更精确地分析供给与需求使我们可以更精确地分析供给与需求Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第2页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Price Elasticity of DemanduPrice elasticity of demand is the percentage change in qu
3、antity demanded given a percent change in the price.uIt is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第3页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Determinants of Price Elastici
4、ty of Demand需求价格弹性的决定因素需求价格弹性的决定因素uNecessities versus Luxuries 必需品与奢侈品必需品与奢侈品uAvailability of Close Substitutes 相近替代品的可获得性相近替代品的可获得性uDefinition of the Market 市场的定义市场的定义uTime Horizon 时间的长短时间的长短Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第4页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,In
5、c.价格需求弹性的决定因素价格需求弹性的决定因素需求倾向于富有弹性：需求倾向于富有弹性：n如果物品是奢侈品如果物品是奢侈品n时期更长时期更长n相近替代品的数量更多相近替代品的数量更多n市场定义的范围更窄市场定义的范围更窄Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第5页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.计算需求价格弹性计算需求价格弹性用需求量变动的百分比除以价格变动的百用需求量变动的百分比除以价格变动的百分比来计算需求价格弹性。分比来计算需求价格弹性。Chap
6、05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第6页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.计算需求价格弹性计算需求价格弹性例子例子:如果冰激凌蛋卷的价格从如果冰激凌蛋卷的价格从2美元上升到美元上升到2.2美元，你的购买量从美元，你的购买量从10个下降到个下降到8个，你的个，你的需求价格弹性计算如下：需求价格弹性计算如下：Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第7页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items
7、 copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.中点法中点法:一种计算百分比变化一种计算百分比变化和弹性的更好方法和弹性的更好方法中点法中点法 是计算需求价格弹性的更好方法，因是计算需求价格弹性的更好方法，因为无论变动的方向如何，中点法给出了同一为无论变动的方向如何，中点法给出了同一个答案。个答案。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第8页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.中点法中点法:一种计算百分比变化和弹性的更好方法一种计算百分比变
8、化和弹性的更好方法例子例子:如果冰激凌蛋卷的价格从如果冰激凌蛋卷的价格从2美元上升到美元上升到2.2美元，你的购买量从美元，你的购买量从10个下降到个下降到8个，利用个，利用中中点法点法你的需求价格弹性计算如下：你的需求价格弹性计算如下：Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第9页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.多种需求曲线多种需求曲线缺乏弹性的需求缺乏弹性的需求u需求量不随着价格变化而强烈变化。需求量不随着价格变化而强烈变化。u需求价格弹性小于需求价
9、格弹性小于1。富有弹性的需求富有弹性的需求u需求量随着价格变化而强烈变化。需求量随着价格变化而强烈变化。u需求价格弹性大于需求价格弹性大于1。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第10页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Variety of Demand CurvesuPerfectly InelasticQuantity demanded does not respond to price changes.uPerfectly Elastic
10、Quantity demanded changes infinitely with any change in price.uUnit ElasticQuantity demanded changes by the same percentage as the price.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第11页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.A Variety of Demand Curves多种需求弹性曲线多种需求弹性曲线Because th
11、e price elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to the price,it is closely related to the slope of the demand curve.由于需求的价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变化的反应由于需求的价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度，所以它与需求曲线的斜率密切相关。程度，所以它与需求曲线的斜率密切相关。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第12页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived it
12、ems copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Inelastic Demand Elasticity is less than 1缺乏弹性的需求缺乏弹性的需求弹性小于弹性小于1Quantity 数量数量Price价格价格4$51.A 22%increasein price.1.价格上升价格上升22Demand 需求需求100902.leads to a 11%decrease in quantity.2.使需求量减少使需求量减少11%。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第13页!Harcourt,Inc.items and de
13、rived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Elastic Demand Elasticity is greater than 1富有弹性的需求富有弹性的需求弹性大于弹性大于1Quantity 数量数量Price价格价格4$51.A 22%increasein price.1.价格上升价格上升22Demand需求需求100502.leads to a 67%decrease in quantity.2.使需求量减少使需求量减少67。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第14页!Harcourt,Inc.items
14、 and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.完全富有弹性完全富有弹性弹性等于无穷大弹性等于无穷大数量数量价格价格需求需求$41.在任何高于在任何高于4美元价格时，美元价格时，2.需求量为需求量为02.在价格正好为在价格正好为4美元时，消费者美元时，消费者将购买任何一种数量。将购买任何一种数量。3.价格低于价格低于4美元时，需求量美元时，需求量是无限的。是无限的。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第15页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright
15、2001 by Harcourt,Inc.$4Demand 需求需求Quantity数量数量P0Price价格价格P x Q=$400(total revenue 总收益总收益)100QTotal Revenue and the Price Elasticity of Demand 总收益与需求价格弹性总收益与需求价格弹性Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第16页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Figure 3 How Total Revenue
16、Changes When Price Changes:Inelastic Demand$3Quantity0Price80Revenue=$240 Demand$1DemandQuantity0Revenue=$100100 PriceAn increase in price from$1 to$3.leads to an increase in total revenue from$100 to$240Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第17页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 b
17、y Harcourt,Inc.Elasticity and Total Revenue along a Linear Demand Curve 沿着线性需求曲线的弹性与总收益沿着线性需求曲线的弹性与总收益With an elastic demand curve,an increase in the price leads to a decrease in quantity demanded that is proportionately larger.Thus,total revenue decreases.如果需求如果需求富有弹性，富有弹性，价格上升导致的需求价格上升导致的需求量减少的比例大
18、于价格上升的比例，因此量减少的比例大于价格上升的比例，因此总收益是减少总收益是减少的。的。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第18页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.图图4.总收益如何随着价格变化而变化：总收益如何随着价格变化而变化：富有弹性的需求富有弹性的需求需求需求数量数量0价格价格$450数量数量数量数量0价格价格收益收益=100美元美元$520收益收益=200美元美元 价格从价格从4美元上升到美元上升到5美元美元导致总收益从导致总收益从200
19、美美元元减少减少到到100美元美元Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第19页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.线性需求曲线的弹性线性需求曲线的弹性Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第20页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.需求的收入弹性需求的收入弹性u需求的收入弹性需求的收入弹性 衡量消费者收入变动衡量消费
20、者收入变动时需求量如何变动。时需求量如何变动。u它是需求量变动的百分比除以收入变它是需求量变动的百分比除以收入变动的百分比。动的百分比。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第21页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Ine Elasticity-Types of Goods收入弹性：不同类型的物品收入弹性：不同类型的物品uNormal Goods 正常物品正常物品uInferior Goods 劣等品劣等品uHigher ine raises the q
21、uantity demanded for normal goodsbut lowers the quantity demanded for inferior goods.正常物品：正常物品：收入提高增加需求量；收入提高增加需求量；劣等品：劣等品：收收入增加减少需求量。入增加减少需求量。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第22页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.收入弹性：不同类型的物品收入弹性：不同类型的物品u消费者消费的必需品往往消费者消费的必需品往
22、往收入弹性小收入弹性小 例如：食物、燃油、衣服、医疗服务。例如：食物、燃油、衣服、医疗服务。u消费者消费的奢侈品往往消费者消费的奢侈品往往收入弹性大收入弹性大例如：运动跑车、皮衣和昂贵物品。例如：运动跑车、皮衣和昂贵物品。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第23页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Price Elasticity of SupplyuPrice elasticity of supply is the percentage change
23、 in quantity supplied resulting from a percent change in price.uIt is a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第24页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Perfectly Inelasti
24、c Supply Elasticity equals 0完全无弹性的供给：弹性等于完全无弹性的供给：弹性等于0Quantity 数量数量Price价格价格4$5Supply 供给供给1002.leaves the quantity supplied unchanged.2.供給量不变。供給量不变。1.Anincreasein price.1.价格上价格上升升Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第25页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Unit Elas
25、tic SupplyElasticity equals 1单位弹性供给：弹性等于单位弹性供给：弹性等于1Quantity 数量数量Price价格价格4$51.A 22%increasein price.1.价格上价格上升升22125100Supply 供给供给2.leads to a 22%increase in quantity.2.引起供給量增加引起供給量增加22。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第26页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Per
26、fectly Elastic Supply Elasticity equals infinity完全有弹性的供给：弹性等于无穷大完全有弹性的供给：弹性等于无穷大Quantity 数量数量Price价格价格Supply 供给供给$41.At any price above$4,quantitysupplied is infinite.1.在任何高于在任何高于4美元的价格时，美元的价格时，供給量无限。供給量无限。2.At exactly$4,producers willsupply any quantity.2.在正好为在正好为4美元时，生产者美元时，生产者供给任何一种数量。供给任何一种数量。3.
27、At a price below$4,quantity supplied is zero.3.在价格低于在价格低于4美元时，供給量为美元时，供給量为0。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第27页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.供给弹性的决定因素供给弹性的决定因素u 卖者改变它们生产物品产量的能力卖者改变它们生产物品产量的能力u海滩前的土地供给是缺乏弹性的。海滩前的土地供给是缺乏弹性的。u书、汽车或生产的物品供给是富有弹性的。书、汽车或生产的物品供给
28、是富有弹性的。u 时间长短时间长短 u供给在长期内更富有弹性。供给在长期内更富有弹性。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第28页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.计算供给价格弹性计算供给价格弹性供给价格弹性等于供給量变动百分供给价格弹性等于供給量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比。比除以价格变动百分比。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第29页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived item
29、s copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.THREE APPLICATIONS OF SUPPLY,DEMAND,AND ELASTICITY 供给、需求与弹性的三个应用供给、需求与弹性的三个应用uExamine whether the supply or demand curve shifts.考察是供给曲线还是需求曲线移动。考察是供给曲线还是需求曲线移动。uDetermine the direction of the shift of the curve.考虑曲线向哪个方向移动。考虑曲线向哪个方向移动。uUse the supply-and-demand diagr
30、am to see how the market equilibrium changes.用供求图说明市场均衡如何变动。用供求图说明市场均衡如何变动。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第30页!3.以及销售量的小幅度增加。结果以及销售量的小幅度增加。结果收益从收益从300美元减少为美元减少为220美元。美元。小麦市场上供给增加小麦市场上供给增加$3小麦数量小麦数量1000小麦价格小麦价格1.当需求缺乏弹性时，当需求缺乏弹性时，2.供给增加供给增加.需求需求S1S221102.引起价引起价格的大幅度格的大幅度下降下降.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,
31、曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第31页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.56$74123Quantity 数量数量12246810140Price价格价格Elasticity is larger than 1.弹性大于弹性大于1Elasticity isSmaller than 1.弹性小于弹性小于1Figure 5-5Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第32页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items co
32、pyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.P2P1Quantity of Oil0Priceof OilDemandS2S1(a)The Oil Market in the Short RunP2P1Quantity of Oil0Priceof OilDemandS2S1(b)The Oil Market in the Long Run2.leadsto a largeincreasein price.1.In the long run,when supply anddemand are elastic,a shift in supply.2.leadsto a smalli
33、ncreasein price.1.In the short run,when supplyand demand are inelastic,a shift in supply.Figure 5-9Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第33页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.P2P1Quantity of Drugs0Q2Q1Price ofDrugsDemandS2S1Q2Q1(a)Drug InterdictionQuantity of Drugs
34、0Price ofDrugsSupplyD2D1(b)Drug Education3.and reduces the quantity sold.2.whichraises theprice.2.whichreducesthe price.P1P21.Drug interdiction reducesthe supply of drugs.1.Drug education reducesthe demand for drugs.3.and reduces the quantity sold.Figure 5-10Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第34
35、页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.SummaryuPrice elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to changes in the price.uPrice elasticity of demand is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change i
36、n price.uIf a demand curve is elastic,total revenue falls when the price rises.uIf it is inelastic,total revenue rises as the price rises.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第35页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.SummarynThe ine elasticity of demand measures how m
37、uch the quantity demanded responds to changes in consumers ine.nThe cross-price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to the price of another good.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第36页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,In
38、c.SummaryuThe price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price.uIn most markets,supply is more elastic in the long run than in the short run.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第37页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,I
39、nc.SummarynThe price elasticity of supply is calculated as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.nThe tools of supply and demand can be applied in many different types of markets.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第38页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived
40、items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.需求的价格弹性需求的价格弹性u需求的价格弹性需求的价格弹性价格变化价格变化1%引起引起的需求量的变化百分比值。的需求量的变化百分比值。u它是一种物品的需求量对其价格变动它是一种物品的需求量对其价格变动的反应程度的衡量。的反应程度的衡量。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第39页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Determinants of Price Elasticity o
41、f DemandDemand tends to be more elastic:nif the good is a luxury.nthe longer the time period.nthe larger the number of close substitutes.nthe more narrowly defined the market.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第40页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Computing the
42、Price Elasticity of DemandThe price elasticity of demand is puted as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第41页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Computing the Price Elasticity
43、of DemandExample:If the price of an ice cream cone increases from$2.00 to$2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones then your elasticity of demand would be calculated as:Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第42页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Midp
44、oint Method:A Better Way to Calculate Percentage Changes and ElasticitiesThe midpoint formula is preferable when calculating the price elasticity of demand because it gives the same answer regardless of the direction of the change.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第43页!Harcourt,Inc.items and der
45、ived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Midpoint Method:A Better Way to Calculate Percentage Changes and ElasticitiesExample:If the price of an ice cream cone increases from$2.00 to$2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones the your elasticity of demand,using the midpoint formula,wo
46、uld be calculated as:Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第44页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.The Variety of Demand CurvesInelastic DemanduQuantity demanded does not respond strongly to price changes.uPrice elasticity of demand is less than one.Elastic DemanduQu
47、antity demanded responds strongly to changes in price.uPrice elasticity of demand is greater than one.Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第45页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand计算需求的价格弹性计算需求的价格弹性Demand is price elastic需求富有弹性
48、需求富有弹性$54Demand需求需求Quantity数量数量1000Price价格价格50Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第46页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.多种需求曲线多种需求曲线u完全无弹性完全无弹性 需求量不随价格变化而变化。需求量不随价格变化而变化。u完全弹性完全弹性 价格极小变化引起需求量极大变动。价格极小变化引起需求量极大变动。u单位弹性单位弹性 需求量与价格同比例变动。需求量与价格同比例变动。Chap05弹性及其应用经济学原理
49、,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第47页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Perfectly Inelastic Demand Elasticity equals 0完全无弹性的需求完全无弹性的需求弹性等于弹性等于0Quantity 数量数量Price价格价格4$5Demand 需求需求1002.leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.2.需求量不变。需求量不变。1.Anincreasein price.1.价格上价格上升升Chap05弹性及其
50、应用经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语共74页，您现在浏览的是第48页!Harcourt,Inc.items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt,Inc.Unit Elastic Demand Elasticity equals 1单位需求弹性单位需求弹性弹性等于弹性等于1Quantity 数量数量Price价格价格4$51.A 22%increasein price.1.价格上升价格上升22Demand 需求需求100802.leads to a 22%decrease in quantity.2.使需求量减少使需求量减少22。Chap05弹性