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1、Slide 1Electric Safety Electric Safety 用电安全用电安全用电安全用电安全Slide 2Approval Approval 认证认证认证认证All electrical conductors and equipment shall be All electrical conductors and equipment shall be All electrical conductors and equipment shall be All electrical conductors and equipment shall be approved.approve
2、d.approved.approved.所有电气线路和设备都必须获得认证所有电气线路和设备都必须获得认证所有电气线路和设备都必须获得认证所有电气线路和设备都必须获得认证UNDERWRITERSLABORATORIESENCLOSED SWITCHIssue AK 3225LISTEDSlide 3国家级认证机构Slide 4Applicability Applicability 适用性适用性适用性适用性Suitability for installation and use in conformity with the provisions of applicable Suitability
3、for installation and use in conformity with the provisions of applicable rules-evidenced by listing,labeling,or certification for that identified purpose.rules-evidenced by listing,labeling,or certification for that identified purpose.按使用标准上的规定合理的安装和使用按使用标准上的规定合理的安装和使用按使用标准上的规定合理的安装和使用按使用标准上的规定合理的安装
4、和使用-清单清单清单清单,标签或是证明上明确确定的意图。标签或是证明上明确确定的意图。标签或是证明上明确确定的意图。标签或是证明上明确确定的意图。Mechanical strength and durability.Mechanical strength and durability.机械强度和耐久力。机械强度和耐久力。机械强度和耐久力。机械强度和耐久力。Electrical insulation.Electrical insulation.电的绝缘。电的绝缘。电的绝缘。电的绝缘。Heating effects under conditions of use.Heating effects u
5、nder conditions of use.使用中的热效应。使用中的热效应。使用中的热效应。使用中的热效应。Arcing effects.Arcing effects.弧光效应。弧光效应。弧光效应。弧光效应。Classification by type,size,voltage,current capacity,specific use.Classification by type,size,voltage,current capacity,specific use.类型类型类型类型,尺寸尺寸尺寸尺寸,电压电压电压电压,电流电流电流电流,使用特性的分类。使用特性的分类。使用特性的分类。使用特
6、性的分类。Other factors which contribute to the practical safeguarding of employees using or Other factors which contribute to the practical safeguarding of employees using or likely to come in contact with the equipment.likely to come in contact with the equipment.其他的一些与员工实际使用有关的安全因素其他的一些与员工实际使用有关的安全因素其
7、他的一些与员工实际使用有关的安全因素其他的一些与员工实际使用有关的安全因素,或是有可能与设备有关的安全因素。或是有可能与设备有关的安全因素。或是有可能与设备有关的安全因素。或是有可能与设备有关的安全因素。The The employer employer shall shall ensure ensure that that electrical electrical equipment equipment is is free free from from recognized recognized hazards hazards that that are likely to cause
8、death or serious physical harm to employees.are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees.雇雇主主必必须须保保证证电电气气设设备备没没有有公公认认的的危危险险,这这些些危危险险可可能能导导致致员员工工死死亡亡或或是是严严重重的的伤害。伤害。Slide 5Listed,labeled,or certified equipment shall be installed and used in accordance with instructions included in
9、the listing,labeling,or certification.必须按照清单,标签或是证明上的说明对经过核实,验证过的设备进行安装Installation and useInstallation and use安装和使用安装和使用Slide 6 Electrical equipment shall not be used Electrical equipment shall not be used unless the manufacturers name,unless the manufacturers name,trademark,or other descriptive ma
10、rking trademark,or other descriptive marking by which the organization responsible by which the organization responsible for the product may be identified is for the product may be identified is placed on the equipment and unless placed on the equipment and unless other markings are provided giving
11、other markings are provided giving voltage,current,wattage,or other voltage,current,wattage,or other ratings as necessary.The marking shall ratings as necessary.The marking shall be of sufficient durability to withstand be of sufficient durability to withstand the environment involvedthe environment
12、 involved.只能使用印有只能使用印有只能使用印有只能使用印有确切的生产厂家确切的生产厂家确切的生产厂家确切的生产厂家,商标或其它被权威机构认商标或其它被权威机构认商标或其它被权威机构认商标或其它被权威机构认可的标志的电气设备可的标志的电气设备可的标志的电气设备可的标志的电气设备,不仅如此不仅如此不仅如此不仅如此,它还必须具它还必须具它还必须具它还必须具有标明额定电压有标明额定电压有标明额定电压有标明额定电压,电流电流电流电流,功率或是其它必须的功率或是其它必须的功率或是其它必须的功率或是其它必须的参数的标牌参数的标牌参数的标牌参数的标牌.该标牌必须用有足够的抗周围该标牌必须用有足够的抗
13、周围该标牌必须用有足够的抗周围该标牌必须用有足够的抗周围恶劣环境的材料或工艺制作恶劣环境的材料或工艺制作恶劣环境的材料或工艺制作恶劣环境的材料或工艺制作.SQUARE DHeavy DutySafety Switch30 AMP 600 V.AC20 H.P.MAX.RATING 3 PH DANGERHAZARD OF ELECTRICAL SHOCKOR BURN.SEE INSTRUCTIONSINSIDE DOORB-40274-855-01Marking Marking 铭牌铭牌Slide 7HistoryHistory事件事件Slide 8一个事故的过程一个事故的过程1996199
14、6年年2 2月的一天月的一天,一个年轻人陷入了极大的危险之一个年轻人陷入了极大的危险之中中.这个故事需要这个故事需要4545分钟来讲解分钟来讲解.下面的图片将会向下面的图片将会向您近距离讲述这个事件您近距离讲述这个事件.他在临近的低压线路上行走他在临近的低压线路上行走,并且手也吊在低压线路并且手也吊在低压线路上上.此时此时,电力公司已经在用该线路输送电力电力公司已经在用该线路输送电力.接着他爬上了接着他爬上了1660016600伏的高压线伏的高压线Slide 9Note that the young man is about to Note that the young man is abou
15、t to reach up into the high voltage line reach up into the high voltage line area in an attempt to get even area in an attempt to get even higher,presumably to escape from higher,presumably to escape from the man in the basket below.the man in the basket below.注意那个注意那个注意那个注意那个年轻人正在试图爬的更高以达到高压线年轻人正在试
16、图爬的更高以达到高压线年轻人正在试图爬的更高以达到高压线年轻人正在试图爬的更高以达到高压线区域区域区域区域,大概想要逃脱在他下面升高臂里的大概想要逃脱在他下面升高臂里的大概想要逃脱在他下面升高臂里的大概想要逃脱在他下面升高臂里的工作人员工作人员工作人员工作人员.Pending Catastrophe!Pending Catastrophe!一个事故过程一个事故过程一个事故过程一个事故过程Slide 10Although 16,600 are shooting through his Although 16,600 are shooting through his body he was not
17、 immediately thrown from body he was not immediately thrown from the pole.the pole.The air around him was ionized and The air around him was ionized and became a conductor.became a conductor.The flash just above the streetlight is The flash just above the streetlight is where the voltage went to gro
18、und.where the voltage went to ground.Notice how the wiring he has touched is Notice how the wiring he has touched is whipping violently.whipping violently.虽然虽然虽然虽然1660016600的电压打到他的电压打到他的电压打到他的电压打到他的身上的身上的身上的身上,他却没有被立即抛离电杆他却没有被立即抛离电杆他却没有被立即抛离电杆他却没有被立即抛离电杆.他周围的空他周围的空他周围的空他周围的空气离子化成导体气离子化成导体气离子化成导体气离子化
19、成导体.街灯上的闪光是电压冲往地面街灯上的闪光是电压冲往地面街灯上的闪光是电压冲往地面街灯上的闪光是电压冲往地面.注意他接触的配线是如何猛烈的鞭打的注意他接触的配线是如何猛烈的鞭打的注意他接触的配线是如何猛烈的鞭打的注意他接触的配线是如何猛烈的鞭打的.ContactContact!接触接触Slide 11At this point the victim has fallen and the fireball is subsiding 这时这时,受伤者掉了下来受伤者掉了下来,火球熄灭了火球熄灭了.Aftermath!Aftermath!后果后果Slide 12Post Incident Repo
20、rtPost Incident Report事故报告事故报告大手笔环境这么大的电击将导致大部分人死亡,然而,不可思议的是这个家伙在如此高的电压打击并从高处摔下的情况下,活了下来,直到今天他还活着.为什么?Slide 13The Sequence of Events!The Sequence of Events!事情的先后事情的先后Slide 14THIS JUST PROVES THE THEORY:这只证明了这个理论这只证明了这个理论IF YOU”RE GONNA BE DUMB 如果你想变的不能说话（死）如果你想变的不能说话（死）YOU BETTER BE TOUGH!你就粗暴点（胡乱做）
21、你就粗暴点（胡乱做）LESSONLESSON:教训教训教训教训Slide 15 ELECTRICALELECTRICAL有关电的有关电的Major Points关键点GFCIs&RCDs monitor between the hot&neutral conductors.It will interrupt the current if a 5 ma differential is detected.(In Europe&Asia a maximum of to 30 ma is allowed)在热性和中性导体中的GFCIs&RCDs将切断电流，如果它检测出有5ma的变化(欧洲和亚洲最大是3
22、0ma)Employers who allow the use of defective electrical wiring or devices will be found responsible if their employees are exposed regardless of whether they allowed or created the unsafe condition.允许使用有缺陷的电线或设备的雇主,如果他们的雇员受伤,他们负有不可推卸的责任.Slide 16GFCIs&RCDsGFCIs&RCDs漏电保护开关漏电保护开关All 120-volt,single-pha
23、se 15-and 20-ampere receptacle outlets on All 120-volt,single-phase 15-and 20-ampere receptacle outlets on All 120-volt,single-phase 15-and 20-ampere receptacle outlets on All 120-volt,single-phase 15-and 20-ampere receptacle outlets on construction sites,which are not a part of the permanent wiring
24、 construction sites,which are not a part of the permanent wiring construction sites,which are not a part of the permanent wiring construction sites,which are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and which are in use by employees,of the building or structure and which are i
25、n use by employees,of the building or structure and which are in use by employees,of the building or structure and which are in use by employees,shall have approved ground-fault circuit interrupters(GFCIshall have approved ground-fault circuit interrupters(GFCIshall have approved ground-fault circui
26、t interrupters(GFCIshall have approved ground-fault circuit interrupters(GFCIs)or s)or s)or s)or Residual Current Devices(RCDResidual Current Devices(RCDResidual Current Devices(RCDResidual Current Devices(RCDs)for personnel protection.s)for personnel protection.s)for personnel protection.s)for pers
27、onnel protection.为了为了为了为了保护人身安全保护人身安全保护人身安全保护人身安全,员工使用的永久性建筑物中所有员工使用的永久性建筑物中所有员工使用的永久性建筑物中所有员工使用的永久性建筑物中所有120120120120伏伏伏伏,单相电流强度单相电流强度单相电流强度单相电流强度15151515至至至至20A20A20A20A的插座必须有漏电保护开关的插座必须有漏电保护开关的插座必须有漏电保护开关的插座必须有漏电保护开关.Slide 17GFCIs or RCDsGFCIs or RCDsSlide 18GFCIs or RCDsGFCIs or RCDsSlide 191.1.
28、Current and voltageCurrent and voltage电流和电压电流和电压2.2.PathPath电路电路3.3.Time-relates to proper groundingTime-relates to proper grounding 时间时间-有关合适的接地有关合适的接地A majority of electrocutions are caused by voltages less than A majority of electrocutions are caused by voltages less than 600 V,which are the volt
29、ages most common.600 V,which are the voltages most common.大部分电大部分电死人的电压在死人的电压在600V600V以下的以下的,即最常用的电压即最常用的电压.At voltages as low as 115 volts,fibrillation can start in 3 or 4 At voltages as low as 115 volts,fibrillation can start in 3 or 4 seconds.seconds.电压在电压在115V115V时时,心室纤维颤动在心室纤维颤动在33或者或者44秒秒.The
30、higher the voltage the shorter the time before fibrillation The higher the voltage the shorter the time before fibrillation starts.starts.电压越高电压越高,心室纤维颤动开始的时间就越短心室纤维颤动开始的时间就越短ELECTRICALELECTRICAL电电Slide 20AC Current EffectsAC Current Effects 交流电交流电 (60 Cycles/Second (60 Cycles/Second 6060个循环个循环/秒秒)3
31、 ma Painful shock,potential indirect accidents3 ma Painful shock,potential indirect accidents10 ma 10 ma Muscle contractionMuscle contractionDanger of not being able to let goDanger of not being able to let go30 ma 30 ma lung paralysis-usually temporarylung paralysis-usually temporary50 ma 50 ma Pos
32、sible ventricular fibrillation(heart dysfunction,usually fatal)Possible ventricular fibrillation(heart dysfunction,usually fatal)100 ma 100 ma Ventricular fibrillation,potentially fatalVentricular fibrillation,potentially fatal2-4 amps 2-4 amps Heart paralysis,severe burnsHeart paralysis,severe burn
33、s3mA 3mA 疼痛感疼痛感,潜在的事故潜在的事故10mA 10mA 肌肉组织肌肉组织-有不能控制它的危险有不能控制它的危险30mA 30mA 呼吸系统瘫痪呼吸系统瘫痪-短暂的短暂的50mA 50mA 可能会出现心室纤颤可能会出现心室纤颤(心脏功能异常心脏功能异常,通常是致命的通常是致命的)100mA 100mA 心室纤颤心室纤颤,可能致命可能致命2-42-4安培安培 心脏麻痹心脏麻痹,多处烧伤多处烧伤1/1000 1/1000 1/1000 安培安培安培安培安培安培=1 mA=1 mA=1 mASlide 21Human Resistance to Electrical CurrentHu
34、man Resistance to Electrical Current人体的电阻人体的电阻Body Area/Body Area/身体部位身体部位 ResistanceResistance电阻电阻 (ohms(ohms欧姆欧姆)SkinSkin皮肤皮肤Dry SkinDry Skin干皮肤干皮肤 100,000-600,000100,000-600,000Wet SkinWet Skin湿皮肤湿皮肤1,0001,000Internal BodyInternal Body身体内部身体内部 Hand to FootHand to Foot手到脚手到脚400-600400-600Ear to Ea
35、rEar to Ear耳朵到耳朵耳朵到耳朵100(100(约约approx)approx)注注:以上数据是有限的经验值以上数据是有限的经验值,不是绝对准确的数据不是绝对准确的数据.Note:Data is based on limited experimental tests,and is not Note:Data is based on limited experimental tests,and is not intended to indicate absolute values.intended to indicate absolute values.Slide 22Guarding
36、 Electrical Components Guarding Electrical Components 电气件的外壳电气件的外壳Watch out for unguarded electrical circuits.Can a grounded appliance even be plugged into this outlet?Common situation in older facilities.看看右图,有什么问题?1.注意接地;2.即使能把插头插在插座内,有接地吗?以上是旧设备的常见问题Slide 23Electrical Safety电气安全Ground Fault Circu
37、it Interrupter or Residual Current Device断路器或者漏电保护开关Monitors the difference in current flowing into the hot and out to the grounded neutral conductor Provides protection against ground fault hazards对接地故障危害提供保护“Trips”at 5 ma!(Maximum 30 ma Europe&Asia)“跳闸”在5mA(欧亚最高在30mA)Not a substitute for Grounding
38、!Equipment must still be grounded!不是来取代接地的!设备必须接地Slide 24Electrical Safety电气安全Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program可靠接地的程序Covers all cord sets,receptacles that are not part of permanent wiring盖好所有不是固定配线的线,插座.Requires.要求Written program写下计划Inspection of equipment检查设备Test of equipment/cables检测设
39、备和电缆Schedule of tests测试计划Competent person胜任的人Slide 25Electrical Safety电气安全Assured Grounding Program Requirement确保接地的要求Inspect.检查Cord sets线的设置Cap,plug&receptacle of cord sets线的盖罩,插座Equipment connected by cord&plug由线和插头连接的设备Each day before use在使用之前每天都要做Slide 26Electrical Safety电的安全Assured Grounding Pr
40、ogram可靠接地的程序Test.测试 Continuity of equipment grounding设备接地的连续性 Proper terminal connection恰当的终断连接 Before each use on each shift每次换班之前 After each repair每次修理过后 After suspected damage在怀疑损坏后 Every 3 months thereafter 每3个月以后Slide 27Electrical Safety电气安全Hazardous Locations危险等级场所Class I-flammable gases or va
41、pors 1级-可燃气体或蒸汽Class II-dusts,mists 2级-灰尘,烟雾Class III-fibers and flying debris 3级-光纤,飞屑Kinds of Conditions情况的种类Normal正常Abnormal不正常Slide 28Electrical Safety电气安全Potential sources of ignition 潜在的火源Arcs and sparks电弧,瞬间放电High temperatures高温Electrical equipment failure电器设备故障Slide 29Hazardous Electrical Vo
42、ltagesHazardous Electrical Voltages有危险的电压有危险的电压1.1.Current and voltageCurrent and voltage电流和电压电流和电压2.2.PathPath电路电路Time-relates to proper groundingTime-relates to proper grounding 时间时间-有关合适的接地有关合适的接地 A majority of electrocutions are caused by voltages less than A majority of electrocutions are cause
43、d by voltages less than 600 V,which are the voltages most common.600 V,which are the voltages most common.大部分电死人大部分电死人的电压在的电压在600V600V以下的以下的,也是最常见的电压也是最常见的电压.At voltages as low as 115 volts,fibrillation can start in 3 or 4 At voltages as low as 115 volts,fibrillation can start in 3 or 4 seconds.seco
44、nds.电压在电压在115V115V时时,心室纤维颤动在心室纤维颤动在33或者或者44秒秒.The higher the voltage the shorter the time before fibrillation The higher the voltage the shorter the time before fibrillation starts.starts.电压越高电压越高,心室纤维颤动开始的时间就越短心室纤维颤动开始的时间就越短Slide 30Path to Ground Path to Ground 接地的线呢接地的线呢?Slide 31 Assured Equipment
45、 Grounding Conductor Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program Program Program Program 可靠接地的程序可靠接地的程序 A written description of the program.A written description of the program.有书面的详细程序有书面的详细程序;Designate one or more compe
46、tent personsDesignate one or more competent persons指定一位或多位专业人员指定一位或多位专业人员;Visually inspected before each dayVisually inspected before each days uses use每天使用前有外观的检查每天使用前有外观的检查;Perform tests on all cord sets for:Perform tests on all cord sets for:对所有有下述情况的电器进行检查对所有有下述情况的电器进行检查 Electrical continuity th
47、rough all conductorsElectrical continuity through all conductors全部连续导电的设备全部连续导电的设备(外壳也有电外壳也有电););Correct attachment of the equipment grounding conductorCorrect attachment of the equipment grounding conductor 电气设备进行适当的接地处理电气设备进行适当的接地处理Slide 32Grounding Path Grounding Path 接地的线呢接地的线呢?The path to groun
48、d from circuits,equipment,and enclosures The path to ground from circuits,equipment,and enclosures shall be permanent and continuous.shall be permanent and continuous.电路电路,设备以及工作场所设备以及工作场所的接地应永久和持续的。的接地应永久和持续的。Slide 33Protect Electrical CordsProtect Electrical Cords保护电缆线保护电缆线Extension cords take a l
49、ot of abuse.很多延长的电线存在滥用的情况Protect your cords and consider getting heavy duty cords more suited to the working environment.保护电线并且根据工作的环境选择合适的电线Slide 34Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety电的安全电的安全This electrical cord has no ground prong.这个电线插头没有接地In case of an over current situation,where will the elect
50、ricity go?Will the GFCI(RCD)trip?如果电流超过的话,电流将往哪走?Slide 35Choice of Protection MethodsChoice of Protection Methods保护方法的选择保护方法的选择The employer shall use either ground fault circuit interrupters or an The employer shall use either ground fault circuit interrupters or an assured equipment grounding condu