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1、领域：领域：领域：领域：数控技术、数控技术、数控技术、数控技术、CAD/CAMCAD/CAMCAD/CAMCAD/CAM技术、柔性加工技术、集成制造技术、柔性加工技术、集成制造技术、柔性加工技术、集成制造技术、柔性加工技术、集成制造 技术、智能制造技术、虚拟制造技术、绿色制造技术技术、智能制造技术、虚拟制造技术、绿色制造技术技术、智能制造技术、虚拟制造技术、绿色制造技术技术、智能制造技术、虚拟制造技术、绿色制造技术趋势：趋势：趋势：趋势：高精度、高效率、自动化、信息化、智能化高精度、高效率、自动化、信息化、智能化高精度、高效率、自动化、信息化、智能化高精度、高效率、自动化、信息化、智能化 制造
2、业数控化率年增长率达制造业数控化率年增长率达制造业数控化率年增长率达制造业数控化率年增长率达6%6%6%6%，据预测到，据预测到，据预测到，据预测到2020202020202020年，年，年，年，我国制造业数控化率将达到我国制造业数控化率将达到我国制造业数控化率将达到我国制造业数控化率将达到60%60%60%60%，正向制造业大国迈进。，正向制造业大国迈进。，正向制造业大国迈进。，正向制造业大国迈进。NUMERICAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGYChapter 2 NC Part Programming Electromechanical Engineering CollegeEle
3、ctromechanical Engineering CollegeHenan University of Science and TechnologyHenan University of Science and Technology _.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1、Introduction to NC part programming2.2、The codes used in CNC2.3、Manual part programming2.4、Automatic programming_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1、I
4、ntroduction to NC part programmingTheprogramofinstructionsisthedetailedstep-by-stepcommandsthatdirecttheactionsoftheprocessingequipment.Inmachinetoolapplications,theprogramofinstructionsiscalledapartprogram,andthepersonwhopreparestheprogramiscalledapartprogrammer.Numericalcontrol(NC)isaformofautomat
5、icallyoperatingamachinetoolbasedoncodedalphanumericdata.Acompletesetofcodedinstructionsforexecutinganoperationiscalledaprogram.Theprogramistranslatedintocorrespondingelectricalsignalsforinputtoservomotorsthatrunthemachine._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING1、Introduction to NC part programmingwecallthewh
6、oleprocessfrompartgraphicstofinishingcontrolmediumtheprogrammingofnumericalcontrolmanufacturing,orcallitNCprogramming.Whenusingnumericalcontrolmachinetooltomanufactureparts,theprogrammingisveryimportant.Theprogramisnotonlycorrectandfastbutalsoeffectiveandeconomic_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1Th
7、e contents and steps of numerical control programmingTheprogramcanbeinputtedintoCNCsystemandtheCNCsystemcontrolsCNCmachinetoolstomanufactureautomatically.Generallyspeaking,themainstepsofNCprogrammingareanalyzingpartgraphics,determiningthemanufacturingtechnologicalprocess,calculatingnumericalvalue,pr
8、ogramming,verifyingtheprogramandinputtingtheprogramintoCNCsystem.Figure2.1illustratestheprogrammingsteps._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1The contents and steps of numerical control programmingBeforeNCprogramming,theprogrammershouldunderstandthenumericalcontrolmachinespecifications,characteristics
9、,thefunctionsandprogramminginstructionsformatoftheCNCsystem,etc.Whenprogramming,heshouldanalyzethepartstechnicalrequirements,geometricalshape,dimensionsandtechnologicalrequirements.Thenhecandeterminethemanufacturingmethodandcalculatenumericalvalue,getcutterposition.Accordingtopartdimension,cutterpos
10、itionvalue,cuttingparameters(spindlespeed,feed-rate,cuttingdepth)andauxiliaryfunctions(ATC,CW,CCW,coolantonandoff),theprogrammercanprogram._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1The contents and steps of numerical control programming(1)Analyzingpartgraphicsanddeterminingthemanufacturingtechnologicalproc
11、ess(2)Thisstepincludesanalyzingthepartgraphics,understandingthemachiningcontentsandrequirements.Thendeterminingtechnologicalprocesses,machiningplans,machiningsequence,machiningroutes,fixingmethods.Cuttingparametersandselectingcuttingtools,etc.Besidesthese,thenumericalcontrolmachinecodesshouldbeunder
12、stoodclearlyandthenumericalcontrolmachinefunctionsshouldbeexploitedfully._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1The contents and steps of numerical control programmingFigure2.1 ThestepsofNCprogramming_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1The contents and steps of numerical control programming(2)Correctlyse
13、lectingprogramoriginandcoordinatesystemInnumericalcontrolmachinetoolsmanufacturing,correctlyselectingprogramoriginandcoordinatesystemisveryimportant.OnNCprogramming,theprogramcoordinatesystemisthestandardcoordinatesystemascertainedontheworkpiece._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1The contents and st
14、eps of numerical control programming(3)CalculatingnumericalvaluesAfterfinishingthetechnologicalprocess,thenextstepistogetthetoolpathaccordingtopartgeometricdimensionandthemethodofcutterradiuscompensation,sowewillobtainthecutterposition._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1The contents and steps of num
15、erical control programming(4)WritingpartprogramsAfterdeterminingmachiningroute,technologicalprocessandthecoordinatevalueoftoolpath,step-by-step,theprogrammercanwritetheprograminaccordancewiththespecifiedfunctioncodesandprogramformatofCNCsystem._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1The contents and step
16、s of numerical control programming(5)FabricationcontrolmediumTheprogramiscodedonasuitablemediumforsubmissiontothemachinecontrolunit.Formanyyears,thecommonmediumwas1-inchwidepunchedtape,usingastandardformatthatcouldbeinterpretedbythemachinecontrolunit.Today,punchedtapehaslargelybeenreplacedbynewersto
17、ragetechnologiesinmodernshops.Thesetechnologiesincludemagnetictape,diskette,andelectronictransferofpartprogramsformacomputer._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1The contents and steps of numerical control programming(6)VerifyingpartprogramsBeforetheprogramisusedinrealproduction,wemustchecktheprogram.
18、wedetecttoolpatherrorsthatcouldruinthepart,damagethefixtures,breakthecuttingtoolorcrashthemachine,etc.Insomecases,wetesttheprogramthroughmanufacturingapartonamachine.Onthebasisofdetectingresult,theprogramisneededtobemodifiedandtobeadjusted,untiltheprogramsatisfiesthemachiningrequirementscompletely._
19、.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.1The contents and steps of numerical control programmingThestepsabovementionedareprogrammedmanually.Thisprogrammingmethodiscalledmanualpartprogramming.Andwealsoknowthataprogrammernotonlymusthavetheknowledgeofthestructureofmachinetools,thefunctionsandstandardsofCNCsys
20、tem,butalsohavetheknowledgeoftechnologicalprocess,suchasfixtures,cuttingtoolsandcuttingparameters,etc._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.2The Methods of NC ProgrammingPartprogrammingcanbeaccomplishedusingavarietyofproceduresrangingfrommanualmethodtohighlyautomatedmethod.(1).Manualpartprogramming(2).A
21、utomaticprogramming_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.2The Methods of NC Programming(1).ManualpartprogrammingTheprogrammingiscalledmanualpartprogrammingwhichwholepartprogrammingiscompletedmanually(includingcalculatingnumericalvalueonacomputer).Inmanymechanicalmanufacturingtrades,therearealargenumbero
22、funcomplicatedpartsthatareconstitutedonlybythesimplegeometricelementsofstraightlinesandcircles.thenumericalvaluesofthepartsarecalculatedsimply._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.2The Methods of NC Programming(1).ManualpartprogrammingTheblocksofaprogramarentlot.Andcheckingtheprogramiseasy.Thesepartpro
23、gramscanbecompletedmanually.Somanualprogrammingisstillaverycommonprogrammingmethodathomeandabroad.Butmanualprogramminghasdifficultyorimpossibilitygoprogramcomplicatedpartsthathavenon-circularcurvesandsurfaces.Sowemustusetheautomaticpartprogrammingtoprogram._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.2The Meth
24、ods of NC Programming(1).AutomaticprogrammingAutomaticprogrammingisalsocalledcomputer-aidedprogramming.Mostoralloftheprogrammingiscompletedbyacomputer,suchascalculatingnumericalvalues,writingprograms,fabricatingthecontrolmedium,etc.Automaticprogramminglightensprogrammerintensityoflabor,shortensthepr
25、ogrammingtimeandimprovestheprogrammingquality._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.2The Methods of NC Programming(1).AutomaticprogrammingAtthesametime,itsolvesthecomplicatedpartprogrammingwhichisimpossibletoprogrambymanualprogramming.Themorepartsarecomplicatedshapeandtechnologicalprocess,themoresuperio
26、rityofautomaticprogrammingclearis._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.2The Methods of NC Programming(1).AutomaticprogrammingTherearemanymethodsofautomaticpartprogramming.Accordingtothedifferencesofinputprogrammingmessageandhandlingstylesbyacomputer,theyaredividedintoautomaticallyprogrammedtool(APT)bas
27、edonautomaticprogramminglanguageandpartprogrammingusingCAD/CAMbasedoninteractivegraphicssystem.ACAD/CAMsystemisacomputerinteractivegraphicssystemequippedwithsoftwaretoaccomplishcertaintasksindesignandmanufacturing._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.1.TheGeometri
28、cBasisofNCPartProgrammingThelocationofaCNCmachinetoolsatanytimeiscontrolledbyasystemofXYZcoordinatescalledCartesiancoordinates.Thissystemiscomposedofthreedirectionallines,calledaxes,mutuallyintersectingatanangleof900.Thepointofintersectionisknownastheorigin.(1).NCCoordinateSystems_.Chapter2 NC PART
29、PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.1.TheGeometricBasisofNCPartProgramming(1).NCCoordinateSystems Primary machine axes of movement should follow the right-hand rule.See left figure.Spindle movement is primarily along the Z axis.movement into the workpiece is along the Z axis and mo
30、vement away from is along the+Z axis._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.1.TheGeometricBasisofNCPartProgramming(1).NCCoordinateSystems In a majority of milling machines,motion along the X axis is the longest travel perpendicular to Z.the X axis is parallel to the
31、 work holding and is in the horizontal plane.The+X axis moves to the right along a plane of the work as the operator looks at that plane.spindleworktable_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.1.TheGeometricBasisofNCPartProgramming(1).NCCoordinateSystems With regard
32、to milling machines,motion along the Y axis is the shortest travel perpendicular to Z,the Y axis is in the same plane as the X axis.Looking at the plane,the operator will note that the Y is perpendicular to the X axis.spindleworktable_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programmin
33、g2.1.3.1.TheGeometricBasisofNCPartProgramming(1).NCCoordinateSystems Most CNC milling machines can perform simultaneous motions along the X,Y and Z axes and are called three-axis machines.See left figure._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.1.TheGeometricBasisofNC
34、PartProgramming(1).NCCoordinateSystems More complex CNC machines have the capability of executing additional rotary motions as follows:vRotation about an axis parallel to the X axis or A-axis rotationvRotation about an axis parallel to the Y axis or B-axis rotation.vRotation about an axis parallel t
35、o the Z axis or C-axis rotation_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.1.TheGeometricBasisofNCPartProgramming(1).NCCoordinateSystems Rotary motion directions also follow the right-hand rule.See right figure.、_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Pro
36、gramming2.1.3.1.TheGeometricBasisofNCPartProgramming(2).Programzeropoint_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.1.TheGeometricBasisofNCPartProgramming(3).Typesoftoolpositioningmodes_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.2.TheTechnolo
37、gicalBasisofNCProgramming(1).Determiningthepartmachiningroutesrationally_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.2.TheTechnologicalBasisofNCProgramming(2).SelectingtoolsettingpointandtoolchangingpointrationallyvThe setting point makes operating easily and programming
38、simply;vThe point is easy to find;vThe caused machining error is small._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.2.TheTechnologicalBasisofNCProgramming(2).Selectingtoolsettingpointandtoolchangingpointrationallyboringboringtooltooldrilldrillendmillendmillfacetoolfacetoo
39、lfiguretoolfiguretoolballnoseballnoseendmillendmillTurningtoolTurningtool_.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.1.3The Basis of NC Part Programming2.1.3.2.TheTechnologicalBasisofNCProgramming(3).Rationallyselectingthemethodsoffixing,cuttingtoolsandcuttingparametersvSelecting standard and common fixtures as
40、 far as possible,avoiding selecting special fixtures;vFixing and removing parts quickly,conveniently and rationally;vThe part surface to be machined should be exposed to outside.Dont let the fixture affect the rapid motion and machining of a tool._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.2、THE CODES USED IN C
41、NC Therearemanycodesincludedinaprogram.PreparatoryfunctionsareGcodesandauxiliaryfunctionsareMcodes.TheyarethebaseofCNCprograms.ISOhasworkedoutthestandardsofGcodesandMcodes.BecausenewCNCsystemsandmachineshavebeenemerging,alotoffunctionsinmanysystemssurpassISOstandards.Theircodesareabundantandtheirfor
42、matsareflexible.TheyarentrestrainedbyISOstandards._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.2、THE CODES USED IN CNC Inaddition,evenifthesamefunction,itscodeandformathavealotofdifferencesamongsystemsmadeindifferentcompanies.Andcodesandformatsalsohavedifferencesbetweennewandoldsystemsmadeinthesamecompany.Butthe
43、preparatoryfunctionscodesandauxiliaryfunctionscodesinmostofCNCsystemsareuptoorsimilartotheISOstandards.BeforeintroducingtheGcodesandMcodes,wemustunderstandprogramminglangueformatsfirst._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.2.1 ProgrammingLanguageFormatAprogramformatisasystemofarranginginformationsothatiti
44、ssuitableforinputtoACNCcontroller.Severaldifferenttypesofformatsexist.Theformattobeusedinthistextisknownasthewordaddress.(1)AddressesAnaddressisaletterthatdescribesthemeaningofthenumericalvaluefollowingtheaddress._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.2.1 ProgrammingLanguageFormat(2)WordsWordsareusedtodesc
45、ribesuchimportantinformation.asmachinemotionanddimensionsintheblock.Programwordsarecomposedoftwomainparts:anaddressfollowedbyanumber.TheFigure2.9illustratestheaddress,numberandwords.G17 Address NumberY-35.68 Address NumberWords _.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.2.1 ProgrammingLanguageFormat(3)BlocksAb
46、lockisacompletelineofinformationtotheCNCmachine.Itiscomposedofonewordoranarrangementofwords.Blocksmayvaryinlength.Thus,theprogrammerneedsthosewordsinablocktoexecuteaparticularmachiningfunction.“N10 G01X-63.75Y70.28F100.S1000M03;”.Eachblock is separated from the next by an end of-block(;)code._.Chapt
47、er2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.2.1 ProgrammingLanguageFormat(3)BlocksTheend-of-blockcharacterisautomaticallygeneratedwhentheprogrammerpressesreturnkeyatthecomputer.Thesameholdstruewhentheend-of-blockkeyispressedatthemachinepanelboardduringmanualdateentry.Thus,thischaracterwillnotappearintheregularprograml
48、istingsinthistext._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.2.1 ProgrammingLanguageFormat(4)ProgramsAprogramisasequenceofblocksthatdescribeindetailthemotionsaCNCmachineistoexecuteinordertomanufactureapart.TheMCUexecutesaprogramblockbyblock.Theorderinwhichtheblocksappearistheorderinwhichtheyareprocessed.Table2
49、.1illustratestheformatandtheorderinwhichtheMCUexecutesaprogram.Theorderinwhichaddressesappearinablockcanvary._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.2.1 ProgrammingLanguageFormat(5)Programandsequencenumbers(O,Ncodes)(i)ProgramNumber(O)ProgramsarestoredintheMCUmemorybyprogramnumber.Themachinerecognizesprogra
50、msaccordingtoanumericcode.Mostmachinescanstoreseveralprogramsatatime.ProgramnumbersrangefromO0000toO9999._.Chapter2 NC PART PROGRAMMING2.2.1 ProgrammingLanguageFormat(5)Programandsequencenumbers(O,Ncodes)(ii)SequenceNumber(N)Asequencenumberisanoptionaltagthatcanbecodedatthebeginningofablockifneeded.