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1、句子成分及句子基本结构句子成分及句子基本结构一.句子成分1.一个完整的英语句子，至少由两部分组成两部分组成_和_。2.英语句子的成分可分为英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、_、定语、状语、同位语.主语谓语表语主语是句子叙述的主体，表明这句话描述什么。主语是句子叙述的主体，表明这句话描述什么。Workers make machines.She went out in a hurry.Three plus five is eight.The young should respect the old.To see is to believe.Running is good for y
2、our health.When we shall leave hasnt been decided.主语（主语（subject）（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子）作主语的有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和主语从句动名词和主语从句。The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.To do todays homew
3、ork without the teachers help is very difficult.找出句中主语找出句中主语（名词）（名词）（名词）（名词）（不定式）（不定式）谓语谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征说明主语的动作、状态和特征谓语由简单谓语和复合谓语组成。简单谓语 The sun rises in the east.He looked after two orphans.复合谓语复合谓语 由由情态动词或助动词情态动词或助动词+动词动词;He can speak English very well.The work must be done before three oclock.英语常用
4、某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have,get,take,give 等。如：(1).I had a swim yesterday.（had a swim 代替了swam）(2).Take a look at that!（take a look 代替了 look）(3).He gave a sigh.（gave a sigh 代替了sighed）挑出下列句中的谓语 I dont like the picture on the wall.The days get longer and longer when summer comes.Do you
5、usually go to school by bus?There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?He doesnt like the job.We enjoy playing football.He said that he would return soon.He offered me the job.(三三)宾语宾语动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者及物动词或介词的宾语及物动词或介词的宾语间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语（名词
6、）（名词）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子）指出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与连系动词一起构成复
7、合谓语。We are Chinese.Im not quite myself today.Who was the first?The war was over.He is out of condition.They seem to know the truth.His hobby is playing computer games.That is what he told me yesterday.（四）表语（四）表语（代词）（代词）（名词）（名词）（数词）（数词）（介词短词）（介词短词）（副词）（副词）（动词不定式）（动词不定式）（动名词短语）（动名词短语）（从词）（从词）系动词有三类：系动
8、词有三类：A.be 动词：am、is、are、was、wereB.表示感官类的动词：look、smell、sound、feel、taste、appear、seem C.表示变化类的词：go(变得)、get、become、grow、turn、keep、stay挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon they all became interested in the subject.She was the first to
9、learn about it.（五）定语（五）定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句He is a clever boy.His father works in a steel work.There are 54students in our class.Do you known bettys sister?He bought some sleeping pills.There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词的所有格名词的所有格)(动
10、名词动名词)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)挑出下列句中的定语This is a difficult problem.There is some exciting news in todays newspaper.The man who helps me with maths is my maths teacher.He bought some sleeping pills.误区警示误区警示形容词，代词，数词，名词，动名词等做定语时，通过常放在名词之前做定语；而介词短语、动词不定式短语、分词短语、从句等做定语则放在名词之后。叫后置定语后置定语。The girl in white is
11、his sister.We have a lot of work to do today.Do you know the man who spoke just now?如果被修饰的词为some,any,evey,no 等构成的不定代词（如anything,something等），定语要放在这些词的后面。There is nothing interesting in the book.I have something important to tell you.（六）状语（六）状语状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。通常状语由副词、介词短语、动词
12、不定式、分词或句子等充当。Ill be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late for school because of the heavy rain.He waited to see the result of the game.It rained so hard that they had to put off the sports meet.He often goes to work by bus.(地点状语地点状语)(原因状语原因状语)(结果状语结果状语)(目的状语目的状语)(方式状语方式状语)(时
13、间状语时间状语)挑出下列句中的状语1.Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?2.Because he was ill,Tom lost his job.3.She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said.4.If he were to come,what should we say to him?（七）宾语补足语（七）宾语补足语有些有些及物动词及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义
14、不足，使句子的意义和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.能做宾语补足语的词有：名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词和副词等。We must keep it a secret.I found the book very interesting.Please make yourself at home.She asked me to lend her a hand.He made himself known to them first.Please ke
15、ep the dog out.(名词名词)(形容词形容词)(介词短语介词短语)(动词不定式动词不定式)(分词短语分词短语)(副词副词)误区警示误区警示主动语态变被动语态后，宾补变成主补He was last seen playing near the river.He was considered to have stolen the money.八、同位语八、同位语同位语是解释说明前面的名词或代词的名词短语或从句，对前者进行补充说明The Great Wall,one of the wonders in the world,attracts a large number of foreign
16、 friends.The fact surprised all of us.He,my brother,is a student.同位语抽象名词The fact surprised all of us.that the university student killed his mother 同位语从句二、句子结构二、句子结构全称全称简称称主语+谓语Subjuctive+VerbS+V主语+谓语+宾语Subjuctive+Verb+ObjectiveS+V+0主语+系动词+表语Subjuctive+Verb+predicativeS+V+P主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语Subjuctive+V
17、erb+indirect Objective+direct ObjectiveS+V+IO+DO主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语Subjuctive+Verb+Objective+ComplementS+V+O+C全称全称简称称主语+谓语+状语 Subject+Verb+AdverbialS+V+A主语+谓语+宾语+状语Subject+Verb+Object+AdverbialS+V+O+AThere be(存在句)(1)S+V（主语+谓语）She never lies.(2)S+V+O(主语+谓语+宾语)He brings an umbrella.He has accepted our invi
18、tation.(3)S+V+P(主语+系动词)They feel happy.(4)S+V+IO+DOMy mother made me a beautiful dress.(5)S+V+O+CThey pained the door blue.(6)S+V+A(主语+谓语+状语)He talked too much.Jim runs in the park.(7)S+V+O+A(主语+谓语+宾语+状语)He put the coffee on the table.I listened to her story carefully.(8)存在句（there be）There is a rule
19、r,two pens and five books in the school bag.指出下列句子的基本结构1.The 100-year old school lie in the centre of the city.2.We must act.3.The maths homework looks easy.4.The teacher found the classroom empty.AvSSvvSPSv0C5.My mum bought me a new dictionary.6.Tom is looking forward to meet the new exchange student.7.There is a new English corner at our school.SVIDDOSVOThere be8.We had chemistry in the newly built lab.9.Studying and doing homework seem much more fun.SvoASvP