《新核心综合学术英语教程第二册Unit5课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《新核心综合学术英语教程第二册Unit5课件.ppt（81页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Unit 5Scientific Discoveries In this unit,you willlearnabouttheconcept“serendipitousdiscovery”andfamousexamples;research“LouisPasteur”,“AlexanderFleming”and“EdwardJenner”ontheInternetandfindreliableinformation;learnwords,expressions,andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandusetheminwritingandspeech;le
2、arn strategies such as listening for examples(listening),guessing word meanings from context clues(reading),paraphrasing(discussing),andwritingconclusion(writing),etc;giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass.Background Information Approaching the TopicReading about the TopicExploring the To
3、picIntegrated ExercisesBackground Informationabout Serendipitous DiscoveryJoseph ListerAlexander FlemingHoward FloreyEdward Jennerabout Serendipitous DiscoveryIfamanwillbeginwithcertaintieshewillendwithdoubts,butifhewillbecontenttobeginwithdoubtsheshallendincertainties.FrancisBaconItischoicenotchanc
4、ethatdeterminesyourdestiny.JohnDeweyItisimportantforhimwhowantstodiscovernottoconfinehimselftoonechapterofscience,buttokeepintouchwithvariousothers.JacquesHadamardInthefieldsofobservationchancefavorsonlythosemindswhichareprepared.LouisPasteurChancefavorstheconnectedmind.StevenJohnsonAlexander Flemin
5、gAlexanderFleming(6August188111March1955)wasaScottishbiologist,pharmacologistandbotanist.Hewrotemanyarticlesonbacteriology,immunology,and chemotherapy.His best-known discoveries arethe enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibioticsubstance penicillin from the mould Penicilliumnotatumin1928,forwhichhesh
6、aredtheNobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with HowardFloreyandErnstBorisChain.Joseph ListerJoseph Lister(5 April 182710 February 1912),knownasSirJosephLister,Bt.,between1883and1897,was a British surgeon and a pioneer ofantiseptic surgery.By applying Louis Pasteursadvancesin microbiology,he
7、promoted the ideaofsterilesurgerywhileworkingattheGlasgowRoyalInfirmary.Listersuccessfullyintroducedcarbolicacid(now known as phenol)to sterilise surgicalinstruments and to clean wounds,which led to areduction in post-operative infections and madesurgerysaferforpatients.Howard FloreyHoward Florey(24
8、 September 189821 February 1968)was anAustralianpharmacologistandpathologistwhosharedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinein1945withSirErnstBorisChainandSirAlexanderFlemingforhisroleinthemakingofpenicillin.AlthoughFlemingreceivedmostofthecreditforthediscoveryofpenicillin,itwasFloreywhocarriedoutthefir
9、steverclinicaltrialsin1941ofpenicillinattheRadcliffeInfirmaryinOxfordonthefirstpatient,aPostmasterfromWolvercotenearOxford.Floreysdiscoveries are estimated to have saved over 82 million lives.Florey is regarded by the Australian scientific and medicalcommunityas one of its greatestscientists.Sir Rob
10、ertMenzies,Australiaslongest-servingPrimeMinister,said,Intermsofworldwell-being,Florey was the most important man ever born inAustralia.Edward JennerEdward Jenner was an English physician and scientistwhowasthepioneerofsmallpoxvaccine,theworldsfirstvaccine.Heisoftencalledthefatherofimmunology,andhis
11、workissaidtohavesavedmorelivesthantheworkofanyotherhuman.trigger v.to cause(something,such as an alarm)to startfunctioninge.g.Thetimerwassettotriggerthebombinexactlyonehour.externaladj.located,seen,orusedontheoutsideorsurfaceofsomethinge.g.Somesymptomsaretheexternalsignsofthediseasevolumen.the amoun
12、t of sound that is produced by atelevision,radio,stereo,etc.e.g.From his study came the sound of Mahler,playing at fullvolume.Approaching the TopicReading 1/Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercisecrownn.adecorativeobjectthatisshapedlikeacircleandwornontheheadofak
13、ingorqueenforspecialceremoniese.g.Thewinnerofthebeautypageantwalkeddowntherunwaywearinghersparklingcrown.slipv.tomovewithasmoothslidingmotione.g.Helettheballslipthroughhisgraspandintothenet.inspirationn.somethingthatmakessomeonewanttodosomethingorthatgivessomeoneanideaaboutwhattodoorcreate:aforceori
14、nfluencethatinspiressomeonee.g.Hispaintingstaketheirinspirationfromnature.v.inspireReading 1Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercisebumpintov.tomeetsomeonethatyouknowwhenyouwerenotexpectingtoe.g.IbumpedintoJeanintownthismorning.creditn.recognitionbynameofapersonco
15、ntributingtoaperformance(asafilmortelecast)e.g.Shesfinallygettingthecreditshedeserves.ponderv.tothinkaboutorconsider(something)carefullye.g.Heponderedthequestionbeforeheanswered.stumblev.tohityourfootonsomethingwhenyouarewalkingorrunningsothatyoufalloralmostfalle.g.Hestumbledovertothetable.Reading 1
16、Language PointsReading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise1)WhathappenedtoArchimedeswhenherealizedthathecouldmeasurethevolumeofanirregularobject?Heslippedintoapublicbath.2)In which way can we measure the volume of an irregularobject?Bymeasuringthevolumeofthewateritdisplaces.3)Whyco
17、uldscientistsmakesignificantdiscoveries?They would stop and ponder about the puzzles they stumbleupon,recognizetheirsignificances,andmakeefforttopursuetheleadstosignificantdiscoveries.4)How can you understand Louis Pasteurs remark“Chancefavorsthepreparedmind”?Mostaccidentsthatledtodiscoveriesoccurre
18、dinlaboratories,whichwerethemselvesdesignedforexplorations.Approaching the TopicTask 1Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise1)flash2)trigger3)displace4)encounter5)shatter6)intrigue7)ponder8)vacuum9)exploration10)microbiologyApproaching the TopicTask 2c.asuddenbrilliantundersta
19、ndinga.putinmotionormovetoacth.taketheplaceofd.ameetingcausedbyluckorchanceb.breakintomanypiecese.causetobeinterestedorcuriousg.reflectdeeplyonasubjectf.anemptyareaorspacej.anexaminationordiscussionofsomethingtofindoutmoreaboutiti.thebranchofbiologythatstudiesofmicroorganismsandtheireffectsonhumansR
20、eading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated ExerciseE.O.Wilson:AdvicetoyoungscientistsScientificpursuitshouldbemotivatedbycuriosityaninterviewwithNobelLaureateSirHaroldKroto,whoopenedanentirelynewbranchofchemistry.Prof.Kroto,whatisyourgeneralphilosophyonscienceeducation?Themostimportantthing
21、foraneducatororaparentistoteachchildrenhowtheycandecidewhattheyarebeingtoldisactuallytrue.Sciencedealswithfundamentaltruths.Weshouldbeteachingchildrennottoacceptanyinformationwithoutassessingtheevidenceverycarefully.Teachersmustfosterachildsabilitytodecidewhetherwhatisbeingtoldistrue,encouragecurios
22、ityabouteverything,andencouragechildrentoworkthingsoutforthemselves.Approaching the TopicTask 41234Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated ExerciseHow should children or teachers go about checkingwhetherwhatistoldistrueornot?Ireadscienceresearchpapersverycriticallyandlookattheevidenceca
23、refully.Itisimportantinascientifictextthatonedoesnot disconnect from key issues or simplify key matters whichmightbesomewhatcomplex.Ascientistisnotsomeonewhohasdonescienceatuniversityorschoolorhappenstolikescienceandstudiesit,butsomeonewhoseprofessionisthediscoverynewknowledgeasaresearcher.Thatis,as
24、cientistis someonewho looks deeplyintothewaythingsworkandsqueezesbloodoutofthestoneofknowledgeandgraduallyrevealsthewaytheuniverseworks.Thatisa“scientist”andscienceishardwork.Approaching the TopicTask 456Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated ExerciseWhatadvicedoyouhaveforyoungpeople?T
25、heyshouldneverdoaprojecthalf-heartedly.Theindividualmustbepreparedtostayupto3or4a.m.todothebesttheycan.Iftheyfollowthisadvice,theywillprobablydoworkbetterthananybodyelse,probablybetterthanpeoplewhocoulddoitbetternaturallybutdonotbecausetheyhavenottheirenthusiasm.Youshoulddosomethingthatyoucannotstop
26、workingon,orissoabsorbingthatyouhavecompletelyforgottentogoforlunch.AbigdangerinyoungscientistsespeciallyinAsiaisthattheytendtoaskmehowtogettheNobelPrize.Inevereventhoughtaboutit.Dontdosciencebecauseyouwanttowinprizesordosomethingjustbecauseyouthinkitisimportant.Doitbecauseitis something that you ar
27、e curious about or fascinates youpersonally,independentlyofwhatothermightthink.Approaching the TopicTask 478910Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise1)Whatthemedothepassageandthespeechshare?Thephilosophyofscientificresearch.2)Forthewriterandthespeaker,howdotheymakescientificdi
28、scoveries?Scientific discoveries should be motivated by curiosity andpersistentefforts.3)Accordingtotheauthorofthepassageandthespeech,whatisthemostimportantsteptomakediscoveries?Bepreparedtothinkhardandlongabouttheproblems,andlookdeeplyintothewaythingswork.4)Haveyoueverhadyour eurekamomentinyourlife
29、?Isiteasyordifficulttofinditout?5)Doyouwanttobeascientist,whyorwhynot?Approaching the TopicTask 6Reading about the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exerciseexploitv.togetvalueorusefrom(something)e.g.Topathletesareabletoexploittheiropponentsweaknesses.mouldn.asoftgreenorblacksubstancethatgrowsonfoo
30、dwhichhasbeenkepttoolong,andonobjectsthatareinworm,wetaire.g.Therewasmouldonthebathroomceiling.bacterian.verysmalllivingthingsrelatedtoplants,someofwhichcausediseasee.g.Bacteriathatarenotkilledentirelybyanantibioticwillmutateandbecomeresistanttoit.Reading about the TopicReading 2/Language PointsAppr
31、oaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercisecontaminatev.tomake(something)dangerous,dirty,orimpurebyaddingsomethingharmfulorundesirabletoite.g.Becarefulnottoallowbacteriatocontaminatethewound.n.contaminationincidencen.thenumberoftimessomethinghappensordevelops:therateatwhichsomethingoccur
32、se.g.Itcanbeseenthattheincidenceofaccidentsdecreasesasthechildrensageincreases.mereadj.usedtosaythatsomethingorsomeoneissmall,unimportant,etc.e.g.ThemereideaofyourtravelingalonetoEuropeisridiculous.adv.merelyReading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercisedifferent
33、iatev.tomake(someoneorsomething)differentinsomewaye.g.Theonlythingthatdifferentiatesthetwinsisthecoloroftheireyes.adj.differentantisepticn.asubstancethatpreventsinfectioninawoundbykillingbacteriae.g.Heappliedantiseptictothewound.reagentn.asubstanceused(asindetectingormeasuringacomponent,inpreparinga
34、product,orindevelopingphotographs)becauseofitschemicalorbiologicalactivitye.g.Limeisacommonneutralizingreagentusedinacidwatertreatment.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exerciseinfectiousadj.capableofbeingpassedtosomeoneelsebygermsthatenterthebodye.g.Shehasan
35、infectiousgrin.n.infectionpropertyn.aspecialqualityorcharacteristicofsomethinge.gThetwoplantshavesimilarphysicalproperties.gratituden.rt.tud-afeelingofappreciationorthankse.g.Letmeexpressmysinceregratitudeforallyourhelp.sensationaladj.causingverygreatexcitementorinterestwithshockingdetailse.g.Sheloo
36、kedsensationalinhernewdress.Reading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercisegloryn.publicpraise,honor,andfamee.g.Henowhasonlyafewtrophiestoremindhimofthegloryofhisathleticcareer.adj.gloriousinvainwithoutsuccessorresulte.g.Itbecameobviousthatallhercomplaintswereinva
37、in.historicaladj.oforrelatingtohistorye.g.Hestroveforhistoricalaccuracyinthemovie.adj.historicreconcilev.tofindawayofmaking(twodifferentideas,facts,etc.)existorbetrueatthesametimee.g.Itcanbedifficulttoreconcileyouridealswithreality.n.reconciliationReading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExplori
38、ng the TopicIntegrated Exercisebiochemistn.thechemistryoflivingthingse.g.Sheisabiochemistwhoworksonthefrontiersofbiology.pathologistn.adoctorwhospecializesinpathology;especially:adoctorwhoexaminesbodiestofindoutthecauseofdeathe.g.So,thatpathologistisjustlikelookingatthisplasticbottle.vitaladj.extrem
39、elyimportante.g.Thesciencesareavitalpartoftheschoolcurriculum.capabilityn.theabilitytodosomethinge.g.Thedevicehasthecapabilityofrecordingtwotelevisionchannelsatonce.adj.capableReading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercisedomain n.the land that a ruler or a gover
40、nmentcontrolse.g.My sister is the math expert in the family,butliteratureismydomain.collaboratorn.someone who works with anotherpersonorgroupinordertoachieveordosomethinge.g.A far better approach is to use an outsider as acollaborator.v.collaborateReading 2Language PointsApproaching the TopicExplori
41、ng the TopicIntegrated ExercisePartPara(s)MainIdeaIAThe author points out that even if favored bychance,onemayfailtomakegreaterdiscoverieswithoutanopenmind.IIB-GTheauthorcitestheexampleofthediscoveryofpenicillintoshowthatFlemingfailedtoconnectthedots.IIIHThe author analyses the reason why Flemingfai
42、led to connect the dots of penicillin andantibiotictherapy.Reading 2Text AnalysisApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise1)Whatsthemainideaofthearticle?Thearticlemainlytellsusthatthediscoveryofpenicillinneedsapreparedandopenmind,andalsorelevantknowledgeisessentialforscientificinve
43、stigation.2)Whenisanantibacterialsubstanceeffective?Onlywhenbacterialcoloniesarequiteyoung.3)How many scientists are associated with the discovery ofpenicillin?Atleastfour.Reading about the TopicTask 3Approaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercise4)Whenthe1945NobelPrizeforpenicillinwasa
44、warded,amongwhomwasitequallydivided?AmongChain,Fleming,andFlorey.5)AccordingtoChain,whydidnotFlemingperformthesimpleexperiment of injecting penicillin into infected mice to test itsmedicalproperty?Becausehedidnotthinkitwasworthwhiletrying.Reading about the TopicTask 3Approaching the TopicExploring t
45、he TopicIntegrated ExerciseSet1(fromPara.AtoF)1)exploit(A)2)extract(B)3)grace(C)4)substance(C)5)cultivate(D)6)potential(E)7)reign(E)8)incite(F)Reading about the TopicTask 4f.tousesomethingfullyandeffectivelyinordertogainanadvantageorprofitd.todraworpullouth.togivehonorto,tomakesomethingbrighta.tohel
46、pthegrowthofe.possibilityofbeingdevelopedorusedg.particulartypeofmatterc.aperiodofrulingb.tocauseApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated ExerciseSet2(fromPara.FtoH)1)wonder(F)2)vain(F)3)inject(G)4)consume(G)5)reconcile(G)6)indifference(G)7)consult(H)8)expertise(H)Reading about the TopicTa
47、sk 4h.miraclea.withoutsuccessinspiteofyoureffortb.toforceadrugintosomebodye.feelsomethingverystronglyandcannotforgetitd.toagreewithg.havingnointerestinf.toaskforinformationoradvicefromsomeonec.knowledgeinaparticularfieldApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercisea.Though Lister was t
48、he first person to notice the effect ofPenicillin,Flemingdiscoveredmore.b.In Chains view,the failure to find penicillins medicalpropertywasbecauseFlemingdidntperformexperimentwell.c.Flemingpaidlittleattentiontothesignificantprogressmadebyhistwoassistants.d.Flemingwasverylucky,andatthesametimehehadap
49、reparedmindtodiscoverthemould.e.Doubt arouse that why Fleming didnt discover the wonderdrug.f.Itisaluckycasetodiscoverpenicillinwithoutanypreparation.g.Flemingcultivatedthemouldandnameditpenicillin.h.PenicillinsmedicalpropertywasdiscoveredbyHowardFlorey,ErnestChain,andtheirOxfordteamin1940.Reading a
50、bout the TopicTask 5Para.APara.BPara.CPara.DPara.EPara.FPara.GPara.HApproaching the TopicExploring the TopicIntegrated Exercisenoveltyn.thequalityorstateofbeingnew,different,andinterestinge.g.Eatingsharkmeatisanoveltytomanypeople.adj.novelfactualadj.limitedto,involving,orbasedonfactse.g.Thatstatemen