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1、资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值Unit 10 Doing FTAs in Conversation会话中的威胁面子行为会话中的威胁面子行为资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值Contentsp10.1 The notion of facep10.2 Face-threatening actsp10.3 Strategies of doing FTAsp10.4 Factors behind the strategy
2、 choice资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值10.1 The notion of face-GoffmanpGoffman(1967)defines“face”as“the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact.Face is an image of self delineated i
3、n terms of approved social attributes.”pBrown and Levinson(1978/1987)developed Goffmans(1967)notion of face into the well-known Face Theory(FT for short).资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值10.1 The notion of face-Brown and Levinson pAccording to Brown and Levinson(1978/198
4、7),face means the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself or herself,or the emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize.pFace consists of two aspects:positive facenegative face资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是
5、原有资金的时间价值Negative face 消极面子消极面子p the basic claim to territories,personal preserves,rights to non-interference,i.e.to the freedom of action and freedom from imposition.e.g.threat,warning,order,etc.p 消极面子是指社会成员希望其行动不被别人干涉，即有行动的自由和自主决定的自由。（何自然，陈新仁，2004）资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资
6、金就是原有资金的时间价值Positive face 积极面子积极面子p the positive consistent self-image or“personality”(crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)claimed by interactants.e.g.Its very kind of you.p积极面子是指每个社会成员希望他的愿望受人顺从，自我形象被人欣赏和赞许。（何自然，陈新仁，2004）资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数
7、，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值10.2 Face-threatening actsu在会话交际中，以上两种面子都可能受到威胁，例如：儿子：妈，我想出去玩一下。母亲：作业做完再说。室友：哎，这个铃声挺好听的。我：哪里好听了。uFour types:A.Acts threatening the hearers positive faceB.Acts threatening the hearers negative faceC.Acts threatening the speakers positive faceD.Acts threatening the speak
8、ers negative face资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值Acts threatening the hearers positive face indicating(potentially)that the speaker does not care about the hearers feelings,interests,wants,etc.a.An act that show the speakers negative evaluation of some aspects of hearer
9、s positive face.E.g.disapproval,criticism,etc.b.An act that show speaker does not care about hearers positive face;e.g.mention taboo topics.c.S shows non-cooperation in an activity,e.g.interrupting Hs talk;d.S uses address terms and other status-marked identifications in initial encounters in an off
10、ensive or embarrassing way,intentionally or accidently.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值Acts threatening the hearers negative facea.Impose some future act on H,and in doing so exert some pressure on H to do(or refrain from doing)the act.E.g.orders and request,suggestions
11、 and advice,reminders,threat,warning;b.Predicate some positive act of S toward H,and in doing so put some pressure on H to accept or reject them,and possibly to incur a debt.E.g.offers;c.Acts that indicate some desire of S toward H or Hs goods,giving H reason to think that he may have to protect the
12、 object of Ss desire,or give it to Spliments and expressions of envy or admiration.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值Acts threatening the speakers positive faceuActs that directly damage Ss positive face,such as apologies,acceptance of compliment or praise,self-humiliatio
13、n,and self-contradiction.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值Acts threatening the speakers negative faceuActs such as expressing thanks,acceptance of Hs thanks or Hs apology,excuses,unwilling promises and offers,and the like.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分
14、资金就是原有资金的时间价值10.2 Face-threatening actsuTwo points to be noted:1.an overlap in this classification of FTAs,because some FTAs intrinsically threaten both negative and positive face(e.g.interruptions,threats,requests for personal information);2.Cultures vary in the rating of illocutionary acts in term
15、s of face threat.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值10.3 Strategies of doing FTAsuRead Figure 1 on p.132uFive strategies:1.Without redressive action,baldly/bald on-record直接性策略2.Positive politeness 积极礼貌策略3.Negative politeness 消极礼貌策略4.Off-record 间接性策略5.Dont do the FTA 不施行面子威
16、胁行为资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值 Bald on recordu means doing it in the most direct,clear,unambiguous way possible.u不使用补救策略，公开的实行威胁面子行为，即说话者用直接公开的方式向听话人提出建议、请求、给予或邀请。u An MP will do FTA baldly on record if：lMaximum efficiency.Maximum efficiency.情况情况紧急，交际效率居于面子需求紧急，交际效
17、率居于面子需求之上之上 e.g.Watch out!lPerceive very small threat to the hearers face.Perceive very small threat to the hearers face.对对听话人威胁较小听话人威胁较小或没有或没有威胁威胁 e.g.Dont be sad.lSs power over H.Ss power over H.说话说话人权势远远高于听话人权势远远高于听话人人 e.g.Bring me a bottle of wine.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部
18、分资金就是原有资金的时间价值 Positive politeness pis approach-based,which conveys that the potential face threat is minimized by the assurance that the speaker in general wants to satisfy at least some of the hearers wants,and makes the hearer feel good and feel that his value is shared.p通过强调与听话人的共同性来减少面子威胁程度，满足听
19、话人积极面子需求，使听话人所要求的个人形象与说话人言语中体现的达到一致。pit includes 12 strategies:u Claim common ground between S and H.宣称双方共同点Notice/attend to H.关注听话人关注听话人e.g.Goodness,you cut your hair.Exaggerate approval with H.夸张自己对听话人的赞同等夸张自己对听话人的赞同等e.g.Your performance is superb.Its the best Ive seen.Intensify interest to H.(to
20、attract or please H)提高提高听话人兴趣听话人兴趣e.g.You may find my story most interesting.Its about.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值Use in-group identity markers(nicknames,dialects,ellipsis,etc.)表明具有同样的团体身份表明具有同样的团体身份e.g.1.Help me with my bag here,will you mate/buddy?2.Mind if I smo
21、ke?Seek agreement or avoid disagreement(by choosing safe topic,using positive echoes,hedging,etc.).寻求一致或避免寻求一致或避免分歧分歧e.g.1.A:Mary won a big prize.B:A big prize!2.Its really beautiful,in a way.Presuppose/raise/assert common ground.假设或提出共同点假设或提出共同点E.g.I really had a hard time learning to drive,you kno
22、w.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值u Convey that S and H are cooperators.表示伙伴关系Indicates that S and H are cooperating,and share goals in some domain.Assert or presuppose Ss knowledge of and concern for Hs wants.肯定或预设说话人知道或关心听话人的想法肯定或预设说话人知道或关心听话人的想法e.g.I know you cant be
23、ar parties.But this one will really be good.Make a promise or offer.E.g.You can use my car,if you like.Be optimistic.E.g.Youll lend me your lawnmover for the weekend,I hope/wont you.Include both S and H in the activity.将交际双方包括在行动内将交际双方包括在行动内E.g.Shall we dance?Give or ask for reasons.E.g.Why dont we
24、go to the seashore!Assume/assert reciprocity.肯定互惠肯定互惠e.g.Ill do X for you if you do Y for me.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值 Negative politeness pis avoidance-based,which conveys that the hearer is assured that the speaker recognizes and respects the hearers negative-f
25、ace wants and will not interfere with the hearers freedom of action.p说话人在言语行为方面尊重听话人行为的权利和自由，不把自己的意志强加给听话人。pIt includes 9 strategies:u Be direct.Be conventionally indirect.利用规约性间接手段利用规约性间接手段e.g.Can/Could/Will/Would you pass the salt?u Dont presume or assume.Use hedges or questions.使用模糊限制语或疑问句使用模糊限制语
26、或疑问句E.g.I suppose/guess/think that Harry is coming.Do me a favor,will you?This may be a bit troublesome,but资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值u Dont coerce H.避免强迫听话人Be pessimistic.e.g.1.I dont imagine/suppose thered be any chance/possibility/hope of you winning the post.2.
27、You dont have any university envelopes,do you by any chance?Minimize the imposition.减小要求减小要求E.g.1.Could you have a taste of that cake.2.Wait a second,please.Give deference(using more formal or respectful expressions).表示尊敬表示尊敬E.g.1.We look forward very much to dining(?eating)with you.2.Would you care
28、 for(?like)a sandwich,sir?资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值u Communicate Ss unwillingness to impinge on H.表明说话人不想强加的愿望Apologize.e.g.1.I know this is a bore,but.(admit the impingement)2.I dont want to bother you,but(indicate reluctant)3.I can think of nobody else who coul
29、d do this,but(give some overwhelming reason)4.Excuse me,but(beg forgiveness)Impersonalize S and H.避免使用人称代词避免使用人称代词E.g.1.Close the door/The door must be closed.(?for me)2.If it is possible(?If you can).u Redress other wants of Hs.给听话人提供某些补偿以抵消听话人面子威胁损失，如承认蒙受恩惠，承认欠债等以抵消听话人面子威胁损失，如承认蒙受恩惠，承认欠债等.E.g.1.I
30、will be eternally grateful if you.2.Ill never be able to repay you if you.资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值 Off-record pis actually the strategy of giving hints,doing the FTA in an indirect way.p非公开实行面子威胁行为，Brown和Levinson把它视为最礼貌的策略，即使用间接或委婉的语言以消除听话人强加之感。例如：a.a.Give hints
31、 Give hints 暗示暗示 e.g.1.Its cold in here.(Shut the window.)2.What a hot day!(How about a drink?)a.a.Understate Understate 低调低调陈述陈述 e.g.A:What do you think of Harry?B:Nothing wrong with him.(I dont think he is very good.)a.a.Use tautologies Use tautologies 同义同义反复反复 e.g.Woman:My husband doesnt stir a f
32、inger to help me with housework.Man:Women are women.(女人总是唠唠叨叨)资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值“借笔借笔”的五种礼貌策略的五种礼貌策略施行面子威胁行为公开的施行非公开的施行:“I forgot my pen.”直接施行:“Give me a pen.”使用补偿策略积极礼貌:“How about letting me use your pen?”消极礼貌:“Could you lend me a pen?”不施行面子威胁行为自己到处找笔资金是运
33、动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值10.4 Factors behind the strategy choiceu人们在交际活动中希望彼此维护对方的面子，并随面子威胁程度的增大而采用较高程度的礼貌策略。（何自然，陈新仁，2002）uThus,the choice of a strategy for doing a FTA entails the consideration of the weightiness of the FTA(Wx),which is diagramed as follows:资金是运动的价
34、值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值10.4 Factors behind the strategy choiceuWx=D(S,H)+P(H,S)+Rx the social distance between the speaker and the hearerthe power of H over Sthe absolute ranking of the imposition x in a give culture资金是运动的价值，资金的价值是随时间变化而变化的，是时间的函数，随时间的推移而增值，其增值的这部分资金就是原有资金的时间价值THANK YOUTHANK YOU