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1、1.常用于文章开始的过渡词语和句子(1)To begin with一方面(2)Generally speaking一般地说，总体上说(3)First of all第一，一方面(4)With (the development/progress/growth)of(economy/society).随着(经济、社会)的(发展、进步、增长).(5)Recently近来2.常用于文章结尾的过渡词和句子(1)In conclusion最后，在结束时(2)In brief简言之(3)In a word总之(4)It is high time that.到.时候了(5)It is only when.tha
2、t.只有当.才.3.常用于表达先后顺序的过渡词语及句子(1)first, second, third.第一，第二，第三(2)To begin with.,moreover.,finally.，一方面.，此外.，最后.(3)Meanwhile同时(4)since then自此之后(5)Therefore因而4.常用于表达因果关系及分析因素的过渡词语与句子(1)As a result由于.结果(2)Due to由于(3)consequently结果，因此(4)One may criticize.for.，but the real cause of.lies deeper人们可以由于.批评.，但是.
3、的真正因素在更深层次(5)Among.reasons, one should be emphasized that.在众多的因素中，其中一点给予强调.作文 1.亮点句型和词汇 1.individuals,characters,folks代替(people, persons) 2.positive,favorable,rosy(美好的),promising(有希望的),perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding代替good. 3.dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse(有害的)代替bad,假如bad做表语,可以有be le
4、ss impressive 4. more and more=an increasing number of/a growing number of More and more important = increasingly important 2.适当使用被动来代替积极,更能客观的反映事实.句子开头不能总用I, my.不用we should take effective measures to.而用Effective measures should be taken to 3.善于使用连接词或者插入语,例如:however, therefore, for example等. Some ho
5、ld the opinion that.换成Other individuals, however, take the attitude that 重要规律 1.不考热点问题,比如今年的大地震,奥运会 2.以议论文为主,基本结构:第一段:描述某种现象 第二段:说一下好处坏处 第三段:你的见解 3.写一个announcement 描述一个假设的事件,书信(只考过一次,这个基本不用准备) 4.08英语考试存在2种也许:议论文,announcement 重点准备写一个announcement 例如:假如你今年被选为优秀学生代表,要在教师节之际在大会上做一个发言,属于一篇应用文写作. Ladies an
6、d Gentleman, First of all, please allow me to express the most heartfelt gratitude to all of our teachers. Because of your hardships in teaching, we can have such good grades. Teachers mold the lives that they influence. Lessons learned from teachers remain with their students throughout life. Teach
7、ers that break down barriers and reach into the souls of the students that they are responsible for do not get the recognition or gratitude they have earned. Many teachers are exhausted from their workload and responsibilities. They have their own families, financial and life stresses that challenge
8、 them along with everyone else. We should always respect our teachers. Our teachers told us that gratitude is a fruit of long cultivation. Our teachers made us what you are today and what you will be in future. Our teachers will certainly influence the whole life of all of us. All the efforts made b
9、y our teachers will encourage us to move on even more.翻译 方法:1.拟定要考察的关键词,一般是由2个词或词组组成 2.将2个英文词或者词组连接起来 3.结合待翻译的文字在句子中所处的位置和功能,注意陷阱-倒装和非谓语动词等 例如：Not only _(他向我收费过高)，but he didnt do a good repair job either. 解释：动词“收费”的相应词，应当是“charge”。“过高”则往往使用too high或too much, 由于主体内容是金钱而不是温度，我们用经常搭配的“much”。更加巧妙的用词是“ov
10、ercharge”。 “not onlybut”结构中出现了否认词前置到句首的现象，自然是倒装句的标志。结合后半句的一般过去时形式，我们不得不把助动词did提炼出来，按照倒装结构翻译成“Not only did he charge me too much”或者“Not only did he overcharge me”。 注意：1.根据比较结构中的倍数原则，倍数数字放在最开始，接下去有关于量的as much+n.+as 2. “把归因于”翻译为”attributeto” “be likely to ”表达“容易”、“也许”等意义It follows that由此可见 3. 绝大多数的否认的句
11、子，不能直接加“not”。 4. have助动词的后面，动词绝对不能用原形动词 5.cannottoo 再.也但是分 6.一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式,如people, poultry, militia等,用and连接的成分单一概念时谓语动词用单数,主语中具有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时,谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致. 7.同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在分词一般式或过去分词,在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完毕式,不定式完毕式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式 8.表达人物爱憎感情：lose
12、 interest in, terrified, mad 介绍人物的影响及人们对人的评价： The people had come to love him as an inspiring leader. Lei Feng has been praised for his communist spirit. 常见描述人物性格，外貌和身体状况等的词语:light-hearted /absent-minded / lame in / strong-tempered /bad-tempered /near-sighted /far-sighted / silly / diligent /考察重点：动词
13、词组，表达因果关系的attribute to。需要纯熟掌握用法的尚有lead to, result in, result from, be to blame for, be responsible for。此外，还要学会使用拼写类似的词组contribute to，表达“有助于，对做出奉献”。（一）对立观点型Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Firecrackers Be Banned? You should write at leas
14、t 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么?2. 有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么?3. 我的见解 Should Firecrackers Be Banned? There is no denying the fact that setting off firecrackers has been a hotly debated topic in China. Peoples opinions differ sharply on t
15、his issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that it is an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Without firecrackers, festivals would become dull and c
16、heerless. Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that firecrackers should be banned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires, which destroy, property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also argue that fir
17、ecrackers are a waste of money and resources. Personally, I believe that we should not go to extremes. On the one hand, we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers; on the other hand, we should make it harmless. This can be done by banning firecrackers from public places. In additi
18、on, the setting off of firecrackers should be restricted to festival days.（二） 解决问题型Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chines
19、e) below:1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害 2. 如何杜绝假冒伪劣商品 My View on Fake Commodities Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that fake commodities have been a grave problem with which we are confronted. Fake and shoddy goods flood the market. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: pirated e
20、ditions of books and films, food and drinks of poor quality and the like. Fake and shoddy goods are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to them. First and foremost, they directly infringe upon consumers rights, wasting their money and threatening their health and eve
21、n lives. Besides, the production and sale of fake goods cause serious losses on the part of honest and lawful producers. Last but not least, the destruction of fake commodities means a grievous waste of the nations resources. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be tak
22、en before things get worse. First, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban the manufacture and circulation of fake and shoddy goods. Secondly, the public should enhance their awareness of identifying and refusing sub-standard commodities. With proper laws and an a
23、lert public, it will only be a matter of time for fake and shoddy goods to become things of the past. / With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future. （三）谚语警句型 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a comp
24、osition on the topic Haste Makes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 为什么“欲速则不达”？ 2. 举例说明。 Haste Makes Waste A famous saying goes “Haste makes waste”, which means that one should do everything step by step. Even si
25、mple operations can easily be spoiled if we rush to complete them, neglecting important stages in the process. One should make full preparations before beginning any task. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The best illustration might be English study. Without a good co
26、mmand of pronunciation, we can never hope to speak in an understandable way. Similarly, if we do not learn to spell properly and to acquire a basic grasp of grammar, we will never succeed in writing good compositions. (或Actually, history abounds with examples of haste making waste. A well-known Chin
27、ese fable goes that a farm tried to help the shoots grow by pulling them upward, only to find that they died soon. Another case in point is the so-called Great Leap Forward movement in China in 1950s and 1960s. At that time, the Chinese people were so eager to develop their economy that they took so
28、me improper measures, only to hinder the expansion of economy.) (或Here I can think of no better illustration of the proverb than the experience of my own. At the age of 11 or 12, I began to learn to ride. Eager to ride as well as others, I started by sitting on the saddle at the very beginning. Pred
29、ictably, I often fell from over the bike. Lots of time had been wasted before I realized that I should do it step by step. I tried to slide by standing on one pedal. Then I began to ride the bike from under the cross bar. Finally, I succeeded. ) In short, laying a solid foundation is essential if we
30、 want to make achievements in our studies or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives. At every step, review what has been achieved and assess the problems ahead before moving to the next step. And remember, Rome was not built in a day.（四）图表图画型 Changes in the Ownership of Houses in China It
31、can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in the ownership of houses in China in the past 50 years. While the percentage of state-owned houses has dropped from 70% in 1950s to 20% in 1990s, that of private houses has soared from 30% to 80% during the same period of time. A num
32、ber of factors could account for the change in the chart, but the following are the most critical ones. First, thanks to the policy of reform and opening-up, the nations economy has been developing at a considerably high speed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extra money to improve t
33、heir housing. Secondly, other relevant state policies and the boom of real estate industry provide citizens with more opportunities to choose their own dwelling places. Last but not least, people have attached greater importance to their quality of life. Thus, more of them have purchased houses in t
34、heir own favor. In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of Chinas fast expanding economy and peoples rising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it is reasonable for us to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures taken by
35、both the government and the public.（五）应用写作型 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus January 12th, 2023Dear Mr. President, I am a sophomore from Department 3 and I am writing to you about the food and service in the canteen on campus. To be frank, I am rather disappoi
36、nted at the food quality, price and service in the canteen. First, the dishes are scarcely well cooked and most of them taste the same. Secondly, most of the dishes there are priced so high that some students cannot even afford them. Thirdly, the service in the canteen is far from satisfying and the
37、 inside of the canteen always seem untidy. To solve the problem, I suggest that another canteen be built and a mechanism of competition be introduced between the old and the new. Besides, both the canteens should be subject to the students supervision. Dining is an everyday issue for students. It ma
38、y affect their academic performance. Therefore, I sincerely hope this letter can draw your attention to the matter and I hope the problems mentioned above can be solved as soon as possible. Best regards. Yours sincerely （六）其他范文 Dont Hesitate to Say No As a general rule, people like to help others, b
39、ut there are occasions when you should say no to requests for favors. For instance, it is better to refuse when a child pesters you for sweet food and drinks or for too many toys. Another example is when a relative asks you to use your influence to get him or her a bank loan or a work promotion. How
40、ever, we cannot ignore the fact that many people are reluctant to say no. They feel that if they turn down a request from a relative or friend, they will cause ill-feeling within the family or become unpopular with their acquaintances. A notable case in point is when the boss asks them to do somethi
41、ng which they feel is unreasonable. It is important to keep in mind that not saying no when you should say no can sometimes have harmful consequences. If children are given everything they ask for, not only may their health be damaged, but they may grow up selfish and spoilt. Again, in the long run
42、it is kinder to refuse to lend money to a person who has a gambling or alcoholism problem.Chapter One 文章开头句型 1-1 对立法 : 先引出其别人的不同见解,然后提出自己的见解或者偏向于某一见解, 合用于有争议性的主题. 例如(e.g) 1. When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently. 2. When it comes to
43、 . , some people bielive that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter .) 3. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that . They claim/ believe/argue that . But I won
44、der/doubt whether. 1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . e.g 1. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. 2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention) 3.Inflatio
45、n/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. - To be continued ! 1-3 观点法 -开门见山,直接了本地提出自己对要讨论的问题的见解. e.g: 1. Never history has the change of . been as evident as . Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of . benn more visible/popular than. 2. Now people in growing/significant number