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1、SectionIU搜寻引擎优化fEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwh
2、oworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7th
3、atonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturalli
4、feoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14avepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15socialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16ucation.Thelatterwasseenasa(a
5、n)17geneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18isargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19emtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20ateofaffairs.1.AselectedBpreparedCobligedDpleased2.AuniqueBparticularCspecialDrare3.AofBwithCinDagainst4.Asubs
6、equentlyBpresentlyCpreviouslyDlately5.AOnlyBSoCEvenDHence6.AthoughtBsightCcostDrisk7.AadvisesBsuggestsCprotestsDobjects8.AprogressBfactCneedDquestion9.AattainingBscoringCreachingDcalculating10.AnormalBcommonCmeanDtotal11.AunconsciouslyBdisproportionatelyCindefinitelyDunaccountably12.AmissionsBfortun
7、esCinterestsDcareers13.AaffirmBwitnessCobserveDapprove14.AmoreoverBthereforeChoweverDmeanwhile15.AgivenupBgotoverCcarriedonDputdown16.AassessingBsupervisingCadministeringDvaluing17.AdevelopmentBoriginCconsequenceDinstrument18.AlinkedBintegratedCwovenDcombined19.AlimitedBsubjectedCconvertedDdirected2
8、0.AparadoxicalBincompatibleCinevitableDcontinuousSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleasto
9、neundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYorksVeteransAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfem
10、alesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltotho搜寻引擎优化fthemales.Addingtoawomansincreaseddo搜寻引擎优化fstresschemicals,areherincrease
11、d“opportunitiesforstress.“Itsnotnecessarilythatwomendontcopeaswell.Itsjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmens,sheobserves,“itsjustthattheyredealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.Dr.Yehudanotesan
12、otherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunat
13、ely,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape
14、,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“Itsthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopi
15、ngwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarezsexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?AWomenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.BWomenarestill
16、sufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.CWomenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.DMenandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.22.Dr.YehudasresearchsuggeststhatwomenAneedextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.Bhavelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.Caremorecapableofavoidingstress.Dareexposed
17、tomorestress.23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobeAdomesticandtemporary.Birregularandviolent.Cdurableandfrequent.Dtrivialandrandom.24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.(Line6,Para.5)showsthatAAlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.BAlvarezssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexp
18、enses.CAlvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.DAlvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?AStrainofStress:NoWayOut?BResponsestoStress:GenderDifferenceCStressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSayDGenderInequality:WomenUnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Atea
19、mofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthorsnamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththe
20、journalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrga
21、nizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachang
22、einwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofS
23、cientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;
24、threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereportsauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,th
25、ereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowi
26、shestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscussesAthebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.Bthepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.Ctherelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.Dthetraditionalprocessofjo
27、urnalpublication.27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?AItcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.BItintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.CItupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.DItbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.28.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthatAitprovidesaneasi
28、eraccesstoscientificresults.Bitbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.Citemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.Ditfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.29.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredtoAcoverthecostofitspublication.Bsubscribetothejournalpublishing
29、it.Callowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.Dcompletethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?ATheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.BAnewmodeofpublicationisemerging.CAuthorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.DPublicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.T
30、ext3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamunifo
31、rmstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,todayspeople-especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations-apparentlyreachedthe
32、irlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyarentlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,weveprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.Intheca搜寻引擎优化fNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommon
33、practiceofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients-notably,protein-tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,in
34、creasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight-59formen,54forwomen-hasntreallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabies
35、havemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganis
36、m,saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdontexpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball
37、,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetodaysdataandfeelfairlyconfident.31.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampletoAillustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.BshowthepopularityofNBApl
38、ayersintheU.S.CcomparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.DassesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?AGeneticmodification.BNaturalenvironment.CLivingstandards.DDailyexercise.33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree
39、?ANon-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.BHumanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.CAmericansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.DLargerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34.WelearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfutureAthegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.Bthedesignofmilitaryunif
40、ormswillremainunchanged.Cgenetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.Dtheexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.35.ThetextintendstotellusthatAthechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.Bhumanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.CAmericanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.Dthegeneticpat
41、ternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw-havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.Thatsafardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromth
42、eirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontherolesslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshaveschola
43、rsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.Worksofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenationsearlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountrysinfancy.Moresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong-andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefoundersw
44、erehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount,saysWienc
45、ek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution,includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmenspoliticallivesdepen
46、dedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,Jeffersonfr
47、eedHemingsschildren-thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.