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1、剑桥雅思阅读6原文及答案解析(test4) 雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，须要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。下面我给大家共享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test1原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。 剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test4) READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages. Questions 1-7 Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-
2、G. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Not all doctors are persuaded ii Choosing the best offers iii Who is responsible for the increase in promotions? Iv Fighting the drug
3、 companies v An example of what doctors expect from drug companies vi Gifts include financial incentives vii Research shows that promotion works viii The high costs of research ix The positive side of drugs promotion x Who really pays for doctors free gifts? 1 Paragraph A 2 Paragraph B 3 Paragraph C
4、 4 Paragraph D 5 Paragraph E 6 Paragraph F 7 Paragraph G Doctoring sales Pharmaceuticals is one of the most profitable industries in North America. But do the drugs industrys sales and marketing strategies go too far? A A few months ago Kim Schaefer, sales representative of a major global pharmaceut
5、ical company, walked into a medical center in New York to bring information and free samples of her companys latest products. That day she was lucky a doctor was available to see her. The last rep offered me a trip to Florida. What do you have? the physician asked. He was only half joking. B What wa
6、s on offer that day was a pair of tickets for a New York musical. But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer is typical for todays drugs rep a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and the fr
7、eedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the drugs profile. And she also has a few $1,000 honoraria to offer in exchange for doctors attendance at her companys next educational lecture. C Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judge
8、ment. Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common practice of buying a prospects time with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs. They work in an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chic
9、ken-or-egg question businesses wont use strategies that dont work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industrys responsibility to decide the boundaries? D The explosion in the sheer number of salespeople in the field and the amount of fu
10、nding used to promote their causes forces close examination of the pressures, influences and relationships between drug reps and doctors. Salespeople provide much-needed information and education to physicians. In many cases the glossy brochures, article reprints and prescriptions they deliver are p
11、rimary sources of drug education for healthcare givers. With the huge investment the industry has placed in face-to-face selling, salespeople have essentially become specialists in one drug or group of drugs a tremendous advantage in getting the attention of busy doctors in need of quick information
12、. E But the sales push rarely stops in the office. The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants, meetings in warm and sunny places, and an inundation of promotional gadgets. Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that
13、 isnt emblazoned with a drugs name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical companys logo. Millions of dollars are spent by pharmaceutical companies on promotional products like coffee mugs, shirts, umbrellas, and golf balls. Money well spent? Its hard to tell. Ive been the recipien
14、t of golf balls from one company and I use them, but it doesnt make me prescribe their medicine, says one doctor. I tend to think Im not influenced by what they give me. F Free samples of new and expensive drugs might be the single most effective way of getting doctors and patients to become loyal t
15、o a product. Salespeople hand out hundreds of dollars worth of samples each week $7.2 billion worth of them in one year. Though few comprehensive studies have been conducted, one by the University of Washington investigated how drug sample availability affected what physicians prescribe. A total of
16、131 doctors self-reported their prescribing patterns the conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice. G The bottom line is that pharmaceutical companies as a whole invest more in marketing than they do in res
17、earch and development. And patients are the ones who pay in the form of sky-rocketing prescription prices for every pen thats handed out, every free theatre ticket, and every steak dinner eaten. In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have every right to make a profit and will cont
18、inue to find new ways to increase sales. But as the medical world continues to grapple with whats acceptable and whats not, it is dear that companies must continue to be heavily scrutinized for their sales and marketing strategies. Questions 8-13 Do the following statements agree with the views of t
19、he writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agree with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 8 Sales representatives like Kim Schaefer w
20、ork to a very limited budget. 9 Kim Schaefers marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds. 10 The information provided by drug companies is of little use to doctors. 11 Evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in the healthcare environment. 12 The drug companies may give free
21、drug sample to patients without doctors prescriptions. 13 It is legitimate for drug companies to make money. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Do literate women make better mothers? Children in developing countries are
22、 healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when their mothers can read and write. Experts in public health accepted this idea decades ago, but until now no one has been able to show that a womans ability to read in itself improves her childrens chances of survival. Most literate wome
23、n learnt to read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her familys wealth or that it values its children more highly. Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who
24、would otherwise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their childrens health and survival. In 1979, the government of Nicaragua established a number of social programmes, including a National Literacy Crusade. By 1985, about 300,000 illiterate adults from all over the country, many of who
25、m had never attended primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use numbers. During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central American Institute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican Institute of
26、Health interviewed nearly 3,000 women, some of whom had learnt to read as children, some during the literacy crusade and some who had never learnt at all. The women were asked how many children they had given birth to and how many of them had died in infancy. The research teams also examined the sur
27、viving children to find out how well-nourished they were. The investigators findings were striking. In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births. At this point in their lives, those mothers who later went on to lea
28、rn to read had a similar level of child mortality (105/1000). For women educated in primary school, however, the infant mortality rate was significantly lower, at 80 per thousand. In 1985, after the National Literacy Crusade had ended, the infant mortality figures for those who remained illiterate a
29、nd for those educated in primary school remained more or less unchanged. For those women who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an impressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still illiterate. The children of the newly-literate mothers we
30、re also better nourished than those of women who could not read. Why are the children of literate mothers better off? According to Peter Sandiford of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, no one knows for certain. Child health was not on the curriculum during the womens lessons, so he and his c
31、olleagues are looking at other factors. They are working with the same group of 3,000 women, to try to find out whether reading mothers make better use of hospitals and clinics, opt for smaller families, exert more control at home, learn modern childcare techniques more quickly, or whether they mere
32、ly have more respect for themselves and their children. The Nicaraguan study may have important implications for governments and aid agencies that need to know where to direct their resources. Sandiford says that there is increasing evidence that female education, at any age, is an important health
33、intervention in its own right. The results of the study lend support to the World Banks recommendation that education budgets in developing countries should be increased, not just to help their economies, but also to improve child health. Weve known for a long time that maternal education is importa
34、nt, says John Cleland of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. But we thought that even if we started educating girls today, wed have to wait a generation for the pay-off. The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass that. Cleland warns that the Nicaraguan crusade was special
35、 in many ways, and similar campaigns elsewhere might not work as well. It is notoriously difficult to teach adults skills that do not have an immediate impact on their everyday lives, and many literacy campaigns in other countries have been much less successful. The crusade was part of a larger effo
36、rt to bring a better life to the people, says Cleland. Replicating these conditions in other countries will be a major challenge for development workers. Questions 14-18 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below. Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet. NB Y
37、ou may use any letter more than once. The Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade aimed to teach large numbers of illiterate 14. to read and write. Public health experts have known for many years that there is a connection between child health and 15. . However, it has not previously been known whether
38、 these two factors were directly linked or not. This question has been investigated by 16. in Nicaragua. As a result, factors such as 17. and attitudes to children have been eliminated, and it has been shown that 18. can in itself improve infant health and survival. A child literacy B men and women
39、C an international research team D medical care E mortality F maternal literacy G adults and children H paternal literacy I a National Literacy Crusade J family wealth Questions 19-24 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 19-24 on your answer
40、sheet, write YES if the statement agree with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what writer thinks about this 19 About a thousand of the women interviewed by the researchers had learnt to read when they were children
41、. 20 Before the National Literacy Crusade, illiterate women had approximately the same levels of infant mortality as those who had learnt to read in primary school. 21 Before and after the National Literacy Crusade, the child mortality rate for the illiterate women stayed at about 110 deaths for eac
42、h thousand live births. 22 The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade showed the greatest change in infant mortality levels. 23 The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade had the lowest rates of child mortality. 24 After the National Literacy C
43、rusade, the children of the women who remained illiterate were found to be severely malnourished. Question 25 and 26 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet. Which TWO important implications drawn from the Nicaraguan study are mentioned by the write
44、r of the passage? A It is better to educate mature women than young girls. B Similar campaigns in other countries would be equally successful. C The effects of maternal literacy programmes can be seen very quickly. D Improving child health can quickly affect a countrys economy. E Money spent on fema
45、le education will improve child health. READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages. Questions 27-30 Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F. Choose the correct heading for sections A-D from the list of headings
46、below. Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i The role of video violence ii The failure of government policy iii Reasons for the increased rate of bullying iv Research into how common bullying is in British schools v The reaction from schools to enquiries about bullying vi The effect of bullying on the children involved vii Developments that have led to a new approach by schools 27 Sections A 28 Sections B 29 Sections D 30 Sect