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1、2023年辽宁GRE考试考前冲刺卷（7）本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.The word civilization was just coming into use in the 18th century, in French and in English, when conservative men of letters preferred to avoid it as a newfangled(A) orthography(B) homonym(C) cognomen(D
2、) misnomer(E) neologism 2.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the films that continued Eisensteins filmmaking tradition(A) They tend to trivialize the Eisenstein movement by rejecting Hollywood norms.(B) Although they have not been taught frequently, they have had a transg
3、ressive influence on experimental film-making.(C) Their availability has been diminished by the apotheosis of Eisenstein as their model.(D) These films are valued for the challenge they have presented to the norms of Hollywood film.(E) These films would almost certainly be more popular with mainstre
4、am audiences, if only film studies were less specialized. 3.Which of the following is most analogous to the fate that the experimental films, described above, have received as a result of their association with Eisensteins work(A) A lesser-known author is discovered to have influenced a more famous
5、one, and his works are rescued from anonymity.(B) An experimental artistic tradition falls into decline as a result of its practitioners adopting the idiom of a more popular one.(C) A popular composers oeuvre is held up as the epitome of the genre, so that music critics praise his pupils work withou
6、t bothering to listen to it.(D) The interest in an archeological method diminishes over time, largely out of the failure of its inventor to generate new results.(E) A painter rebels against the advice of her teacher, after critics observe that her own work is indistinguishable from his. 4.Which of t
7、he following, if presented as the first sentence of a succeeding paragraph, would most logically continue the discussion presented in the passage(A) The influence of volcanic eruptions on global weather patterns is almost completely understood at present.(B) Scientists have only begun to understand,
8、 however, the effects of these wavelengths of light on the global environment.(C) The majority of global cooling effects have thus been attributed to volcanic explosions.(D) The human warming activities ameliorate by volcanic eruptions include those produced both by heavy industry and agriculture.(E
9、) The reason that sulfate aerosols take an unusually large time to disperse owes primarily to meteorological factors, including the jet stream. 5.The passage suggests that which of the following would be true if volcanic eruptions did not take place(A) The environment would likely contain fewer non-
10、biodegradable pollutants, due to lesser quantities of sulfurous gases and ash clouds.(B) Greenhouse gas effects on rising global temperatures would likely be somewhat less worrisome than those postulated by scientists today.(C) Acid rain produced by heavy industry would likely be more of a problem t
11、han it currently is, given the tendency of volcanic eruptions to hasten atmospheric cycles.(D) Global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more substantial than they are today if volcanic cooling effects ceased to take place.(E) The environment would likely be cooler, for the atmo
12、sphere would contain fewer sulfurous gases and ash clouds. 6.The author mentions the eruption of Mount St. Helens (lines 25 - 26) primarily in order to emphasize which of the following points(A) The deep and enduring effect that volcanic eruptions have on the environment(B) The process by which clas
13、sic volcanic eruptions tend to occur(C) The relative dearth of cases with scientists can judge the effects of volcanic eruptions(D) A sample case with which later volcanic explosions are compared(E) The global cooling effects of one of the best-studied volcanic eruptions 7.Which of the following dis
14、coveries would likely have an effect upon the views of scientists similar to that of the explosion of El Chico(A) The history of wildfires in North America demonstrates that controlled blazes have a positive effect on the environment, on the whole.(B) The capability of certain metal alloys to withst
15、and great heat proves greater than that of another, confirming metallurgists suspicions.(C) The study of seismological data proves that existing safety standards inconstruction will likely prove insufficient in the future.(D) One cigarette brand is found to cause fewer cases of cancer than another b
16、rand, disproving the notion that the first brands contents are more carcinogenic.(E) Ideas concerning the causes of schizophrenia are complicated by the discovery of a rare new psychotic condition whose symptoms defy explanation. 8.According to the passage, scientists have decided that sulfur aeroso
17、ls from volcanic eruptions affect global temperatures to a greater extent than ash clouds because(A) the greenhouse gas effect produced by human activities tends to have a much greater environmental effect than that of volcanic explosions(B) clouds of sulfur-rich gases tend to achieve greater height
18、s in the stratosphere than do ash clouds(C) a particular explosion producing high sulfur and little ash had a greater environmental effect than the converse(D) the burning of fossil fuels tends to exacerbate the effects of sulfurous aerosols, but not those of ash clouds(E) global warming effects ten
19、d to minimize the impact of ash clouds, but not those of sulfurous aerosols 9.The passage suggests that the effects of volcanic carbon dioxide on the environment differ from those of sulfurous gases in that(A) carbon dioxide tends to alleviate environmental haze, while sulfurous gases usually increa
20、se it(B) carbon dioxide tends to increase temperatures by trapping sunlight, while sulfurous gases tend to decrease temperatures by blocking it(C) carbon dioxide tends to have an effect on the environment, while sulfurous gases for the most part do not(D) sulfurous gases have played an even more sig
21、nificant role than carbon dioxide in pushing environmental temperatures outside the habitable range(E) sulfurous gases tend to decrease the level of solar radiation outside the earths atmosphere, while carbon dioxide plays only a negligible role 10.Which of the following best describes the organizat
22、ion of the third paragraph of the passage(A) A theory is proposed, considered, and then amended.(B) Opposing views are presented, elaborated, and then reconciled.(C) A problem is described, then a solution is discussed and its effectiveness is affirmed.(D) A view is advanced, then refuted, and an al
23、ternative is suggested.(E) A hypothesis is presented, qualified, and then reaffirmed. 11.Questions 21 and 22The conversation may take place in a _Auniversity.Bbookstore.Ccanteen. 12.Questions 21 and 22The topic of the first lecture is _Alocal snack.Bstudy strategies.Csocial lif 13.Many microorganism
24、s survive such environmental stresses as heat, cold and desiccation not by rapid rates of mitosis, but by producing specialized cells designed to persist in a dormant state in hostile environments. Most fungi, for Line example, yield single-celled spores, which, through wind distribution, can surviv
25、e for long periods of time before germinating and sprouting fungal filaments of their own. Other types of bacteria produce a special type of spore called an endospore, capable of withstanding such extremes as boiling and freezing temperatures, and even ultraviolet radiation.Though research results r
26、emain tentative, several factors may protect endospores from environmental stress: they have a low water content, unusual proteins and a tough spore coat absent in mature bacterial cells. When garden fruits and vegetables, which may contain botulism endospores, are preserved by canning at boiling te
27、mperatures, we know that these spores survive the heat and sprout in the food, and as a result, the bacteria generate the botulism toxin that can lead to food poisoningproof of their magnificent resilience.The authors primary purpose in the passage is to_.Adescribe the limits of biologists understan
28、ding of the phenomenon of cellular dormancyBexplain how certain organisms have adapted to withstand environmental adversityCcontrast the survival techniques of two organisms which use dormancy to survive hostile environmentsDexplain why endospores are so adept at surviving the traditional canning pr
29、ocessEsuggest which methods are effective for killing endospores at which are not 14.Given that 8 percent of food crops grows faster on farms using groundwater than the aquifers are replenished, and many large rivers are so heavily diverted that they do not reach the sea for much of the year, resear
30、chers believe freshwater sources-underground aquifers and rivers-are stressed. Better management of soil and water and creative cropping patterns can boost production from rainfall-watered cropland, but the heaviest burden will fall on irrigated land. At present, most farmers irrigate their crops by
31、 channeling water down their fields in parallel furrows.One alternative, drip systems, enables farmers to deliver water directly to the plants roots drop by drop, nearly eliminating waste by distributing water at low pressure through a network of perforated plastic tubing installed on or below the s
32、urface of the soil, where it then emerges through small holes at a slow but steady pace. Because the plants enjoy an ideal moisture environment, drip irrigation usually offers the added bonus of higher crop yields. Another alternative, sprinklers, can perform almost as well as drip methods when desi
33、gned properly, but traditional high-pressure irrigation sprinklers spray water high into the air to cover as large a land area as possible, and the more time the water spends in the air, the more of it evaporates before use.Despite the payoffs, the higher costs of these technologies relative to simp
34、le flooding methods have been a barrier to their spread, and so has the prevalence of national water policies that discourage rather than foster efficient water use. Many governments have set very low prices for publicly supplied irrigation, leaving farmers with little motivation to invest in ways t
35、o conserve water or to improve efficiency and most authorities have also failed to regulate groundwater pumping, even in regions where aquifers are over-tapped. Therefore, farmers might be inclined to conserve their own water supplies if they could profit from selling the surplus, but this practice
36、is often discouraged.Efforts aside from irrigation technologies are also conducive to the reduction of agricultural demand for water; for instance, measurements of climate factors such as temperature and precipitation can be fed into a computer that calculates how much water a typical plant is consu
37、ming, and farmers can use this figure to determine, quite accurately, when and how much to irrigate their particular crops throughout the growing season. But the most effective, if unlikely way, to do more with less water is to reconfigure our diets, especially the typical North American diet, which
38、, with its large share of animal products, requires twice as much water as diets common in many Asian and some European countries. Eating lower on the food chain could allow the same volume of water to feed two Americans instead of one, and despite the resultant loss of nutrition, this may be the on
39、ly recourse for countries serious about reducing their aquifer strain.The primary purpose of the passage is to_.Aexpose the fragile ecological conditions which modern irrigation technologies must ameliorateBargue that new irrigation technologies would ultimately be less efficient than a reconfigurat
40、ion of the North American dietCargue that efficient water-use is dependent upon a mixture of various modern methodsDprovide an overall view of possible methods for lessening the strain on sources of freshwaterEdescribe the cycle by which aquifers are depleted and then replenished through technology
41、15.Many microorganisms survive such environmental stresses as heat, cold and desiccation not by rapid rates of mitosis, but by producing specialized cells designed to persist in a dormant state in hostile environments. Most fungi, for Line example, yield single-celled spores, which, through wind dis
42、tribution, can survive for long periods of time before germinating and sprouting fungal filaments of their own. Other types of bacteria produce a special type of spore called an endospore, capable of withstanding such extremes as boiling and freezing temperatures, and even ultraviolet radiation.Thou
43、gh research results remain tentative, several factors may protect endospores from environmental stress: they have a low water content, unusual proteins and a tough spore coat absent in mature bacterial cells. When garden fruits and vegetables, which may contain botulism endospores, are preserved by
44、canning at boiling temperatures, we know that these spores survive the heat and sprout in the food, and as a result, the bacteria generate the botulism toxin that can lead to food poisoningproof of their magnificent resilience.The passage mentions all of the following as environmental stresses that
45、can be survived by microorganisms that practice cellular dormancy EXCEPT_.ALow temperaturesBUltraviolet radiationCAcidic environmentsDHigh temperaturesEDrying processes 16.Given that 8 percent of food crops grows faster on farms using groundwater than the aquifers are replenished, and many large riv
46、ers are so heavily diverted that they do not reach the sea for much of the year, researchers believe freshwater sources-underground aquifers and rivers-are stressed. Better management of soil and water and creative cropping patterns can boost production from rainfall-watered cropland, but the heavie
47、st burden will fall on irrigated land. At present, most farmers irrigate their crops by channeling water down their fields in parallel furrows.One alternative, drip systems, enables farmers to deliver water directly to the plants roots drop by drop, nearly eliminating waste by distributing water at
48、low pressure through a network of perforated plastic tubing installed on or below the surface of the soil, where it then emerges through small holes at a slow but steady pace. Because the plants enjoy an ideal moisture environment, drip irrigation usually offers the added bonus of higher crop yields. Another alternative, sprinklers, can perform almost as well as drip methods when designed pro