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1、Make peace with the planet.Even the spectacular nuclear disasters atThree-Mile Island and Chernobyl were farlessseriousastechnicalfailuresthantheywereintheirecologicaleffects.即使三里岛和切尔诺贝利的核灾难在技术上的失败比起它们对于生态系统所造成的影响也小得多。TheChernobylNuclearAccidentTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterTheThreeMileIslandAcc
2、identTheThreeMileIslandAccidentTheChernobylNuclearAccidentTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterTheThreeMileIslandAccidentTheChernobylNuclearAccidentTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterTheThreeMileIslandAccidentTheChernobylNuclearAccidentTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterTheThreeMileIslandAccidentTheThree
3、MileIslandaccidentwasapartialnuclearmeltdownwhichoccurredinoneofthetwoThreeMileIslandnuclearreactorsin Dauphin County,Pennsylvania,UnitedStates,onMarch28,1979.ItwastheworstaccidentinU.S.commercialnuclear power plant history.The incidentwas rated a five on the seven-pointInternationalNuclearEventScal
4、e:AccidentWithWiderConsequences.1.TheThreeMileIslandAccidentThe power plant was owned andoperatedbyGeneral PublicUtilitiesand Metropolitan Edison(Met Ed).Thereactorinvolvedintheaccident,Unit2,was a pressurized waterreactormanufacturedbyBabcock&Wilcox.MainCauses当天凌晨4时0分0秒，三哩岛核电站95万千瓦压水堆电站二号反应堆一回路的给水主
5、泵停转，汽轮机停机。备用泵依据预设的程序启动，但是由于协助给水系统中隔离阀在此前的例行检修中没有按规定打开，导致协助给水系统没有投入运行。Consequencesofstuckvalve(隔离阀隔离阀)ThedesignofthePORV(减压阀)indicatorlightwasfundamentallyflawed.Andtheoperatorshadnotbeentrainedtouseit.TheoperatorsdidnotcorrectlydiagnosetheproblemNuclearleakalarmdidnotattracttheattentionofoperatorsHu
6、manfactorsEmergencyMeasuresSchoolswereclosedandresidentswereurgedtostayindoors.Pregnantwomenandpre-schoolagechildrenwereemergencyevacuation.FarmersweretoldtokeeptheiranimalsundercoverandonstoredfeedCleanupstartedinAugust1979andofficiallyendedinDecember1993,withatotalcleanupcostofabout$1billionFiftym
7、ilesaroundThreeMileIslandnuclearpowerplant,noneofthe2200000residentshadtheacuteradiationreaction.在以三哩岛核电站为圆心的50英里范围内，220万居民中无人发生急性辐射反应。Theaverageradiationdosetopeoplelivingwithintenmilesoftheplantwaseightmillirem.EightmilliremisaboutequaltoachestX-ray.四周居民所受到的辐射相当于进行了一次胸部X光照射的辐射剂量。Theaccidenthashadn
8、oobservablelongtermhealtheffects三哩岛核泄漏事故对于四周居民的癌症发生率没有显著性影响。Diseaseratesinareasfurtherthan10milesfromtheplantwereneverexamined三哩岛旁边未发觉动植物异样现象,当地农作物产量未发生异样变更。ButtheleakaccidentofnuclearpowerplantreactorNo.twowasseriouslydamaged,thedirecteconomiclossonebillion.但是泄漏事故造成核电站二号堆严峻损毁，干脆经济损失达10亿美元之巨。Afterma
9、thThe Chernobyl disaster was a nuclearaccidentthatoccurredon26April1986attheChernobylNuclearPowerPlantintheUkrainianSSR.It is considered the worst nuclearpowerplantaccidentinhistory,anditistheonlyoneclassifiedasalevel7eventon the International Nuclear EventScale.2.TheChernobylNuclearAccidentMainCaus
10、esOperatinginstructionsanddesigndeficienciesOperatorerrorinitiallyfaulted Thereactorhadadangerouslylargepositivevoidcoefficient.Amoresignificantflawwasinthedesignofthecontrolrodsthatareinsertedintothereactortoslowdownthereaction.Thedevelopersofthereactorplantconsideredthiscombinationofeventstobeimpo
11、ssibleandthereforedidnotallowforthecreationofemergencyprotectionsystemscapableofpreventingthecombinationofeventsthatledtothecrisis.TheleakageradiationdustwithairblowingintothewesternregionofSovietUnion,EasternEuropeandTheNordicScandinavianPeninsula.Ukraine,BelarusandRussiaaretheMostpolluted.Pollutio
12、nscalesAftermath1)Internationalspreadofradioactivesubstances2)Radioactiverelease3)Healthofplantworkersandlocalpeople4)ResidualradioactivityintheenvironmentMapofradiationlevelsin1996aroundChernobyl.TheChernobylaccidentkilledmorethan30peopleimmediately,andasaresultofthehighradiationlevelsinthesurround
13、ing20-mileradius,135,000peoplehadtobeevacuated.In2006,TheOtherReportOnChernobylpointedoutthereareabout4000peoplewilldiefromtheexcessiveradiation.TheresultantreleaseofradioactivitythreatensmanythousandsofpeoplealloverEuropewithcancer.Uptonow,themalformationfetus(畸形儿)stillbirthduetothelong-termeffects
14、ofradioactivematerial.Theaccidentareaisstillcontaminatedanduninhabitable.Theonceprosperouscityhasbecomea“ghostcity”Actions April26,1986,over8tonsleakageofstrongradiation.Unit4wassubsequentlyreinforcedconcreteseal,thenamesarcophagusSarcophagushasbeeninusefornearly25years,nowithasbeentheappearanceofcr
15、acks.Ukrainehopesinthesarcophagusontheinstallationofa100-meterhighsteelarch石棺“已运用了近25年，现在它已经出现裂缝，乌克兰希望在”石棺“上安装高100米的钢拱。3.Japans nuclear leakageTheFukushimaDaiichinucleardisasterwasacatastrophicfailureattheFukushimaINuclearPowerPlanton11March2011,resultinginameltdownofthreeoftheplantssixnuclearreacto
16、rs.Itisthelargestnuclearincidentsincethe1986Chernobyldisasterandthesecond(withChernobyl)tomeasureLevel7ontheInternationalNuclearEventScale.ReflectionAfreelunchisreallyadebt.Whenthedebtsrepresentedbyenvironmentalpollutionarecreatedbythetechnosphereandtransferredtotheecosphere,theyarenevercanceled;damageisunavoidable.当债务以技术圈制造的环境污染的形式出现，然后又转嫁到生态圈的时候，这种债务将是恒久无法消退的。Makepeacewiththeplanet.Thanks!