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1、 1 高一英语必修一语法要点 一 一般现在时 1.表示主语现在所处的状态及其所具备的特征、性格、能力等 例如：I am a girl.2.表示习惯性、经常性的动作 例如：I usually go to bed at 9:00.3.标志性的词语 Always often sometimes now and then 4.若助于为第三人称单数（he she it）则动词要用单三现 二 现在进行时 1 说话时正在进行的动作 例如：I am reading.2.表示即将发生的动作，多用于 go come start leave return arrive stay fly 等词语之中，句子中常常有时间
2、状语 例如：The plane is going to Beijing.3.当句子中出现了 always、forever、constantly、continually、All the time 等 例如：I am always thinking of you.三 倍数比较 1.A+系动词+倍数词+as+adj adv 的原型+as+B 例如：The class is twice as big as that one.2.A+系动词+倍数词+adjadv 的比较级+than+B 例如：The class is twice bigger than that class.3.A+系动词+倍数词+th
3、e sizeamount(数量)engthwidthheight depth+of+B 例如：The class is twice the size of that class.四 With 的复合结构 1 With+宾语+宾语补足语 宾语补足语根据逻辑意义的不同可以是不同的词语，如形容词、现在分词、过去分词、副词、介词短语、不定式等，with 在复合结构中常作状语 2.常用结构 1with+宾语+doing 表主动与进行 例如：Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.2with+宾语+done 表被动与完成 例如：With all t
4、hings she need bought,she went home.3with+宾语+to do 表将来 例如：With so many thing to deal with.五 现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时 2 1基本表达式（I have been doing）I/we/you/they have been doing sth.he/she/it has been doing sth.2表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有 2000 年的造纸历
5、史。（动作还将继续下去）I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）3表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等)4有些现在完成进行时的句子等同的句子。例如：They have been living in this city for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years
6、.他们在这个城市已经住了 10 年了。I have been working here for five years.I have worked here for five years.我在这里已经工作五年了。5大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。例如：I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。They have been building a bridge.他们一直在造一座桥。They have built a bridge.他们造了一座桥。6表示状
7、态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。例如：I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了。I have been knowing.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love 爱，like 喜欢，hate 讨厌，等。注意：比较过去时与现在完成时 1过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,last week，ago,in1980,in October,just
8、 now,具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语:this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 3 for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,不确定的时间状语 3现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live,teach,learn,work,study,know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come,go,leave,start,die,fi
9、nish,become,get married 等。例如：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for
10、three years.(在团内的状态可延续)He has been a League member for three years.(是团员的状态可持续)He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined 为短暂行为。)I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and get Dr.White?-Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday,last,week,in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom h
11、as written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.六过去完成时 1 概念：表示过去的过去 其构成是 had+过去分词构成。那时以前 那时 现在 2 用法 a.在 told,said,knew,heard,thought 等动词后的宾语从句。She said(that)she had never been to Paris.b.状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrive
12、d,the thieves had run away.4 c.表示意向的动词，如 hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose 等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.3过去完成时的时间状语 before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as。例如：He said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to m
13、ake a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.七现在完成进行时 1其构成形式如下：I/we/they have been+动词的现在分词 He/she/it has been+动词的现在分词 功用如下：2 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：Ann is very tired.She has been working hard.Why are you clothes so dirty?What have you bee
14、n doing?3表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：It has been raining for two hours.(现在还在下)Jack hasnt been feeling very well recently.4 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：She has been playing tennis since she was eight.5 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：Toms hands are very dirty.He has been repairing the car.T
15、he car is going again now.Tom has repaired it.注意：现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以 现在完成进行时的否定结构 现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。如：Since that unfortunate accident last week,I havent been sleeping at all well.自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后，我一直睡得很不好.He hasnt been working for me and I havent has that much c
16、ontact with him.他并没有给我工作过，我和他没有过那许多接触。6否定句构成：主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词 七、一般疑问句 构成:Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他 一.直接引语和间接引语 （一）直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接 5 引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。1.时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词 said,asked 等的影响
17、而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进行时，等等。例如：Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.”Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework.2.人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化：根据意义进行相应的变化，例如：She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”She asked Jack where he had been.He said,“These books are m
18、ine.”He said that those books were his.（二）直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词 whether 或 if；如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用 asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语 me,him,her,us 等。如：She said,“Is your father at home?”She asked me if/whether my father was at home.“What do you do every Sunda
19、y?”My friend asked me.My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.直接引语如果是祈使句，改为间接引语时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带 to 的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气（即请求或命令）加上 ask,tell,order 等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，则在不定式前加 not。其句型为：ask/tell/order someone(not)to do something.例如：She said to us,“Please sit down.”She asked us to sit down.He said to him,“Go
20、 away!”He ordered him to go away.He said,“Dont make so much noise,boys.”He told the boys not to make so much noise.八、各种时态的被动语态 被动语态概述 被动语态的概念：它是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语 6 态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，例如：They saw the little boy crying by the river.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，例如：The little boy was seen crying by the ri
21、ver.被动语态的构成 被动语态的形式是由“助动词 be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词 be 随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下：1.一般现在时 am/is/are+过去分词 例如：Rice is planted in the south of China.2.一般过去时 was/were+过去分词 例如：These trees were planted the year before last.3.一般将来时 will/shall+be+过去分词 例如：A sports meeting will be held next week in our schoo
22、l.4.现在进行时 am/is/are+being+过去分词 例如：Your radio is being repaired now.5.过去进行时 was/were+being+过去分词 When he got there,the problem was being discussed.6.现在完成时 have/has+been+过去分词 His work has been finished.Has his work been finished?Yes,it has./No,it hasnt.7.过去完成时 had+been+过去分词 注意：1除了 be 之外的其它系动词如 get,stay
23、 等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态。例如：Their questions havent got answered.2.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词+be+过去分词”结构。例如：More attention should be paid to the old in this country.This work cant be done until Mr.Black comes.3.含有“be going to”,“be to”等结构的谓语，其被动语态分别用“be going to+be+过去分词”和“be to+be+过去分词”。例如：The problem is going to
24、 be discussed at the next meeting.All these books are to be taken to the library.4.被动语态与系表结构的区别：“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构，与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以应注意它们的区别。被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用 by 引出动作的执行者，而后者则不可以。例如：The map was changed by someone.（被动结构）7 That custom remained unchanged for many cent
25、uries.（系表结构）系表结构中的过去分词通常可被 very 修饰，被动语态中的过去分词往往要用 much 修饰。例如：He was very excited.（系表结构）He was much excited by her words.（被动结构）5.主动形式表被动意义。有些动词的主动形式有被动意味，如 open,read,sell,shut,wash,wear,write 等。此时句子的主语一般是物。例如：These books sell well.这些书很畅销。The door wont shut.这门关不上。The clothes wash well.这些衣服很好洗。高一英语语法归纳
26、总结-定语从句的归纳 一几个基本概念 1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括关系代词和关系副词）。1关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as 2关系副词：when/where/why 5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as 除外】6.引导词的功能（作用）：1连接先行词和定语从句。2在定语从句中充当一定的成分（关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语）。7.定语从句的类型：1限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。直接由引导词引
27、导定语从句 The man who youre talking to is my friend.由介词+关系代词（whom/which）引导 The man to whom youre talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter.=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：The man(who/whom/that)I talked about at
28、 the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.The palace(which/that)I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.2非限定性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开）。直接由引导词引导定语从句。8 由介
29、词+关系代词（whom/which）引导。I live in a house far away from the city,in front of which is a big tree.There is an apple tree standing at the gate,on which are many apples.This is the man to whom I gave the book.由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指 人用 whom,指物用 which)引导。One,some,any,none,all,both
30、,several,many,most,neither,either 等词、数词、分数或百分比与 of whom 或 of which 连用。He has five children,two of whom are abroad.(比较：He has five children,and two of them are abroad.)We have three books,none of which is/are interesting.(比较：We have three books,but none of them is/are interesting.)除 why 和 that 不能引导非限
31、定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。The engineer,whose leg was badly hurt,was quickly sent to hospital.（那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤）The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.（那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）3.在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省
32、略（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内）。指人做主语时只能用 who,做宾语时用 whom;指物做主语，宾语都用 which;关系副词用 when 或 where，也不能省略。The man,_ is sitting on the chair,is my father.The woman,_ I met yesterday,is my English teacher.The city,_ is far away,is very beautiful.He went to America,_ his parents live.He joined the Army yesterday,_ I le
33、ft,too.4.whose 引导非限定性定语从句：The house,whose window faces south,is mine.=The house,the window of which faces south,is mine.The house,of which the window faces south,is mine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1.who/that 指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?2.whom/who/th
34、at 指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）。当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，关系代词可省略。Do you know the gentleman(whom/who/that)we met just now?当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；9 介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用 whom)。The man(whom/who/that)I spoke with is my teacher.The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如 loo
35、k for,take care of 等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。She is the right girl(who/whom/that)we are looking for.3.whose:指人或物，是所有格“的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose 不能省略。Whose+n.=the+n.+of which/whom=of which/whom+the=n.I didnt find the desk whose leg was broken.（主语）He is the student whose penc
36、il I broke yesterday.（动宾）The boss in whose company I work is very kind.（介宾）4.which/that 指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）。当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用 which)。The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.The pen(which/that)you found yesterday is
37、mine.The games(that/which)the young men competed in were difficult.The games in which the young men competed were difficult.注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用 whom，指物用 which)。5.as 指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于“the same as；such as；so as；as as；as follows”固定结构中，形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用 as 代替 who(m),which,或
38、 that 引导定语从句：Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest.Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.My hometown is no longer the same as it was.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.The child knows as much as grow-ups(know).Id like to have the same books as are used in your school.He is n
39、ot such a person as I expected.He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.注：which 和 as 可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which 和 as 都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当 as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数 Our team lost the game,as/which was reported in the newspaper.She was terrified,as/which I
40、could see from her eyes.He married her,as/which was natural.区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而 which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。He married her,as/which was natural.1 0 =As was natural,he married her.Mark Twin is a great writer,which/as is known to all.=As is known to all,Mark Twin is a great writer.a
41、s 引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而 which 则无此意。常用句型有：as we all know,as is known to all,as everybody can see,as is expected,As is known/said/reported/told/we all know 等。如：As we all know,paper was first made in China.To shut your eyes to facts,as many of you do,is foolish.主句和从句有因果关系时，用 which.Our class has won the f
42、ootball match,which made us very happy.Bamboos are hollow,which makes them very light.从句含否定意义时常用 which.She didnt pass the exam,which we couldnt expect.She didnt pass the exam,as we expected.6.when 关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的 when 还可用介词+which 替换（此时先行词一定是表时间的名词）。I still remember the time when I join
43、ed the League.I still remember the time on which I joined the League.I still remember the time(which/that)I joined the League on.7.where 关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的 when 还可用介词+which 替换（此时先行词一定是表地点的名词）。I still remember the school where I joined the League.I still remember the school in which I join
44、ed the League.I still remember the school(which/that)I joined the League in.注：对关系副词 when,where 的认识。.先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词 when 引导定语从句。Ill never forget the time(which/that)I spent in Beijing.先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词 where 引导定语从句。This is the factory(which/that)he visited yesterday.当句型为 It/This/That is(was)the
45、first(secondlast)time 引起的句子时用 that 连接其后的句子。此时的 time 是次数，不是时间。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.8.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为 reason,不能省略。且 why 引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why=for which I dont know the reason why he was late yesterday.The reason why
46、(for which)he was late is that he missed the bus.注：当先行词为 reason 时，关系副词并非都用 why。This is the reason(that/which)he gave/explained to us.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较：I will never forget the day(which/that)I spent in Hongkong.(spent 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)I will never forget the day
47、 when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.1 1 （从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）The reason（that/which）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isnt believable.(gave 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday isnt believable.（从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词）三.值得注意的几个
48、问题：第一.当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用 that 的情况。1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。This is the best film that has been shown this year.This is the first book(that)I borrow from the library.He is the first student that/who came to school today.2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。He talked about the teachers and the school(that)he
49、 had visited.3.当先行词本身是 all 的，用 that。(all that=what)All that(what)I want to say to you is“Thank you”.=All(what)I want to say to you is“Thank you”.Go over all that(what)we learned.=Go over all(what)we learned.（that 在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略）4.先行词为 something,anything,nothing,everything,thing 时，用 that.Ill tell you
50、 anything(that)I know.5.当先行词前有 all,much,little,many,(a)few,every,some,any,no,only,the very,one of,the only,the last,the next 等修饰语时。This is one of the books(that)Im very interesting in.This is one of the books in which Im very interesting.This is the only book(that)I read.He is the only one of the bo