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1、膜技术和环境保护中的水处理 Membrane technology and water treatment in environmental protection REN J ianxin1,ZHANGBaocheng2 (1.China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning Co.，No。9 West Road，Beitucheng Chaoyang District，Beijing 100029,China 2。Department of Chemical Engineering，Polytechnic of Turin,Corso Duca degli
2、 Abruzzi 24,Torino 10129,Italy）Abstract:The paper present s a general summary on the state of the water resource and membrane industry of China。Now the water pollution is becoming more grave，and the water resource is shorter and shorter in the earth。China has 660 cities,360 cities of them are short
3、of water.The situation in 110 cities is serious，and the situation in 40 cities is dangerous。It was predicted that the water could be a main cause of local conflict s and international wars。The water pollution in China is also very astonished.77%untreated wastewater is discharged,and 46。6%river is po
4、lluted。Membrane is a clean production technology,which could be used to improve the quality of drink water，treat the waste to reduce the pollution and save the water resource。China has a lot of researchers and research institute on membrane.The paper present s some data of Chinese membrane research
5、and manufacture。Key words:membrane water treatment environment protection CLC number:TQ028.8 Document code：A 1 Introduction Water is a main resource for our human being，but the problem of water is more serious than before.China is a developing country while it s economy goes forward rapidly。However，
6、along with the development of economy,the eco environmental problem is becoming worse and worse,such as shortage of resources,ecological damage，environmental pollution and etc。all these are bound to have fatal impacts on the improvement of our living standard and on the substantial development of ec
7、onomy.Now the central government is focusing on the development over the western part of China，in which the economic development and the environmental protection bear key importance.Membrane separation technology is an advanced technology that has been developing very quickly during the past several
8、 decades。In 1952,Reid introduced the idea to desalinate the seawater with RO for the first time.In 1960,Loeb and Sourirajin produced the first RO membrane with the potential practical application，which was a symbol of the birth of membrane science and technology。China has a 40year history of researc
9、h and development of membrane.In this period，RO，NF，UF,MF，electric dialysis，pervaporation membrane，liquid membrane,membrane reactor were developed，and have been put into application in the fields of energy,electronics，petroleum，petrochemical，pharmacy,heavy industry，light industry,food and brewery ind
10、ustry,peoples daily life and the environmental protection。Especially in the water treatment,the application of membrane technology turns wider and wider,and plays an increasingly important role.2 The state of water resource and water pollution in China In range of environmental problems，water proble
11、m is extremely severe。There are one third of people on the earth facing with how to solve the shortage of water and how to treat the wastewater.This number will be doubled in the next 30 years。It is forecast by some experts that water,rather than oil，is going to be the main cause of conflicts region
12、ally even globally。There are 660 cities in China.Among them，more than 360 are short of water and 110 are in urgent situation。Further more,40 cities are in the list of the cities that are ext remely short of water.It is estimated that the water shortage will be 40 billion tons annually,and that China
13、 will lack 60 billion tons water in 2030.Due to the water shortage，the product output decreases by 240 billion RMB yuan annually。The water quality in China was deteriorated over the past few years.The polluted river length increased every year。According to the statistical data in 1999,46。5 of rivers
14、 were polluted in 100 000 km monitored rivers,but the wastewater treated ratio was only 23%。1 Water pollution has become the obstacle of economic development and social progress。In Sanxia reservoir of Yangzi River,there are 21 counties discharging wastes into Yangzi River.The height of the float abo
15、ve water reaches 24 m，sometimes 6。5 m.It has directly affected the work of Ge Zhou Ba water power station.It causes frequent breakdown of Erjiang power station.The worst case happened was that once a time the float caused severe power plants breakdown with an electricity loss of 14 000 kW,equal to t
16、he capacity of a small power station。Water pollution not only becomes an impediment of the economic development，but also endangers the existence of the people.The water quality in Yangteng Lake drops to grade 3 from grade 2，which causes the water undrinkable.3 State of membrane industry China has a
17、lot of research unit s and researchers on membrane。The research on electric dialysis and ion exchange membrane began in 19582 。RO membrane began in 1965 and UF membrane in 1970s.The earliest prepared UF membrane,cellulose acetate UF membrane，was used in electric coat system in 1980s，after polysulfon
18、e hollow fiber UF membrane was manufactured.The researches and the development also went ahead rapidly on NF membrane,gas membrane,inorganic membrane,pervaporation membrane and liquid membrane。Although the membrane industry of China is not big,it grows up very quickly.According to the statistical da
19、ta in 1997,there were 13 big companies of membrane with the output over 1。2 million in China(Tab.1)。The output of solo membranewas 45 million，within which the imported value was 27 million.The industrial output relevant to membrane was estimated 0。17 billion and it will be 0.3 billion this year.The
20、imported membrane is about 70 sales in China.The output of locally manufactured membrane increased by 30 annually.In 1997，the global output value of membrane and it s relevant equipment was about 10 billion.It is estimated that the output value will be increased to 14 billion in 2000。The output of m
21、embrane industry of USA was$1。1 billion in 1997 and will reach 1.6 billion in 2001 with the annual growth rate of 8。0%.In 1997，the sales of membrane product s for water treatment was 0。97 billion in Europe.It is reckoned to be 1.65 billion in 2004 with the annual growth rate of 7。9%.According to the
22、se growth rates，China will catch up with USA and Europe in the coming years as shown in Fig。1。Tab。1 Chinese membrane companies with the output of over$1.2 million Fig.1 The output increases of membrane products in USA,Europe and China There are tens of research institutes in China，of which more than
23、 20 are on UF and MF membrane。Meanwhile,there are two research bases on membrane。One is the aqueous membrane research institute The Development Center of Water Treatment Technology,SOA Hangzhou China，and the other is the gas membrane research base National Engineering Research Center of Membrane Tec
24、hnology，Dalian，China.4 Application of membrane in water treatment The application of membrane in water treatment depends on it s effectiveness of separation and cost of process。As an advanced separation technology，it is endowed with many advantages:high selectivity，applicability under ambient temper
25、ature without phase change,low cost of energy,high level of automation,low pollution and etc.4。1 Desalination of seawater and black water RO is the most economical way for the desalination of seawater and black water.The energy consumption is less than 5 kW h/t for seawater or 0。53 kW h/t for black
26、water。The biggest plant of RO for seawater desalination can produce water 2。1 105m3/d,for black water is 1.3 105 m3/d.It seems that RO is the best method to solve the problem of drinking water and industrial water in the draught areas.It can be verified by the fact that most of the largest desalinat
27、ion plant s are located in Middle East as shown in tab。23 .4.2 Purification of drinking water Membrane is the best tool for the purification of drinking water because it can remove the suspended substance,bacteria，toxic metallic components and organic components to improve the water quality.90 of th
28、e city water is productive water，only 9 supplied water is the domestic water and only 1 is drinking water。To supply water separately for the resident zones is an effective way to improve the quality of drinking water。Supplying water separately is to treat the 1 supplied water with membrane for speci
29、al purpose。Separate supply system has been built in some resident zones of Beijing and Shenyang,which mainly use RO membrane.Tab.2 The largest five desalination plant s in the world The world total capacity of desalination in 1998 is 22 735 000 m3/d。4。3 Reuse of municipal domestic sewage City sewage
30、 is an important potential water resource.Recycled water for different purposes can be produced from the domestic sewage with membrane.It is an effective way to solve the shortage of water resource.There are 3 domestic sewage treatment factories in Beijing，and another 4 are under const ruction。In ad
31、dition，15 more are to be built。The sewage treat ratio will mount to 80 in 2006.Two million tons of the treated water will flow out from these wastewater treatment factories.After treated with membrane,the water can be reused for industrial purpose，green area and other fields。In this way，the municipa
32、l supplied water can be reduced,and the water resource can be fully utilized。If the membrane technology is applied in the deep treatment of the city sewage，more than one million tons of discharged wastewater will be reduced every day only in Beijing.At the same time，more than one million tons of the
33、 water resource can be saved。So it would retrench 0。36 billion tons of water per year。This method can reduce the water pollution，as well preserve the water resource。4。4 Treatment of industrial wastewater Industrial wastewater has many types in large quantity and it is very harmful.If the wastewater
34、can be treated，it would not only preserve the resource，but also protect the environment because the wastewater contains some deleterious substances such as oil，metallic ions，phenol and etc。The membrane technology bears splendid significance in the industrial wastewater treatment。In early 1970s,RO me
35、mbrane began to make the electric plating wastewater recycled Charged UF membrane turned the electro coating system in automatic company into clean producing line。The wastewater treatment with membrane recycled the wastewater in dyeing process UF membrane is a key technology for the reuse of oil was
36、tewater。5 Future of membrane application in water treatment The essence of membrane technology is a highly effective material.The material should provide high flux，high selectivity and so on.In the wastewater treatment，we often encounter hazardous condition。Under such kind of circumstances，organic m
37、embrane sometimes cannot meet the requirement。Consequently，more attention is paid to the inorganic membrane now that has fulfilled a considerable progress in these years with a rate of 30%。Currently China can produce tube ceramic membrane on industrial scale。With the decrease of water resource and t
38、he increase of water pollution,it is definitely that the membrane technology，the separation technology of the lowest energy cost,will realize a brilliant future。RO,NF，UF,MF，ion exchange，dialysis etc which are mainly used in water treatment will be the center of membrane technology。China is a country
39、 with a large population of nearly 1。3 billion people，which covers one fifth of the world population，but the water resource is only 1/20 of world.Therefore the water resource per capita is only 1/4 of that of the world.Membrane is an effective means to solve water problem.The advantage of membrane i
40、n water treatment is more and more obvious while it is application is wider and wider。The membrane industry of China marches rapidly at arate of 30 annually.However，the difference from the developed count ry is still big.The membrane output per capita is merely 1/32 of that of USA and 1/12 of that o
41、f the world。The membrane market in China is huge with a bright outlook。To enhance the application of membrane in water treatment,we should:Promote the application of membrane technology.Develop new fashion membrane.膜技术和环境保护中的水处理 任建新 1 张保成 2 （1.中国蓝星化学清洗总公司,中国北京朝阳区北土城西路号，100029 2.意大利都灵理工大学化工系,Corso Du
42、ca degli Abruzzi 24,Torino 10129，意大利）摘 要：这篇文章简单介绍了目前中国水资源和膜工业的现状。目前，世界水污染日益严重，水资源日益短缺。中国有 660 个城市，360 个城市缺水，110 个城市严重缺水，40 个城市极度缺水。有些专家预测，水资源将会成为许多地区冲突和国际战争的根源。中国的水污染十分严重，有 46。5%的河流受到了污染，77%的污水未经处理被直接排放。膜技术在水处理方面有着独特的优势。膜技术是一种可以用来提高人们饮用水质量、处理污水节约水资源的清洁技术。中国也有众多的膜研究人员和膜公司。这篇文章介绍了中国膜技术的研究和膜制造的一些数据。关键字
43、:膜技术/水处理/环境保护 1 简介 水是对人类最为重要的资源，水资源的各种问题也比以往严重的多.中国是经济飞速发展的发展中国家.但是随着经济的发展生态环境问题也日益严峻，例如资源短缺、生态破坏、环境污染等等，这一切对我们的生存水平的提高和经济的快速发展都有极大的束缚。现在政府致力的西部大开发，经济发展和环境保护同为重中之重。膜分离技术是一项新型技术，在被开发至今的几十年中发展非常快.1952年，Reid 第一次介绍了用反渗透技术淡化海水想的设想。1960 年,Loeb 和Sourirajin生产了第一个有实际应用可能的反渗透膜,这标志着膜科学与技术的诞生。中国对膜技术的研究和发展有40 年的
44、历史。其中反渗透、纳滤、超滤、微滤、电渗析、渗透汽化膜、液态膜、膜反应器等都有一定发展,并且在能源、电子、石油、石化、制药、重工业、轻工业、食品、酿酒业以及人们的日常生活、环境保护等领域都投入了使用.特别是在水处理方面，膜技术的应用面越来越广，发挥的作用越来越重要。2 中国水资源和水污染的现状 在众多的环境问题中，水的问题是最为严峻的。全球三分之一的人们都面临着水资源短缺或者废水处理的问题，而这个数字在未来30 年内将会翻倍.有专家预测，水将代替石油成为区域冲突乃至全球冲突的主要原因。中国有 660 个城市，其中 360 多个城市缺水，110 个处于紧缺状态，更有40 个城市位列极度缺水的城市
45、名单之中。据估算，中国每年的缺水量为400.00亿吨，到 2030 年，这个数字将会上升到 600.00 亿吨,而由于水资源的短缺，产品产值每年将会减少 2400 亿元人民币。在过去数年中，中国水资源的水质不断恶化,被污染的河长逐年提高.据1999 年统计数据，在监测的 100 万公里的河流中,46。5%受到污染，但废水处理率只有 23%。水污染已成为经济发展和社会进步的障碍.在长江三峡库区,21 个县区的废水排入长江,导致水面上升 24 米，有时甚至可以达到 6.5 米，这直接影响了葛洲坝水电站的工作，也导致了二江水电站的频繁故障。这种浮动造成的损失最为严重的一次是约为 14 000kW 的
46、电力损失,约等于一座小型发电站的发电量。水污染不仅是经济发展的障碍,也已经危机人们的生存。由于被污染，yangteng 湖的水质从 2 级降至 3 级，不不能用作饮用水水源。3 我国膜工业的发展 中国有许多关于膜技术研究机构和研究人员。关于电渗析和离子选择交换膜的研究始于 1958 年2，反渗透膜 1965 年，超滤膜的研究则始于 20 世纪70 年代。20 世纪 80 年代，在制造出双中空纤维超滤膜后，最早完成的超滤膜-醋酸纤维超滤膜被用于电气系统.关于纳滤膜、汽化膜，无机膜、渗透汽化膜和液态膜等的研究也有很大发展 虽然中国膜技术行业并不十分壮大,但其发展速度却非常之快.根据 1997 年的
47、统计数据,中国有 13 家大型膜生产公司的总产值超过 1 200 万美元（表 1）.膜单项出口量是四千五百万美元，其中进口价值两千七百万美元。膜相关工业出口量估计为 1。7 亿美元，而且今年将达到 3 亿美元。百分之七十的进口膜在中国内陆销售。国产膜出口量以每年百分之三十的速度增长。1997 年，全球关于膜技术及其相关设备的总产值约为 100 亿美元，据估计，到 2000 年将上升至 140 亿美元。1997 美国膜工业的产值为 11 亿美元，到 2001年，这一数字将会以 8。0的年增长率上升至 16 亿美元。1997 年，欧洲有关于水处理的膜产品的销售值为 9。7 亿美元，据估计到 200
48、4 年将会增长至 16.5亿美元,年增长率为 7。9%。如图 1 所示，根据以上增长速度，中国将在未来几年中赶上美国和欧洲。表 1 产值超过 120 万的中国膜、公司 图 1 美国、欧洲及中国膜产品的产值增长 中国有数十家关于膜技术的研究机构，其中有 20 多家致力于超滤膜和微滤膜的研究。同时，我们还有两个膜技术研究基地,一个是水膜研究学院-中国杭州 SOA 水处理技术开发中心，另一个是气膜研究基地中国大连膜技术国家工程研究中心。4 膜技术在水处理中的应用 膜技术在水处理中的应用决定于其分离效率和过程成本。作为一种先进的分离技术,拥有许多的优点：高选择性，适用环境温度下无相变，能耗低,自动化程
49、度高，低污染等。4.1 海水淡化和处理含细菌腐蚀产物的水 反渗透膜是淡化海水和处理含细菌腐蚀产物的水最为经济的方法，淡化海水的能源消耗小于 5kWh/t,处理含细菌腐蚀产物的水的能源消耗为0。53kWh/t。最大的应用反渗透膜急性水处理的公司每天的淡化海水量为2.1105m3/d，处理含细菌腐蚀产物的水量为 1。3105m3/d.反渗透似乎是解决干旱地区饮用水和工业用水在这个问题最好的方法。这是已经验证的事实,大多数最大坐落在中东的海水淡化工厂都可以达到这个标准，具体数据参照表2。3 4.2 净化饮用水 膜是净化饮用水最佳的工具，因为它能去除悬浮物质、细菌、有毒金属成分和有机成分，提高水的质量
50、。90的城市用水是生产用水，只有9%的供水是生活用水，只有 1的是饮用水。对居民区用水进行区分供应是提高居民饮用水质量的有效途径.区分供水是用利用膜技术对这1%的饮用水进行特殊处理,单独供应.这种居民用水分别供应的系统已经应用在北京和沈阳的一些居民区，主要应用的是反渗透膜。4。3 市政污水的回用 城市污水是一种重要的潜在的水资源.用膜把各种不同的回收水进行处理，用作生活用水。这是一种解决水资源短缺的有效方法。北京有已建的 3 座、4 座正在建造中生活污水处理工厂,而将要建设的有 15座.到 2006 年，污水处理的比例会提高到80%。这些废水处理工厂的处理量将达到 2 亿吨。水经过膜处理后，可