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1、 1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. typical tipikl adj. 典型的；特有的；象征性的grassland r:slnd n. 草原；牧草地dweller dwel n. 居民，居住者continent kntinnt n. 大陆，洲，陆地 antelope ntilup n. 羚羊；羚羊皮革 pronghorn prh:n n. 脊椎 叉角羚；糜鹿美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。2. Of the millions
2、 who saw Haleys comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. Haley heili: n. 哈利（人名）comet kmit n. 天 彗星 1986 年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally refl
3、ected in facial expressions. anthropologist ,nrpldist n. 人类学家；人 类学者 fear fi n. 害怕；恐惧；敬畏；担心 happiness hpinis n. 幸福 sadness sdnis n. 悲哀 surprise spraiz n. 惊奇，诧异 universally ,ju:niv:sli adv. 普遍地；人人；到处 reflect riflekt v. 反映；反射，照出；反省 facial feil adj. 面部的，表面的；脸的，面部 用 expression ikspren n. 表达，表示；表情；表 现力人类学
4、家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. irritating iriteiti adj. 刺激的；气人的；使愤怒的 v. 刺激（irritate 的 ing 形式） ；激怒 phenol fi:nl, fin- n. 石碳酸，有化 苯酚 antiseptic ,ntiseptik n. 防腐剂，抗菌剂 adj. 防腐的，抗菌的；
5、非常整洁的 discontinued ,diskntinju:d adj. 停止使用的；不连续的 v. 停止（discontinue 的过去分词） 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.existence izistns n. 存在，实在；生存，生活；存在物，实在物profit-m
6、aking prfit,meiki adj. 营利的；有利可图的 n. 营利；赚钱organization ,:naizein, -niz- n. 组织；机构；体制；团体in the long run 长远；终究 desirable dizairbl adj. 值得要的；令人满意的 n. 合意的人或事物 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and d
7、isposal of refuse. population ,ppjulein n. 人口；种群，群体；全体居民 locality luklti n. 所在；位置；地点transportation ,trnsptein, ,trnz-, ,tr:n- n. 运输；运输系统；运输工具disposal dispuzl n. 处理；支配；清理；安排 refuse rifju:z n. 垃圾；废物 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to
8、 employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure ones meaning. directly direktli, dai-, direkli adv. 直接地 effectively ifektivli adv. 有效地，生效地；有力地vague vei adj. 模糊的；含糊的；不明确的；暧昧的employ impli vt. 使用，采用；雇用；使忙于，使从事于 flowery flauri adj. 花的；华丽的；绚丽的；多花的 obscure bskju vt. 遮掩；使变暗；使难理解 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而
9、意义模糊的表达。8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. mechanized meknaizd adj. 机械化的 v. 使机械化（mechanize 的过去式和过去分词） personalize p:snlaiz vt. 使个性化 severe sivi adj. 严峻的；严厉的；剧烈的；苛刻的 interior intiri n. 内部；室内 adj. 内部的；国内的；本质
10、的 interior designer 室内设计师 随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切 感。9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken. libel laibl n. 诽谤罪；诋毁；毁坏名誉的东西；控诉书slander sl:nd n. 诽谤；中伤；谣言诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone me
11、ets the large bone of the lower leg. knee ni: n. 膝盖，膝 joint dint n. 关节；接合处，接合点；接缝thigh ai n. 大腿，股lower leg 小腿 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red. acids sidz
12、 n. 酸，酸类；有酸味的东西（acid 的复数） chemical kemikl n. 化学制品，化学药品;adj. 化学的 compound kmpaund, kmpaund n. 化学 化合物；混合物 water solution 水溶液，水煎液 sharp taste 辛辣味 corrosive krusiv adj. 腐蚀的；侵蚀性的 dye dai vt. 染；把染上颜色 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变 红。12. Billie Holidays reputation as a great jazz-blues singer
13、 rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs. reputation ,repjutein n. 名声，名誉；声望 rest rest vt. 把寄托于；依赖 emotional imunl adj. 情绪的；易激动的；感动人的 Billie Holidays 作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be realit
14、y. essentially isenli adv. 本质上；本来 abstract bstrkt, bstrkt adj. 抽象的；深奥的 symbolic simblik adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的 representation ,reprizentein n. 代表；表现；表示法；陈述 conceive knsi:v vt. 构思；持有；以为；怀孕 reality rilti, ri:- n. 现实；实际；真实 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。14. Long before children are able to speak or understand
15、a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. communicate kmju:nikeit v. 通讯，传达；沟通 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.irrigation ,iriein n. 灌溉abu
16、ndantly bndntli adv. 丰富地；大量地 cacti kktai cactus kkts 的复数形式 n. 仙人掌 sagebrush seidbr n. 植 蒿属植物（产于美国西部） 受当代灌溉(技术设施)之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them. timepiece taimpi:s n. 钟等各种计时器 spur
17、sp: v. 激励，鞭策 accurate kjurt adj. 精确的 sundial sndail n. 日晷，日规 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的(日晷 sundials)，以便校准机械计时器。17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others. anthropology ,nrpldi n. 人类学rigorous rirs a
18、dj. 严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的technique tekni:k n. 技巧，技术；手法 document dkjumnt vt. 用文件证明 observation ,bz:vein n. 观察；监视；观察报告 check tek v. 核对无误；证明无误 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来 的观测结果是供他人核查的。18. Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertil
19、ity, and decomposes animal debris.fungi fai n. 真菌；菌类；蘑菇（fungus 的复数）decay dikei n. 衰退，核 衰减；腐烂，腐朽ingredient inri:dint n. 原料；要素；组成部分soil sil n. 土地；土壤enhance inh:ns vt. 提高；加强；增加fertility ftiliti n. 多产；肥沃 decompose ,di:kmpuz vi. 分解；使腐烂 vt. 分解；腐烂 debris deibri: n. 碎片，残骸 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，
20、并分解动物粪便。19. When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time. strike straik (struck, struck) vi. 打，打击；敲，敲击 tune tju:n, tu:n n. 和谐；曲调；心情 v. 调谐；协调; 调整；为调音；使一致 tuning fork 声 音叉 pure pju adj. 纯的；纯粹的；纯洁的；清白的；纯理论的 tone tun n. 语气；色调；音调；音色 retain
21、ritein vt. 保持；雇；记住 pitch pit n.音高；程度；沥青 音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois. pecan pikn n. 美洲山核桃；美洲山核桃树 plentiful plentiful adj. 丰富的；许多的；丰饶的 Ohio uhaiu n. 俄亥俄州（美国一个州） Illinois
22、,ilini(z) n. 伊利诺斯州（美国州名） 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating. eliminate ilimineit vt. 消除；排除 transfer trnsf: vi. 转让；转学；换车 vt. 使转移；调任scapegoat skeiput vt. 使成为的替罪羊 n. 替罪羊，替人顶罪者；替身用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。22. Th
23、e chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil. chief ti:f adj. 首席的；主要的；主任的 climate klaimit n. 气候；风气；思潮；风土 一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an events occurring is equal to the probability th
24、at it will not occur. trial trail n. 试验；审讯；努力；磨炼 probability ,prbbilti n. 可能性；机率；数 概率 event ivent n. 事件，大事；项目；结果 occur k: vi. 发生；出现；存在 在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substances solid is higher than the density of its liquid. substance
25、 sbstns n. 物质；实质；资产；主旨 contract kntrkt, kntrkt vi. 收缩；感染；订约 vt. 感染；订约；使缩短 freeze fri:z vi. 冻结；冷冻；僵硬 vt. 使冻住；使结冰 density densti n. 密度 大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood. mechanism meknizm n. 机制；原理 brain brein n. 头脑，智力；脑袋 cell sel
26、n. 细胞 大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art. 到了二十一世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufact
27、uring center. 伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff. infirmary inf:mri n. 医务室；医院；养老院 institution ,institju:n n. 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共
28、机构；习俗 completely kmpli:tli adv. 完全地，彻底地；完整地 female fi:meil adj. 女性的staff st:f, stf n. 职员Elizabeth Blackwell，美国第一个女医生，创建了员工一直为女性的纽约诊所。29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone. deaf def adj. 聋的 inve
29、ntor invent n. 发明家；专利 发明人；创造者 Alexander Graham Bell 曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance. rosemary ruzmri, -mri n. 植 迷迭香 remembrance rimembrns n. 回想，回忆；纪念品；记忆力 采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系
30、在一起。31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact. apparently prntli adv. 显然地；似乎，表面上 rigid ridid adj. 严格的；僵硬的，死板的；坚硬的；精确的 elasticity ,elstisti n. 弹性；弹力；灵活性withstand wistnd, wi- vt. 抵挡；禁得起；反抗 vi. 反抗impact impkt, impkt n.
31、 影响；效果；碰撞；冲击力 骨头看起来是脆硬的，但它也有一定的弹性，使得骨骼能够承受相当的打击。32. That xenon could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists. xenon zenn, zi:- n. 化学 氙（稀有气体元素） 科学家曾相信：氙气是不能形成化合物的。33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to
32、minimize damage and avoid loss of life. dynamic dainmik n. 动态；动力 dynamics dainmiks n. 动力学，力学 对风暴动力学的研究是为了提高风暴预测从而减少损失，避免人员伤亡。34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed. elimination i,liminei
33、n n. 消除；淘汰；除去 inflation inflein n. 膨胀；通货膨胀；夸张；自命不凡 repay ri:pei v. 偿还；报答；报复，回报 loan lun n. 贷款；借款 消除通货膨胀应确保还贷的钱应与所贷款的价值相同。35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion. futurism fju:tr
34、izm n. 未来主义；未来派 movement mu:vmnt n. 运动；活动；运转；乐章 reject ridekt vt. 拒绝；排斥；抵制；丢弃glorify l:rifai vt. 赞美；美化；崇拜（神） ；使更壮丽contemporary kntemprri n. 同时代的人；同时期的东西 adj. 当代的；同时代的；属于同一时期的 emphasize emfsaiz vt. 强调，着重 motion mun n. 动作 未来主义，二十世纪早期的一个艺术思潮。拒绝一切传统，试图通过强调机械和动态来美化生活。36. One of the wildest and most inacc
35、essible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected. inaccessible ,inksesbl adj. 难达到的；难接近的；难见到的everglade evleid n. 湿地；沼泽草地abundant bndnt adj. 丰富的；充裕的；盛产 wildlife waildlaif n. 野生动植物 Everglades 是美国境内最为荒凉和人迹罕至的地区之一，此处有大量的野生动植物而且大多受(法律)保 护。37. Lucretia M
36、otts influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States. significant signifiknt adj. 重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的 credit kredit vt. 相信，信任；把归给，归功于；赞颂 authority :rti n. 权威；权力；当局 originator ridneit, -n- n. 发起人；起源；起因 feminism femini
37、zm n. 女权主义；女权运动；男女平等主义 Lucretia Motts 的影响巨大，所以一些权威部门认定她为美国女权运动的创始人。38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer. broad br:d adj. 宽的，辽阔的；显著的；大概的 domestic dumestik adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的；一心只管家务的marketer m:kit n. 贸易 市场商人；市场营销人员国际
38、市场研究者的活动范围常常较国内市场研究者广阔。39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific. continental ,kntinentl adj. 大陆的；大陆性的 imaginary imdinri adj. 虚构的，假想的；想像的；虚数的 flow into (河流等)流入，汇入 大陆
39、分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.gravity rviti n. 重力，地心引力；严重性；庄严crust krst n. 外壳；面包皮；坚硬外皮 mantle mntl n. 地幔；斗篷；覆盖物 yield ji:ld n. 产量；收益 v. 屈服；出产；放弃；投降 对地球引力的研究表明，在不寻常的负荷之
40、下地壳和地幔会发生位移。41. The annual worth of Utahs manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.Utah ju:t: n. 美国犹他州annual njul adj. 年度的；每年的 n. 年刊，年鉴；一年生植物 mining maini n. 矿业；采矿farming f:mi n. 农业，耕作combine kmbain vt. 使化合；使联合，使结合 vi. 联合，结合；化合 尤它州制造业的年产值大于其工业和农业的总和。42. The wallflower is
41、 so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support. wallflower w:l,flau n. 壁花（舞会中没有舞伴而坐着看的人） ；桂竹香 weak wi:k adj. 经 疲软的；虚弱的；无力的；不牢固的 stem stem n. 干；茎；船首；血统 stony stuni adj. 无情的；多石的；石头的 cliff klif n. 悬崖；绝壁 墙花之所以叫墙花，是因为其脆弱的枝干经常要靠墙壁或顺石崖生长，以便有所依附。43. It is the intera
42、ction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology. interaction ,intrkn n. 相互作用；数 交互作用 rather than 而不是；宁可也不愿 psychology psaikldi n. 心理学；心理状态 社会心理学的主要焦点是人与人之间的交往，而不是他们各自生活中的事件。44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams enthusiasm
43、more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States. crusade kru:seid n. 改革运动；十字军东侵 vi. 加入十字军；从事改革运动 enthusiasm inju:zizm n. 热心，热忱，热情 facility fsiliti n. 设施；设备；容易；灵巧 expansion ikspnn n. 膨胀；阐述；扩张物immigrant imirnt n. 移民，侨民给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了 Elizabeth Williams
44、 的热情。45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places. quail kweil vi. 畏缩，胆怯；感到恐惧 n. 鹌鹑 wing wi n. 翼；翅膀；飞翔；派别 instantly instntli adv. 立即地；马上地；即刻地 典型的鹌鹑都长有短而圆的翅膀，凭此他们可以在受惊时一跃而起，飞离它们的躲藏地。46. According to anthropol
45、ogists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows. ancestor nsest n. 始祖，祖先；被继承人 upright prait, ,pr- adj. 正直的，诚实的；垂直的，直立的 resemble rizembl vt. 类似，像 chimpanzee ,timpnzi: n. 脊椎 黑猩猩 facially feiili adv. 从脸部 sloping slu
46、pi adj. 倾斜的；有坡度的；成斜坡的 forehead frid n. 额，前额 protrude prutru:d vt. 使突出，使伸出 vi. 突出，伸出 brow brau n. 眉，眉毛；额；表情 根据人类学家的说法，直立行走的人的鼻祖面部轮廓与黑猩猩相似，额头后倾，眉毛突出。47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid. transatlantic ,trnztlntik adj. 大西洋彼岸的，横渡大西洋的；美国的 直到 1866 年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology. spiritual spiritjul, -tul n. 圣歌（尤指美国南部黑人的）adj. 精神的，心灵的 barrenness brnnis n. 不孕症；不育症；荒芜 society ssaiti n. 社会