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1、Unit 20 Understanding the GPS(认识 GPS)What Is GPS?(什么是 GPS)Theglobal PositioningSystem(GPS)operatedby theU.S.Department OF Defense(DOD)is a satellite-basedsystem thatcanbe used tolocatepositionsanywhereontheearth.(全球定位系统(GPS),由美国国防部【Department OF Defense】管理【operated运转、操作】,是一个基于人造卫星的系统,可以用来在全球任何地方定位)G
2、PSprovides continuous(24hours/day),real-time,3-dimensionalpositioning,navigationandtimingworldwide.(GPS提供全世界范围内的全天候,实时,三维坐标,导航和授时的功能。)Any person witha GPS receiver can access the system,and it can beusedfor anyapplicationthatrequireslocationcoordinates.(任何拥有一台 GPS接收机的人都可以使用【access】这套系统,可以应用于任何需要位置坐标
3、的工作中【be used for 用来做】)The GPS systemconsists of threesegments:the space segment:the GPS satellitesthemselves,thecontrolsegment,operatedby theU.S.military,and theuser segment,whichincludes both military andcivilian users andtheirGPSequipments.(GPS由【consistof 由组成】三个部分【segment 部分、节】组成:太空部分:GPS卫星自己,地面控制
4、部分,由美国军方【military 原意军方的,这里词性转变了军方 n.】控制,用户【user】部分,包括军方和民用【civilian 民用;civil 民用的civil engineering】用户和他们的装备。)Space Segment:The GPS Constellation(太空部分:GPS 星座【或 GPS 星群】)Thefirst GPSsatellitewaslaunched by theU.S.AirForce inearly 1978.(第一颗 GPS卫星由美国空军【AirForce】在 1978年的早些时候发射的)Therearenow24 satellitesorbi
5、ting theearthatanaltitude of about10,900miles.(现在有24 颗卫星在绕地球大约 10900 英里的高度运行)The high altitudeinsuresthat thesatelliteorbitsare stable,preciseand predictable,andthatthe satellitesmotionthroughspaceis notaffectedby atmosphericdrag.(这么高的高度确保了卫星轨道是稳定、精确和可知的【predictable可预言的、可预知的】,并且确保了卫星穿过太空的运行不受到大气阻力【a
6、tmosphericdrag】的影响)There are foursatellitesin eachof 6 orbitalplanes.(6 个轨道平面【orbitalplane】中每个有 4 颗卫星。)Eachplaneis inclined55 degreesrelativeto the equator,whichmeansthatsatellitescrossthe equatortilted at a 55 degreesangle.(每个平面相对于【relativeto】赤道面倾斜【incline】55 度,这就意味着这些卫星以55 度角穿过赤道)The systemisdesig
7、nedto maintainfull operationalcapabilityeveniftwoofthe24satellitesfail.(这套系统被设计成即使 24 颗卫星的 2 颗故障也能维持【maintain】全工作能力【operationalcapability】)These24 satellitesmakeup a fullGPS constellation.(这 24 颗卫星组成了一个完整的GPS 星座)The GPS satellitesare poweredprimarilyby sun-seekingsolarpanels,with nicadbatteriesprovi
8、dingsecondarypower.(GPS 卫星主要由太阳定向【sun-seeking】太阳能电池板【solarpanels】提供动力【power 供以动力】,镍镉蓄电池【nicadbatteries】提供备用【secondary第二的、副的】动力)EachGPS satellitehasfouratomicclockson board,only one of whichis in useat a time.Thesehighlyaccurateatomic clocksenable GPS to providethemost accuratetimingsystemthatexists.
9、(每一个 GPS 卫星有四个原子钟【onboard在船上,这里就是在卫星上的意思】,某一时刻只有一台在使用。这些高精度原子钟能够使 GPS 提供最准确的时间系统【thatexist 持续、存在】)Control Segment:U.S.DOD Monitoring(控制部分:美国国防部监控)The U.S.DepartmentOf Defense maintainsa mastercontrolstation at FalconAirForceBasein ColoradoSprings.(美国国防部维持【maintain】了一个主控站,在科罗拉多斯普林斯【Springs】的佛肯【Falcon
10、猎鹰】空军基地)There arefourothermonitorstations locatedin Hawaii,AscensionIsland,Diego GarciaandKwajalein.(还有 4 个监控站座落在夏威夷、阿松森岛【大西洋】、迭哥加西亚岛【印度洋】、卡瓦加兰岛【北太平洋】)The DOD stations measure the satelliteorbitsprecisely.(DOD 站【指 5 个监控站】精确测量卫星轨道)Anydiscrepanciesbetween predictedorbitsandactualorbitsaretransmittedba
11、cktothesatellites.(任何预报轨道和实际轨道之间的偏差【discrepancy差异】被传回卫星。)The satellites canthenbroadcastthesecorrections,alongwith theother positionandtimingdata,so that a GPSreceiver on the earth can preciselyestablishthe locationofeachsatelliteit is tracking.(然后卫星可以广播这些改正值连同【along with 连同一起】位置和时间数据一起,以便地球上的 GPS接收
12、机可以精确确定它所跟踪【track】的每个卫星的位置)User Segment:Military and Civilian GPS Users(用户部分:军方和民用 GPS 用户)The U.S.militaryuses GPSfornavigation,reconnaissance,andmissile guidancesystems.(美国军方把 GPS用在导航、侦察和导弹制导【missileguidance】系统上)CivilianuseofGPS developed at the same time as militaryuseswerebeing established,andhas
13、 expandedfar beyondoriginal expectations.(GPS的民用在军用建立起之时就发展起来了,并且已经发展的远远超过起初的期望)There are civilianapplicationsfor GPS in almostevery field,from surveyingtotransportationto natural resourcemanagementto agriculture.(GPS的民用用途几乎用在每个领域,从测量到交通到自然资源管理到农业)Most civilianusesofGPS,however,fallintooneofthree ca
14、tegories:navigation,positioningandtiming.(然而,GPS的大部分民用用途,分为【fallinto】三种类型【category】:导航、定位和授时。)How Does GPS Work?(GPS 如何工作)AGPS receivercalculatesitspositionby atechniquecalledsatelliteranging,whichinvolvesmeasuringthe distancebetweenthe GPS receiverandthe GPS satellitesitistracking.(GPS接收机利用一项被称为卫星测
15、距【satelliteranging】的技术,计算它自己的位置,涉及到GPS接收机到它所跟踪的 GPS卫星的距离测量)The range(therangeareceivercalculatesis actuallyapseudorange,or an estimateofrangeratherthana truerange)ordistanceis measuredas elapsedtransittime.(距离(接收机测的距离实际上是伪距,或者说是距离估值,而不是真实距离)是用传播时间来测的【elapse流逝 v.】【本句意思是 距离是用测时间的方法得到的】)The positionof
16、eachsatelliteis known,andthesatellitestransmittheirpositionsas partofthe“messages”theysend viaradiowaves.(每个卫星的位置已知,并且卫星将它们的位置作为它们用无线电波发出的“讯文【导航电文】”的一部分传送【transmit】出去)The GPS receiveronthegroundis theunknownpoint,andmustcomputeitspositionbasedon theinformationitreceivesfrom thesatellites.(地面 GPS接收机是
17、未知点,必需基于它从卫星收到的这些信息计算它的位置。)The firststepinmeasuringthedistancebetweentheGPS receiveranda satelliterequiresmeasuringthetimeittakesfor thesignalto travelfrom thesatelliteto thereceiver.(测量GPS接收机和卫星的第一步,要求【require】测出【它把信号来传播】从卫星到接收机的信号【signal】传播时间。)Oncethe receiverknowshowmuchtimehas elapsed,the travel
18、timeofthe signalmultipliesthe speed of light(becausethe satellitesignalstravelatthe speed of light,approximately186,000milespersecond)tocomputethedistance.(一旦接收机知道用【elapse流逝】了多少时间,用信号的传播时间乘【multiply】上光速(因为卫星信号以光速传播,大约【approximately】186,000英里每秒)来计算距离。)Distancemeasurementstofoursatellitesarerequiredto
19、computea 3-dimensional(latitude,longitudeandaltitude)position.(计算一个三维(纬度、精度和高程)位置需要【berequiredto被需要】4 颗卫星的距离值)Inordertomeasurethetraveltimeofthesatellitesignal,thereceiverhastoknowwhenthesignalleftthesatelliteandwhenthesignalreachedthereceiver.(为了测出卫星信号的传播时间,接收机需要知道信号是什么时候离开卫星的和什么时候到达接收机的)Knowingwhe
20、nthesignalreachesthereceiveriseasy,theGPSreceiverjust“checks”itsinternalclockwhenthesignalarrivestoseewhattimeitis.(确定信号到达接收机的时间容易,GPS接收机只需在信号到达时“检查”自己内置的钟,看看是什么时间)Buthowdoesit“know”whenthesignalleftthesatellite?(但是怎样“知道”信号何时离开卫星的呢?)AllGPS receiversaresynchronizedwiththesatellitesso theygeneratethes
21、amedigitalcodeatthesametime.(所有 GPS接收机与卫星是同步的【synchronize同步 v.】,因此它们在同一时间产生同样的信号码)WhentheGPS receiverreceivesacodefromasatellite,itcanlookbackinitsmemorybankand“remember”whenitemittedthesamecode.(当 GPS接收机收到一个从卫星来的码时,它可以在它的内存条【memorybank】中回忆【回溯】并“记起”它发出【emit因为接收机不向卫星发射信号,因此这里应翻译为产生】的相同码)Thislittle“tr
22、ick”allowstheGPSreceivertodeterminewhenthesignalleftthesatellite.(这个小小的“技巧”【trick窍门、恶作剧、诡计】使得 GPS接收机能够确定信号是何时离开卫星的)Oncethereceiverhasthedistancemeasurements,itsbasicallya problemofgeometry.(一旦接收机测出了距离,基本上【basically】就只有几何上的问题了)Ifit“knows”wherethefoursatellitesare,andhowfaritisfromeachsatellite,itcanc
23、omputeitslocationthroughtrilateration.Heresan illustrationofhowitworks.(如果知道了 4 颗卫星的位置,距每颗卫星的距离【it指接收机而不是卫星】,就可以通过三边测量来计算它的位置。这里有个例子【illustration例子】说明它如何工作的)TheGPSreceiver“lockson”toonesatelliteandcalculatestherangetobe 12,000miles.(GPS接收机“锁定”一颗卫星并计算出距离为 12,000英里)Thisfacthelpsnarrowthereceiverlocati
24、ondown,butitonlytellsus thatwe aresomewhereon a spherewhichiscenteredon thesatelliteandhasa 12,000mileradius.(这把接收机的位置限定【narrow使变窄,这里就是限制的意思】下来,但是它只能告诉我们在一个以这个卫星为中心,半径12,000英里的球面上)Manyofthelocationson thatspherearenoton earth,butoutinspace.(这个球面的许多位置不在地球上,而在太空中)Now,considerthatthereceiverpicksup a s
25、ignalfroma secondsatelliteandcalculatestherangebetweenthereceiverandthesatellitetobe 10,000miles.(现在,考虑这个接收机从第二颗卫星获得【pickup】一个信号,计算出接收机到这颗卫星的距离是 10,000英里)Thatmeanswe arealsosomewhereon a spherewitha 10,000mileradiuswiththesecondsatelliteatthecenter.(这就意味着我们也在一个以第二颗卫星为中心、半径 10,000英里的球面上的某处【somewhere】
26、)We must,therefore,besomewherewherethesetwospheresintersect.(因此,我们肯定在这两个球面相交【intersect】的某处。)Whenthetwospheres intersect,a circle is formed,so wemustbe somewhere onthatcircle.(当这两个球面相交时,一个圆圈形成了,因此我们肯定在这个圆圈的某处)If the receiver picks upanothersatellite,saysat 11,000miles away,anothersphere isformed,andt
27、hereareonlytwopoints wherethethreespheres intersect.(如果接收机“拾取”了另一个卫星,比方说【say 比方说、假定】11,000英里以外,另一个球面形成了,三个球面相交只有两个交点)Usuallythereceiver can discardone of thelast twopoints because it is nowhereneartheearth.(通常接收机可以丢弃【discard】最后这两点中的一个点,因为它离地球差的远【nowhere near】)So,wereleftwithonepoint whichis thelocat
28、ion of theGPSreceiver.Inpractice,a fourthmeasurement is neededtocorrectfor clockerror.(这样我们留下一个点,它是 GPS接收机的位置。在实际当中,需要第四个观测值来修正时间误差【不能翻译成钟误差,因为钟误差中文上是指卫星和接收机的钟的误差】)Uuit21 Understanding the GPS(II II)认识 GPS(GPS(II II II)GPS Error Sources(GPS 误差来源)Thereare many sources ofpossibleerrorsthat willdegrade
29、the accuracy ofpositioncomputed by a GPSreceiver.(有许多或然误差【possibleerror】来源,这种误差会降低【degrade】GPS接收机计算的位置的准确度)【that从句修饰 errors】Thetraveltimeof GPSsatellitesignals canbe altered by atmospheric effects;whena GPSsignal passes throughthe ionosphere andtroposphereit is refracted,causingthe speed ofthesignal
30、 tobe differentfrom thespeed of a GPSsignal in space.(GPS卫星信号的传播时间会因大气影响而改变【alter】;当 GPS信号穿过电离层【ionosphere】和对流层【troposphere】时会发生折射【refract】,因为信号速度与在太空中信号的速度不同。)SunspotactivityalsocausesinterferencewithGPSsignals.(太阳黑子活动也对 GPS信号产生干扰【interference干涉、干扰】)Anothersourceof errorismeasurementnoise,or distor
31、tionof thesignalcausedbyelectricalinterferenceorerrorsinherentintheGPSreceiveritself.(另一个误差源是测量噪声,或者是由于电干扰【electricalinterference】或 GPS接收机自己固有的误差引起的信号失真【distortion】)【即,电干扰和接收机固有误差 都是失真原因】Errorsintheephemerisdata(theinformationaboutsatelliteorbits)willalsocauseerrorsin computedpositions,becausethesat
32、elliteswerentreallywheretheGPS receiver“thought”theywere(basedon theinformationitreceived)whenitcomputedthepositions.(星历数据(关于卫星轨道的信息)误差也会引起位置的误差,因为当计算位置时,卫星不真正地在接收机“认为”它们在的地方(基于它接受的信息所知道)Smallvariationsintheatomicclocks(clockdrift)on boardthesatellitescantranslatetolargepositionerrors;a clockerrorof
33、1nanosecondtranslatesto1footor0.3metersusererroron theground.(卫星原子钟内的很小的变化【variation变奏、变化】(钟漂【drift漂流;应该是钟偏 clockoffset】)能转化成很大的位置误差;一纳秒【nanosecond】的钟差能造成 1 英尺或 0.3米的地面用户误差)Multipatheffectsarisewhensignalstransmittedfromthesatellitesbounceoffa reflectivesurfacebeforegettingtothereceiverantenna.(当从卫星
34、发射的信号在到达接收机天线【antenna天线】之前,被一个反射面【reflectivesurface】反射【bounceoff】时,多路径效应【Multipatheffect】出现了【arise】)Whenthishappens,thereceivergetsthesignalinstraightlinepathaswellasdelayedpath(multiplepaths).Theeffectissimilartoa ghostordoubleimageon a TV set.(当这种情况发生时,接收机接收直线路径来的信号,也【aswellas】接收延迟路线(多路径)来的信号。其效果与
35、电视的重影【ghost】或重像类似)How to Reduce GPS Errors(如何减小 GPS 的误差)Youveprobablyheard peopletalkabout getting2to 5metersaccuracywithaGPSreceiver,oreven centimeterormillimeteraccuracy.(你可能听说过有人说 GPS接收机可以达到 2 到 5 米的准确度,甚至是厘米或毫米级精度)Is there a way to canceloutthe errorsandget satisfiedaccuracy?(有方法低偿【cancelout】误差并
36、获得满意的精度吗?)The answer is yes,but thelevelof accuracydepends onthetype of equipmentyouareusing.(回答是肯定的,但是准确度的级别依赖于你使用的装备的类型)The followingdiscussiondescribesatechniqueused to achieve2to 5metersaccuracyusingmapping(resource)gradereceivers.(下面的讨论描述了一种用于绘图(资源)级【grade】接收机的技术,能够获得 2 到 5 米的准确度)Somemappinggra
37、dereceiversare even capableof sub-meteraccuracy,but the increasedaccuracycomesat a price.(一些绘图级的接收机甚至能够达亚米级精度,但是精度的提高是以很高代价带来的【at a price以很高代价 adv.】Survey gradereceiversare themostaccurate,capableof centimeteror even millimeteraccuracy,dependingonthe equipment,but they use moreadvancedtechniquesto a
38、chievethislevelof accuracyand,naturally,are moreexpensive.(测地级接收机最精确,凭【dependon】装备能够达到厘米甚至是毫米级精度,但是它们是使用更先进的技术才得到这样的精度水平,自然地,就更昂贵。)Recreationalgradereceiversusuallycan receivereal-timedifferentialcorrections,but theycannotstorea filethatcan be differentiallycorrectedusingpost-processingmethods.(休闲【R
39、ecreational娱乐的、休闲的】级的接收机通常可以接收实时差分改正,但是它们不能存储文件,【that从句修饰 file】以便可以用后处理【post-processing后处理】方法差分【differentially】改正。)Differential Correction(差分改正)Differentialcorrectionis a methodusedto reduce the effects of selectiveavailable(SA)andothersourcesof GPS positioningerror(differentialcorrectioncannot corr
40、ect formultipathor receivererror;it counteractsonlytheerrors thatare commonto bothreferenceand rovingreceivers).(差分改正是一种用来减小 选择可用性政策(SA)影响和其它 GPS定位误差源 的方法(差分改正不能修正多路径效应或接收机误差;它只能抵消【counteract 抵消】基准接收机【referencereceiver】和流动接收机【rovingreceiver】所共有的误差)It requires,in additionto your“roving”GPSreceiver,a
41、GPSreceiver on the groundin aknown locationtoactas a static referencepoint.(这需要除了【inadditionto除之外】你的“流动”GPS接收机之外 一个 GPS接收机在地面上一个已知的位置担当【actas】静态【static】参考点)【如果要直译的话,可以两边加破折号把中间的句子夹起来】Thistype of setupis oftencalled a GPSbasestation.Since the basestation“knows”whereit is,it can computetheerrors in it
42、s positioncalculations(in reality,it computestimingerrors)and applythem to any numberof rovingreceiversin the same general area.(这种设备经常被称为GPS基准站。由于基准站“知道”在哪儿,它就可以计算它自己的位置误差(实际上,它是计算 定时误差【timing error】),并将它们应用于【applyto将应用于】许多【any numberof 许多】同一区域的流动接收机)Thisrequiresthat the baseand rover receivers“see
43、”the same set of satellitesat the sametime.(这需要基准接收机和流动接收机同时“看到”【锁定】相同一批卫星)The base station,dependingupon how it is configured,can correctrovingGPS receiverdata inone(or both)of twoways.(基准站,依照如何配置【configure】,可以用两种中的一种方法(或同时用两种)对 GPS流动接收机的数据进行修正)inthefirstmethod,calledreal-timedifferentialcorrection
44、orreal-timedifferentialGPS(DGPS),thebasestationtransmits(usuallyviaradiolink)errorcorrectionmessagestootherGPSreceiversinthelocalarea.(第一种方法,称为实时差分改正或实时差分 GPS(DGPS),基准站发射(通常经由【via经由、通过】无线电联系)误差改正信息到其它当地的 GPS接收机)Inthiscase,thepositionsyoureadon yourGPSreceiverwhileyouareoutcollectingdataarethecorrect
45、edpositions.(这样,当你外出收集数据时在你的 GPS接收机上读出的位置就是改正后的位置。)thesecondmethod,calledpost-processeddifferentialcorrection,isperformedon acomputeraftertherovingreceiverdataarecollected.(第二种方法,称为后处理差分改正,在流动站数据收集完后经由计算机完成的【perform执行、完成】)Whileyouareoutinthefieldcollectingdata,thepositionsyoureadon yourrovingGPSrece
46、iverareuncorrected.(当你在野外收集数据时,你在 GPS流动接收机上读出的位置是未经修正的【uncorrected】)Itisnotuntilyoutaketheroverfilesbacktotheofficeandprocessthemusingdifferentialcorrectionsoftwareanddatafromthebasestationfile,thatyougetcorrectedpositions.(直到你把流动站文件带回办公室并利用差分改正软件和基准站的文件数据进行处理,你才能得到改后位置)Thebasestationfilecontainsinf
47、ormationaboutthetimingerrors.(基准站文件包括同步误差信息)Thisinformationallowsthedifferentialcorrectionsoftwaretoapplyerrorcorrectionstotherovingreceiverfileduringprocessing.(这种信息可以在处理时使差分改正软件把误差改正施于流动接收机文件上。)【applyto 把施于】Sincethe base and rover receivershave to“see”the sameset of satellitesatthe sametime,the ba
48、se filehas tostartbeforethe rover filestarts,andend after the rover fileends(a basestationis normallyset up to track allsatellitesinview,insuringthat it will“see”at leastthe four satellitesthat the rovingreceiveris usingtocompute positions).(由于基准站接收机和流动站接收机必需同时“看到”同一组卫星,基准站文件必需开始于流动站文件之前,结束于流动站文件之后(
49、基准站通常设置为跟踪所有视野内的卫星,以保证至少“看到”流动站接收机用来计算位置的 4 颗卫星)Post-processeddifferentialcorrection,then,requiresboth base and rover receiversthat arecapableof collectingandstoringfiles.(后处理差分改正,要求基准站接收机和流动接收机都能收集和存储文件。)Most recreationalgrade receiverscannot collectand store filesthat canbedifferentiallycorrected.
50、(多数休闲级接收机不能收集和存储可以用来差分改正的文件)HowAccurate Is GPS?(GPS 准确度如何?)The accuracy that can be achievedusingGPSdependson the type of equipmentused,thetime of observation,thepositionsof thesatellitesbeingusedto compute positions,themodeland the software you used.(使用 GPS可以达到的准确度依赖于使用装置的类型、观测时间、用来计算位置的卫星的位置、你所使用的