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1、错误！未指定书签 高中语法总复习结构图 一、名词 I.名词的种类：专有名词 普通名词 国名、地名、人名、,体、机构名称 可数名词 不口数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 ii.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days 2 以s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f
2、和-fe 为v再加-es leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs 4 以辅首字母加y结尾的名词，变 y为i加-es party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities 5 以兀音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y结尾 的，加-s toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Hen
3、rys 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾 的名词 TO口-es hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos 7 以兀音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s J radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths,mouth-mout
4、hs,month-months,path-paths,2、不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规则 例词 1 女变名词中的兀音字母或其他形式 man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice 2 聿复数相同 sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species li,yuan,jin,3 只有复数形式 ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people,polic
5、e,cattle,staff 5 郭分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以 作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party 6 卜数形式表示特别含义 customs（海关），forces（军 队），times（时代）,spirits（情 绪）,drinks（饮料）,sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸）,manners（礼貌）,looks（外表），brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜），ruins（废墟）7“某S人
6、”加-s Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans,复数同形 Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese 以-man 或-woman结尾的改 为-men,-women Englishmen,Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 卜主体名词变为复数 _ sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends 无主体名词时将取后郃 分变为复数 grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches 上两部分变为复数 women sing
7、ers,men servants III.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加 s构成，二是由介词 of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1.s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾力口 s the boy s father,Jack s book,her son-in-law s photo,复数名词 the teachers room,the twins mother,般在末尾加 不规则复数名词后加s the children s toys,women s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者 Dickens no
8、vels,Charles s job,the Smiths house 表示各自的所有美系时，各名词末尾均须加s Japan s and America s problems,Jane s and Mary s bikes 表示共有的所有美系时在最舟-词末加 s Japan and America s problems,Jane and Mary s father 至示U某人家u U店铺，所有格后名词省略 the doctor s,the barber s,the tailor s,my uncle s 2.s所有格的用法:1 表小时间 today s newspaper,five weeks
9、 holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earth s atmosphere,the tree s branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country s plan,the world s population,China s industry 4 表示工作群体 the ship s crew,majority s view,the team s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile s journey,five dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life s time,the play s plot
10、7 某些固定词组 a bird s eye view,a stone s throw,at one s wit s end（不知 所措）3.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair,the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二、冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a,an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1 指,类人或事，相当于 a kind of A
11、plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表小 窜-相当于 every,one We study eight hours a day.4 W/K 相同相the same We are nearly of an age.5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人 有类似性质的人或事 A Mr.Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6 用于固定词组中 A couple of,a bit,o
12、nce upon a time,in a hurry,have a walk,many a time 7 用丁 quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后 This room is rather a big one.8 用丁 so(as,too,how)+形谷词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法:1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.2 用于世上独 f 二的事物名词前 the universe,the moon,the Pacific Oce
13、an 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door?4 用于乐器前面 play the violin,play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach,the living,the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens,the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词、八 刖 the United States,the Communis
14、t Party of China,the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990 s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词 组前 He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法:1 专启名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词 Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air 刖 2 名 词前后 t
15、his,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制 I want this book,not that one./Whose purse is this?3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日二餐前 March,Sunday,National Day,spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 一 He likes playing football/chess.6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train,by air,by land 7 以and连接的两个相
16、对的名词并用时 husband and wife,knife and fork,day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.三、代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类:1 人称代 词 主格 I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they 宾格 me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them 2 物主代 词 陟容词性 my,your,his,her,its,our,their 名词性 mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs 3 豆身代词 myself,yourself,himself,he
17、rself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves 4 旨示代词 this,that,these,those,such,some 5 里问代词 who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever 6 关系代词 that,which,who,whom,whose,as 7 不定代词 one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/a little,other/another,all/both,neither/either II.不定代词
18、用法注意点:1.one,some 与 any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为 ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks?No,I don t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2)some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3)some和any修饰
19、可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.4)some 和数词连用表示“大约”，any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2.each 和 every:each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而 every 强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a
20、pocket dictionary./Each(of us)has a dictionary./We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points./Every one of us has strong and weak points.3.none 和 no：no 等于 not any，作定语。none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle
21、?None.None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.4.other 和 another:1)other 泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day,every other week,some other reason,no other way,the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed,but all th
22、e others passed the exam.2)another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是 others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I don t like this shirt,please show me another(one).The trousers are too long,please give me another pair/some others.Some like football,while others like basketball.5.all 和 both,neither 和 either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。All of the
23、 books are not written in English./Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers./Not both of us are teachers./Either of us is a teacher.四、形容词和副词 I.形容词：I.形容词的位置：1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置:1 修饰 some,any,every,no 和 body,thing,one 等构成的复 卜不定代词时 nobody absent,everything possible 2 以-
24、able,-ible 结尾的步谷词可置于后最茴级或 only修饰的 名词之后 the best book available,the only solution possible 3 alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep 等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容诃可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6,容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词 数
25、词 性状形容词 冠词前的 形容词 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质 状态 大小 形状 新旧 温度 颜色 国籍 产地 材料 质地 名词 both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用 neither和none.all both such 1 the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词
26、world-famous 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year II.副词 副词的分类:1 时间副词 soon,now,early,finally,once,recently 5 频度副词 always,often,frequently,seldom,never 2 地点
27、副词 here,nearby,outside,upwards,above 6 疑问副词 how,where,when,why 3 方式副词 hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really 7 连接副词 how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile 4 程度副词 almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather 8 关系副词 when,where,why III.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多
28、音节和一些双音节词前加 most。1.同级比较时常常用 as as 以及 not so(as)as 如：I am not so good a player as you are.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,a great deal。3.表示方随另方变化时用 the more the more”句型。如：The harder you work,the more progress you will make.3)复合形容词的构成:more 和 4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：
29、I have never spent a more worrying day.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours.Our school is four times as large as yours.Our school is four times the size of yours.6.表示“最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五、介词 I.介词分类:1 简单介词 about,across,after,against,among,
30、around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on 2 合成介词 inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,upon,within,without 3 短语介词 according to,because of,instead of,up to,due to,owing to,thanks to 4 双重介词 from among,from behind,from under,till after,in between 5 分词转化成的介词 considering（就而论）,including 6 形容词转化成的介词 like,un
31、like,near,next,opposite II.常用介词区别:1 表本时间的in,on,at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有美 2 表小时间的 since,from since指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点 开始 3 表小时间的in,after in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段 时间中 4 表不地理位置的 in,on,to in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外 一 5 表示在上 的 on,in on只表小在某物的表向上，in表小占去某物 郃公 6 表示穿过的thro
32、ugh,across through 表示从内部通过，与 in后关，across 表示在表向上通过，与 on有 关 7 fev 的 about,on about指涉及到，on指专门论述 8 between 与 among 的区另U between表小在两者之间，among用于二者或二者以上的中间 9 besides 与 except 的区别 besides指“除了还有再加上“，except指“除了，减去什么，不放在 句首 10 表小用的in,with with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声 音 11 need,want,require（修到省叫土到形八衣做切忌乂
33、，右修”她旦用做到形 式）两者 煮义相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止止在做的事 都可 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作 go on to do（接着做另外一件事）以 发生）go on doing 做同一件事）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经 煮义不 发生）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）mean to do（打算做，企图做）try doing（试试去做，看后何结果）mean doing（思识是，忌 can t help to do（不能帮忙做）can t help do
34、ing（忍/、住要做）III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:，见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 不定式 ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已 经完成 I heard him call me several times.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make 现在分词 notice,see,watch,hear,主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.过去分词 find,keep,have
35、,feel 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强 调状态 Wefound the village greatly changed.IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:区别 举例 不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式 麦示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前 发生 I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool?现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时 发生 the
36、boiling water/the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves 过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作 之前,现已经完成 V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:区别 举例 I 不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于 it:巴不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意 义不变，并且还能用 what来提问主语或表语。与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比 较抽象，或者泛指
37、习惯性的动作，有时也可以用 it做形式主语，k表语时可以和主语互换位置。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important.（dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task 做主语时常用）It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分词 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被 very,quite,rather 淳副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人,”之意，说明主语的
38、性质特征，多 菱示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状 态，含有“感到”之意，主语多是人。The situation is encouraging.The book is well written.(常见分词有 astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing 及其-ed形式)九、定语从句 I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从 句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持
39、数的一致。关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代 词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom,which 和 that 在从句中做 宾语时，常可以省 略，但介词提前时 后面关系代词/、能省略，也/、可以 用 that whom 人 宾语 Mr.Smith is the person with whomI amworking The boy(whom)she loved died in the war.whose 人，物 定语 like those books whose topics are ab
40、out history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.that 人，物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star(that)I want to see very much.which 恻 主语，宾语 The book(which)I gave you was worth$10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as k,物 主语，宾语 He is such a person a
41、s is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as做宾语一般不 省略 when pc 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there.可用 on which 关系副 where 也点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born.可用 in which 词 why 京因 原因状语 I can t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用 for which I
42、I.That 与 which,who,whom 的用法区另1J：情况 书法说明 例句 只用that的情况.先行词为 all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2.先行词被 all,any,every,each,much,ittle,no,some,few 等修饰时 3.先行词用形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4.先行词既指人又指物时 5.先行词被the only,the very 修饰时 6.句中已经有 who或which时，为了避免重 复时 1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the
43、books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which指He has a son,who has gone abroad for 代物，用 who/wh
44、om指人 further study.只用 which,who,2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，I like the person to whom the whom!勺情况 只能用 which 指物,whonf旨人。teacher is talking.3.先行词本身是 that 时，关系词用 which,先 Those who respect others are 行词为those,one,he 时多用 whOo usually respected by others.III.As 与which的区另1J:定语从句 区别 例句 浪制性定 吾从句中 名词前后such和the sam
45、e修饰时，关系代词用 as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.Don t read such books as you can t understand.非限制性 定语从句 as和which都可以指代前卸整个主句。如果有 正 如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放 在后面，那么用 as；而which引导的从句只能放 主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game,as we had expected.They won the game,which we hadn t expected.As is well known,he
46、 is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区另:类别 语法意义及特征 例句 限制性定语从句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就 不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写 对不用逗号分开。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密 切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于 一个插入语，不能用 that引导，关系代词做宾语 时也不能省略。_J His mother,whom he loved deepl
47、y,died ten years ago.十、名词性从句 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 主语从句 在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形 式主语，主语从句放主句之后 that,whether,if,as if,as though,who,whose,which,how when Whether he will come or not doesn t matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表语从句 在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后 It looks as if it is going to snow.宾语从
48、句 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词 where,why,what,whatever,whoever,wherever He asked me which team could win the game.同位语从句 放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact 等)表明其 具体内容 You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.卜一、状语从句 种类 连接词 迂后点 寸间状语 when,whenever
49、,while,as,before,after,until,till,by the time,as soon as,hardly when,no sooner than,the moment,the minute,immediately,directly,instantly 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until 用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而 否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。|也点状语 where,wherever 京因状语 because,as,since,now that because语气最强，since 较弱，表不大豕都明 了的原因
50、，as又次之。卜件状语 f,unless,once,in case,as long as,on condition that 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代 替 卜的状语 so that,in order that,for fear that so that 和 in order that 后常接 may,should,could,would 等情态动词 结果状语 so-that,such that *状语 than,as as,not so/as as,the more the more 卜式状语 as if,as though,as as if 和as though引导的从句一般