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1、holiday and festivals 大学英语综合教程课文翻译 Passage:Holiday refers to the day set apart for religious observance or for the commemoration of some extraordinary event total stoppage of work and normal business activities,including feasting,parades and carnivals,or displays of flags and speechmaking.Originally
2、,in ancient times,holidays were predominantly religious in character and linked to natural events such as the annual course of the sun or the phases of the moon.The word holiday,in fact,is derived from holyday.Subsequently,secular holidays commemorating historical occasions or distinguished persons
3、outnumbered holy days,although many ancient religious rituals and customs have been carried over into modern times and incorporated into both secular and religious observations.Today,the outstanding holiday is one of religious observance and abstention from normal work routines,taking place on Sunda
4、y for Christians,Friday for Muslims,and Saturday for Jews.In the U.S.,Sunday is not only a religious holiday but is also the only common-law holiday.National holidays are set aside by official government proclamation to celebrate such occasions as the achievement of independence,the founding of the
5、nation,the adoption of a constitution,the birthday of the ruler,or the national patron saints day.The U.S.has no national holidays as such legal holidays on which banks,schools,or other public institutions and most places of business are closed are designated by legislative enactment or by executive
6、 proclamation.Congress and the president designate the legal holidays for the District of Columbia and the federal territories but are without power to declare national holidays.Independence Day and other holidays are observed on a national scale as a result of action by the calendar date and reques
7、ts national observance,and the states then usually enact the necessary legislation.Federal statutes often specify certain days as holidays for purposes related to the legislation.In order to give federal employees three-day weekends,a 1968 federal law made several changes in dates of holiday observa
8、nces,effective in 1971:Washingtons Birthday now falls on the third Monday in February;Memorial Day,on the last Monday in May;Columbus Day,on the second Monday in October.Individual states later adopted these Monday holidays.A number of states commemorate important events in their history.In Vermont,
9、for example,the Battle of Bennington,fought in the American Revolution,is commemorated annually on August 16;in Louisiana the Battle of New Orleans of the War of 1812 is commemorated on January 8;Patriots Day,commemorating the first battle of the American Revolution,is celebrated on or about April 1
10、9 in Massachusetts and Maine;and several southern states celebrate a confederate Memorial Day on different days in the spring.Translate Reference：假日是由于宗教仪式，或为纪念某些特殊事件或著名人物而特地指定的日子。假日的主要特点是部分或完全停止工作和常规商务活动。一般来说，假日往往伴有公众或私人庆祝会，包括参加宴会、游行、狂欢会，或者参观旗帜展览和做演讲等。在古代，最初的假日主要以宗教为特色，与自然现象如每年的太阳运行过程或月相等相关。实际上，假日一
11、词是由圣日这个词演变而来的。而在之后的岁月里，世俗假日如纪念历史事件或著名人物的次数远远超过了圣日，尽管许多古老的宗教仪式和习俗一直流传到现在，并且融于世俗和宗教仪式这两者之中。今天，具有突出特点的假日是宗教庆典和远离日常工作的日子：对于基督徒来说是星期日，穆斯林是星期五，犹太人则是星期六。在美国，星期日不仅是宗教节日而且还是惟一的习惯法定假日。法定假日是由官方政府宣布的假日，用于庆祝特殊历史事件，如获得独立，国家建立，宪法实施，统治者诞辰，或圣徒纪念日。美国没有全国性的法定假日。法定假日，即银行、学校或其他公共机构和大多数商业场所都关门歇业的日子，是由立法机关制定或执行宣布的。国会和总统有权
12、指定哥伦比亚特区和联邦领土内的法定假日，但却没有宣布全国性法定假日的权力。由于州政府的参与，独立日和其他节日得以在全国范围内进行。就拿感恩节来说吧，总统指定日历上的日期，建议全国举国欢庆。然后，州政府通常就开始立法并以颁布。联邦政府法令往往明确规定假日的具体日期以便与立法相对应。为了给联邦政府雇员提供为期三天的周末，1968 年的一项联邦法案对假日做了几项修改，并于 1971 年生效。这项法案规定：华盛顿的诞辰日为 2 月的第 3 个星期一；阵亡将士纪念日是 5 月的最后一个星期一；哥伦布发现美洲纪念日为 10 月的第 2 个星期一；退伍军人节是 10 月的第 4 个星期一。各个独立州后来都采
13、纳了这些星期一假日。许多州都纪念本州发生的重要历史事件。假如，在佛蒙特每年都会在 8 月 16 日纪念为美国独立战争而战的本宁顿战役。路易斯安那州在 1 月 8 日纪念 1821 年战争中的新奥尔良战役。为纪念美国独立战争的首次战役的爱国者日，于每年的 4 月 19 日左右在马萨诸塞州和缅因州举行庆祝活动。每年春天的不同时候，南方各州会有联邦阵亡将士纪念日。Passage:The Story of Mothers day The earliest Mothers Day celebrations can be traced back to the spring celebrations of
14、ancient Greece in honor of Rhea,the Mother of the Gods.During the 1600 s,England celebrated a day called Mothering Sunday.Celebrated on the 4 th Sunday of lent,Mothering Sunday honored the mothers of England.During this time many of the England s poor worked as servants for the wealthy.As most jobs
15、were located far from their homes,the servants would live at the houses of their employees.On Mothering Sunday the servants would have the day off and were encouraged to return home and spend the day with their mothers.A special cake,called the mothering cake,was often brought along to provide a fes
16、tive touch.As Christianity spread throughout Europe the celebration changed to honor the Mother Church the spiritual power that gave them life and protected them from harm.Over time the church festival blended with the Mothering Sunday celebration.People began honoring their mothers as well as the c
17、hurch.In the Unite States Mothers Day was first suggested in 1872 by Julia Ward Howe as a day dedicated to peace.Ms.Howe would hold organized Mothers Day meetings in Boston every year.In 1907 Ana Jarvis,from Philadelphia,began a campaign to establish a national Mothers day.Ms.Jarvis persuaded her mo
18、thers church in Grafton,West Virginia to celebrate Mothers Day on the second anniversary of her mothers death,the second Sunday of May.By the next year Mothers Day was also celebrated in Philadelphia.Ms.Jarvis and her supporters began to write to ministers,businessman,and politicians in their quest
19、to establish a national Mothers Day.It was successful as by 1911 Mothers Day was celebrated in almost every state.President Woodrow Wilson,in 1914,made the official announcement proclaiming Mothers Day as a national holiday that was to be held each year on the second Sunday of May.While many countri
20、es of the world celebrate their own Mothers Day at different times throughout the year,there are some countries such as Denmark,Finland,Italy,Turkey,Australia,and Belgium which also celebrate Mothers Day on the second Sunday of May.Translate Reference：母亲节最早可追溯到古希腊，人们为了表示对众神之母瑞亚的敬重，每年春天都会举行重大的庆祝活动。在十
21、七世纪，英国开始庆祝拜望双亲日。拜望双亲日定于复活节前四旬斋的第四个星期日，表达对英国母亲们的敬意。此时，英国有许多穷人都在有钱人家里当奴仆。因为许多工作都离自家非常远，所以奴仆们都不得不寄宿在主人家里。在拜望双亲日这天，主人们会放他们假，并鼓励他们返回家园与母亲团聚。为了增加节日气氛，他们总是带一种特殊的蛋糕母亲蛋糕回家。随着基督教在欧洲扩散，这个节日转为对主母教堂的庆祝，表达人们对赋予他们生命、保佑他们免于伤害的精力力量的感谢。从此，教会仪式便与拜望双亲日的庆祝活动相结合，于是，人们除了表达对母亲的敬意外，还表达对教会的尊重。在美国，母亲节最早是由朱莉亚.瓦德.霍于 1872 年提出的，她
22、建议将这一天献给和平，并每年在波斯顿等地举行母亲节的集会。1907 年，费城的安娜 贾维斯发起为了建立全国性的母亲节的活动。她劝说位于弗吉尼亚洲西部的格拉夫顿教堂，也就是她妈妈经常去的教堂，在她母亲逝世两周年的日子，也就是五月的第二个星期日，庆祝母亲节。第二年，费城也开始了庆祝母亲节的活动。贾维斯小姐和她的支持者们开始给教会牧师、商人、政界要员写信，要求建立全国性的母亲节。他们的努力非常成功，1911 母亲节那一天几乎所有的州都在开展庆祝活动。1914 年，美国总统伍德罗.威尔逊郑重声明，宣布母亲节为全国性节日，并于每年 5 月第二个星期天举行庆祝活动。许多国家在一年中不同的时节庆祝属于他们自己的母亲节。然而，有些国家如丹麦、土耳其、澳大利亚和比利时，都是在五月的第二个星期日庆祝母亲节的。