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1、PROGRESS IN TRADE FACILITATION IN CAREC COUNTRIESA 10-YEAR CORRIDOR PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING PERSPECTIVEDECEMBER 2022PROGRESS IN TRADE FACILITATION IN CAREC COUNTRIESA 10-YEAR CORRIDOR PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING PERSPECTIVEDECEMBER 2022Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO l
2、icense (CC BY 3.0 IGO) 2022 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.orgSome rights reserved. Published in 2022.ISBN 978-92-9269-854-6 (print); 978-92-9269-855-3 (electronic); 978-92-9269-856-0 (ebook)Publicat
3、ion Stock No. TCS220519-2DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS220519-2The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guara
4、ntee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are n
5、ot mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.This work is available under the Creative Commons A
6、ttribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https:
7、/www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claim
8、s that arise as a result of your use of the material.Please contact pubsmarketingadb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo.Corrige
9、nda to ADB publications may be found at http:/www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.Notes:In this report, “$” refers to United States dollars.ADB recognizes “China” as the Peoples Republic of China.On the cover: Crude Storage Tank at Zuun Khatavch border (photo by Andy Sze); the Customs Clearance Zone
10、 at Poti, Georgia (photo by Max Ee); Black Sea Ferry at Batumi (photo by Andy Sze); the toll plaza at the entrance of E-35 Hassanabdal-Havelian Expressway from Peshawar Motorway (photo by Nasr ur Rahman/ADB); daily life, architecture and views of Tashkent (photo by Relisa Granovskaya/ADB); cargo and
11、 passenger transport inspection at the Khorgos Customs Post in Almaty Region, KazakhstanPeoples Republic of China Border Zone (photo by Andrey Terekhov/ADB); Uygur children at old Kashgar (photo by Andy Sze); Afghan porter loads potatoes on the truck in Bamian city, Afghanistan (photo by Jawad Jalal
12、i/ADB); a wagon transporting grains at Aktau seaport (photo by Max Ee).Cover design by Chris Fischer.CONTENTSTables and FiguresvForewordviiAbbreviationsixWeights and MeasuresxExecutive Summaryxi1INTRODUCTION1Background1Importance of Trade Facilitation in CAREC2Role of the CPMM22Objectives and Struct
13、ure of the Report3REGIONAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS5CPMM Indicators5Time and Cost in CAREC Trade6Speeds9Trade Facilitation Progress10Growth of Container Express Trains113COVID-19 Responses12IMPEDIMENTS14Overview14Landlocked14Constraints at the Seaports and Inland Waterways15Economic Concentration on
14、the Raw Materials Exports16Transit Challenges17High Transport Cost19Complex Documentary Requirements20Complex Border-Crossing Procedures21Unharmonized Standards224Corruption22CAREC SOLUTIONS24Key Efforts on Transport and Trade Facilitation24Other Efforts25iv CONTENTS5OUTLOOK27Increased Diversificati
15、on and Emergence of New Economic Corridors27Modal Shift to Rail27Digitalization28Cross-Border E-commerce28Increased TIR Utilization286Managing Corruption29RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS30Expand Cross-Border Transport and Logistics Infrastructure30Harmonize Transport and Vehicle Standards30Enhance C
16、ustoms Efficiency and Transparency31Coordinate Border-Crossing Operations31Authorized Economic Operator32Container Freight Trains32Concluding Remarks32Appendixes341 Country Performance342 COVID-19 Responses in CAREC70References74TABLES AND FIGURESTABLES3.1Seaports in the CAREC Region153.2Measuring C
17、oncentration in Trade for CAREC Countries163.3Impact of High Transport Cost203.4Documentation Complexity by CAREC Country213.5Estimated Unofficial Fees per Activity (Road Transport), 2011 and 2020235.1Use of E-commerce in CAREC Countries, 201929A1.1AfghanistanTrade Facilitation Indicators, 201020203
18、5A1.2AzerbaijanTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2010202038A1.3Peoples Republic of ChinaTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2010202041A1.4GeorgiaTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2010202045A1.5Comparing Road Freight Costs from the Peoples Republic of China to the Capital Cities47of the Central Asian RepublicsA
19、1.6Comparing the Annual Increase of Private Wagons versus Freight Demand Indicators49A1.7KazakhstanTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2010202050A1.8Kyrgyz RepublicTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2010202052A1.9Freight Tonnage and Turnover in Mongolia by Rail, 2017201954A1.10MongoliaTrade Facilitation Indi
20、cators, 2010202056A1.11PakistanTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2010202060A1.12Alternative Routes for Cargo Movement from Kashi to Dushanbe61A1.13TajikistanTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2010202062A1.14TurkmenistanTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2010202064A1.15UzbekistanTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2
21、010202067A1.16CARECTrade Facilitation Indicators, 2010202068FIGURES2.1Time to Clear a BCP by Road62.2Time to Clear a BCP by Rail62.3Cost to Clear a BCP by Road62.4Cost to Clear a BCP by Rail62.5Time to Clear a BCP by Road72.6Time to Clear a BCP by Rail72.7Cost Incurred to Clear a BCP by Road82.8Cost
22、 Incurred to Clear a BCP by Rail82.9Cost Incurred to Clear a BCP by Road, Adjusted for Inflation82.10Cost Incurred to Clear a BCP by Rail, Adjusted for Inflation8vi TABLES AND FIGURES2.11Speed without Delay by Road92.12Speed without Delay by Rail92.13Speed with Delay by Road102.14Speed with Delay by
23、 Rail102.15Number of Trains between the Peoples Republic of China and Europe, 20112020113.1Total Transport Cost by Road193.2Total Transport Cost by Rail193.3Standard Border-Crossing Procedure in the CAREC Region21A1.1A Yard Crane at Khorgos Eastern Gate Handling Containers on Rail46A1.2Nur Zholy Bor
24、der-Crossing Point at Khorgos46A1.3Sample Average of Wagon Delays per Quarter at Dostyk and Altynkol, 2018202048A1.4Turkmenbashy International Seaport63FOREWORDSince the reports inception in 2009, the Corridor Performance Measurement and Monitoring (CPMM) has proven to be a useful tool for quantifyi
25、ng and monitoring the efficacy of transport corridors, using private sector data of actual commercial shipments along the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) corridors. It allows CAREC members* to measure their performance on trade facilitation and learn new practices that have worked
26、 elsewhere. It has informed dialogue, collaboration, and decision-making by the 11 member countries of the CAREC Program on trade facilitation.CPMM was launched in 2010 as part of the CAREC Transport and Trade Facilitation Strategy 2020 adopted in 2008, which was then superseded by the CAREC Transpo
27、rt Strategy 2030 approved in 2019 and the CAREC Integrated Trade Agenda 2030 approved in 2018. CPMMs aim has been to collate, analyze, and evaluate empirical time and cost data on commercial shipments transported along the six CAREC corridors. The use of data provided by drivers and freight forwarde
28、rs of actual shipments and verified by national transport and/or trade associations makes CPMM a reliable tool for measuring performance and identifying bottlenecks and friction along the corridorsespecially at border crossingsand for determining why shipment times and costs are sometimes higher tha
29、n they need to be. Results from the CAREC CPMM can fill gaps in research on regional trade facilitation initiatives and have supplemented the outputs of the World Customs Organizations Time Release Studies and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations Business Process Ana
30、lysis. These also measure time and cost of goods spent at borders, but at select few border-crossing points and at irregular intervals.CPMM findings and conclusions, which are reported at each annual CAREC ministerial conference, have become broader and more granular over time. Road and transport ti
31、me and cost data are now disaggregated and based on separate lists of the different border-crossing activities involved. Functionality was added to cover multimodal shipments such as those transported across the Caspian Sea or by both road and rail in Mongolia. Although performance was initially ass
32、essed by corridors alone, CPMM data are now available for evaluations by country and by individual border- crossing points. Each CPMM annual report contains a CAREC case study with a trade facilitation theme. CPMM development took another major step in 2020 when the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and
33、the CAREC Institute began working together to promote and further enhance the methodology of data collection and reporting, as well as advocacy. This joint work led to a series of recommendations for expanding the objectives and upgrading the methods and tool kits of CPMM, implementation of which be
34、gan in 2021.* The CAREC Program is a partnership of 11 countriesAfghanistan, Azerbaijan, the Peoples Republic of China, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistanworking together to promote development through cooperation, leading to accele
35、rated economic growth and poverty reduction. See CAREC. www.carecprogram.org. ADB placed on hold its assistance in Afghanistan effective 15 August 2021.viii FOREWORDThis publication offers a longitudinal 10-year perspective on trends and impediments in trade facilitation across the CAREC countries.
36、The level of detail in the publication is out of the ordinary, with analyses based on more than 2,000 samples a year, and bottlenecks in CAREC cross-border trade pinpointed along with their specific causes. The publication covers the impacts of major events, particularly the coronavirus disease (COV
37、ID-19) outbreak, and provides projections and recommendations for a full recovery, and faster and more efficient growth of CAREC countries trade in the years ahead.The CPMM modality demonstrated its value during the pandemic. National statistics could show how trade dipped in 2020 and rebounded in 2
38、021, but not highlight the enduring challenges faced by international shippers and transport operators at specific locations along each CAREC corridor and how these were or remain to be addressed. Continued promotion and strengthening of CPMM is made even more indispensable by fragility and vulnerab
39、ilities in the recovery of international trade and supply chains, a recovery that has been disrupted by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. CPMM data and insights will continue to provide fact-based information critical to trade facilitation.We trust that CAREC policy makers and stakeholders will consi
40、der CPMM findings and recommendations and apply them when formulating policies and regulations to eliminate the institutional and regulatory barriers that impede the efficient flow of goods across the region. Removing these obstacles will pave the way for the people of the CAREC countries to prosper
41、 as the region becomes an ever smoother and more efficient part of a land bridge across the Eurasian continent.M. Teresa KhoYevgeniy ZhukovDirector GeneralDirector GeneralEast Asia DepartmentCentral and West Asia DepartmentABBREVIATIONSADBAEOBCPCARCARECCBTACCZCPMMEAEUGDPGRSPRCQTTARIBSSPSSWDSWODTFITI
42、RWTOAsian Development Bankauthorized economic operatorborder-crossing pointCentral Asian RepublicCentral Asia Regional Economic CooperationCross-Border Transport Agreementcustoms clearance zoneCorridor Performance Measurement and MonitoringEurasian Economic Uniongross domestic productGeorgia Revenue
43、 ServicePeoples Republic of ChinaQuadrilateral Traffic in Transit AgreementRegional Improvement of Border Servicessanitary and phytosanitaryspeed with delayspeed without delaytrade facilitation indicatorTransports Internationaux Routiers (International Road Transports)World Trade OrganizationWEIGHTS
44、 AND MEASURESkgkmkm/hmmTEUkilogramkilometerkilometers per hourmillimetertwenty-foot equivalent unitEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program is a multilateral platform that promotes and facilitates regional cooperation, connectivity, and integration between 11 m
45、ember countries. This publication describes the progress made by the programs trade facilitation efforts from 2010 to 2020. The Corridor Performance Measurement and Monitoring (CPMM) is a mature methodology to quantify, evaluate, and monitor the time- and cost-efficiency of cross-border trade across six CAREC corridors. The CPMM was conceptualized and tested in 2009 and officially launched in 2010. This publication describes the evolution of CPMM