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1、Feeding Strategies for Prolific Sows高产母猪的饲养策略高产母猪的饲养策略P.A.ThackerDepartment of Animal ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon,Saskatchewan加拿大萨斯喀砌温大学动物科学系加拿大萨斯喀砌温大学动物科学系中文翻译：美国中文翻译：美国ADM公司公司 蔡永久蔡永久Changes in the Swine Industry(1980-2005)养猪工业的变化养猪工业的变化(1980-2005)Increased Reproductive Efficiency 提高
2、繁殖率提高繁殖率Reduced Back Fat Levels 降低背膘厚度降低背膘厚度Earlier Weaning 早期断奶早期断奶Muti-Site Production 多点生产多点生产Larger Operations 规模变大规模变大Lower Profit Margins 利润空间变小利润空间变小Feed Modern Genotypes Differently 现代基因型猪饲养与现代基因型猪饲养与过去的不同过去的不同Conserve Body Tissue体组织储备体组织储备Consequences of Poor Sow Nutrition母猪营养缺乏的后果母猪营养缺乏的后果
3、Smaller Litter Size 窝重小窝重小Increased Piglet Mortality 仔猪死亡率增加仔猪死亡率增加Lighter Pigs at Weaning 断奶体重轻断奶体重轻Lower Conception Rates 受精率低受精率低 Longer Weaning to Rebreeding Interval 断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长Premature Culling 过早淘汰过早淘汰 Formulate Diets for Specific Stages of Production按生产阶段配制日粮按生产阶段配制日粮 Develope
4、r diets typically contain higher levels of vitamins and minerals than those fed to market animals since the nutritional requirements for growth and reproduction are different.由于生长和繁殖期的营养需要量不同，后备由于生长和繁殖期的营养需要量不同，后备母猪日粮比商品育肥猪的日粮含有更高水平的维生素母猪日粮比商品育肥猪的日粮含有更高水平的维生素和微量元素。和微量元素。The higher levels of vitamins
5、 and minerals are designed to enhance body reserves of nutrients since breeding animals will remain in the herd for a significantly longer period than market animals.由于种猪比育肥猪饲养时间长，由于种猪比育肥猪饲养时间长，高水平的维生素和微量元素可以保证它们体组织营养高水平的维生素和微量元素可以保证它们体组织营养物的储备。物的储备。Gilt Developer Diets后备母猪日粮后备母猪日粮Locomotor problems
6、 are a common reason for culling and it is important to ensure adequate intakes of calcium and phosphorus.运动问题是造成母猪淘汰的主要原因运动问题是造成母猪淘汰的主要原因,但它对保证母猪能摄但它对保证母猪能摄取足够的钙磷也非常重要。取足够的钙磷也非常重要。Several research trials have indicated that the calcium and phosphorus requirements for maximal bone mineralization are
7、 higher than the requirements for maximal growth rate.很多实验研究表明，猪的最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙很多实验研究表明，猪的最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙磷的需要量更高。磷的需要量更高。Diets fed to replacement gilts should be at least 0.1%higher in calcium and total phosphorus than diets fed to market animals beginning at approximately 50 kg body weight.从从50kg体
8、重开始，后备母猪日粮的体重开始，后备母猪日粮的钙磷水平比育肥猪至少要高钙磷水平比育肥猪至少要高0.1%。In addition to higher levels of calcium and phosphorus,there is antidotal evidence that supplementing the gilt developer diet with higher levels of copper,zinc,iron,iodine and manganese will increase body reserves of these minerals and may enhance
9、future reproductive performance.后备母猪的日粮除要求额外高水平的钙、后备母猪的日粮除要求额外高水平的钙、磷之外如能再补充高水平的铜、磷之外如能再补充高水平的铜、锌、铁、碘、锰微量元素，这将锌、铁、碘、锰微量元素，这将 有助于提高母猪体内对这些矿物有助于提高母猪体内对这些矿物 质的储备从而能改善以后的繁殖质的储备从而能改善以后的繁殖 表现。表现。Typical Gilt FinisherDeveloper育肥猪育肥猪 后备母猪后备母猪常量元素常量元素 Macrominerals(Total)钙钙 Calcium%0.600.75磷磷 Phosphorus%0.50
10、0.65有效磷有效磷 Avail phosphorus%0.200.40食盐食盐 Salt%0.330.40微量元素微量元素 Microminerals(Supplemented)铁铁 Ironmg/kg 50 150铜铜 Coppermg/kg 10 15锌锌 Zincmg/kg 90 150碘碘 Iodinemg/kg 0.14 0.28硒硒 Seleniummg/kg 0.30 0.30锰锰 Manganesemg/kg-20Recommendations for Mineral Fortification of a Gilt Developer Diet Compared with a
11、 Typical Finisher Diet与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量The vitamin needs of the reproducing female are also greater than those of the terminal animal.繁殖母猪的维生素需要量比育肥猪高。繁殖母猪的维生素需要量比育肥猪高。The typical vitamin premix used in the finishing barn
12、 should be replaced with a“breeder”vitamin premix.要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常用育肥猪饲养期的典型维生要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常用育肥猪饲养期的典型维生素预混料。素预混料。The breeder premix should contain elevated levels of the fat soluble vitamins A,D,and E and the water-soluble vitamins with special attention to choline,biotin,pyridoxine and folic acid wh
13、ich are usually not supplemented in typical finishing rations.种猪维生素预混料应含高水平的脂溶性维生素种猪维生素预混料应含高水平的脂溶性维生素A、D、E和水和水溶性多种维生素，特别注意胆碱、生物素、溶性多种维生素，特别注意胆碱、生物素、B6、叶酸这些通、叶酸这些通常不在育肥猪日粮中添加的维生素。常不在育肥猪日粮中添加的维生素。Vitamin Levels for Developer Diets后备母猪日粮的维生素水平后备母猪日粮的维生素水平 Typical FinisherGilt Developer 育肥猪育肥猪 后备母猪后备母猪
14、Vitamin AIU55008200Vitamin DIU 550 825Vitamin EIU 25 66Vitamin Kmg 2 2Vitamin B12ug 15 25Niacin 烟酸烟酸mg 20 20Pantoth Acid 泛酸泛酸mg 15 20Riboflavin B2 mg 4 20Choline 胆碱胆碱mg 01250Biotin 生物素生物素ug 0 200Folic Acid 叶酸叶酸mg 0 1.5Pyridoxine B6mg 0 1.0Recommendations for Vitamin Fortification of a Gilt Developer
15、 Compared with a Finisher Diet与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量The objective of any feeding strategy for gilts should be to introduce replacements into the breeding herd in such a way that their breeding lifetime and reproductive perform
16、ance are maximized.后备母猪饲养策略的目标是引进后备猪进入繁殖群后备母猪饲养策略的目标是引进后备猪进入繁殖群后它们均能达到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能后它们均能达到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能Feeding Gilts 后备母猪的饲养后备母猪的饲养It is important that replacement gilts be of sufficient age,size and physiological maturity before breeding.有必要在繁殖前就选用好后备母猪具备足够年龄、大小、有必要在繁殖前就选用好后备母猪具备足够年龄、大小、生理成熟状态。生理
17、成熟状态。It is also necessary that they have adequate reserves of fat and lean in their body at first mating.也必需在第一次配种前考虑所选用的后备母猪具备足够体也必需在第一次配种前考虑所选用的后备母猪具备足够体脂和瘦肉储备。脂和瘦肉储备。At least 135 kg live weight 至少至少135公斤活体重公斤活体重At least 16-20 mm P2 back fat 至少至少P2背膘厚度背膘厚度16-22毫米毫米At second estrus or later 至少处于第二个
18、发情期或更晚至少处于第二个发情期或更晚Targets for Gilts at First Mating后备母猪后备母猪第一次配种时的目标指数第一次配种时的目标指数Body WeightP2 Backfat at Number of Piglets Bornat Mating(kg)Mating(mm)Parity 1Parity 1 to 5配种时体重配种时体重 P2背脂厚度背脂厚度 初胎产仔数初胎产仔数 1-5胎产仔总数胎产仔总数11714.6 7.151.012615.8 9.857.313617.710.356.914620.010.559.815722.410.551.716625.
19、3 9.951.3Challinor et al.,1996 Reproductive Performance of Sows According to Body Weight and Back Fat at First Mating母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关母猪的繁殖性能与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关Feeding Replacement Gilts From Herd Entry Until Mating后备母猪从进入种群到配种的饲养后备母猪从进入种群到配种的饲养For
20、 most genotypes of gilts there is no need to do anything special to manipulate body composition.对大多数品种的后备母猪来说没必要故意设法想对大多数品种的后备母猪来说没必要故意设法想改变其身体组分。改变其身体组分。All that will be required will be to feed a gilt developer diet ad libitum from arrival in the breeding herd until mating.从进入繁殖群到配种，最必需的是用后备母猪专从进入
21、繁殖群到配种，最必需的是用后备母猪专用料并采用自由采食方式来饲喂后备母猪。用料并采用自由采食方式来饲喂后备母猪。This diet should contain about 3000-3200 kcal of DE/kg and 0.70-0.80%lysine.该日粮应含该日粮应含3000-3200大卡大卡/kg消化能和消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸。赖氨酸。Body Weight of Gilt 后备母猪体重后备母猪体重 10-2020-5050-100DE Intake(Mcal/day)3.4 6.409.0消化能消化能（兆卡/天）Crude Protein(%)粗蛋白粗蛋白 20.9
22、18.016.3Total Lysine(%)总赖氨酸总赖氨酸 1.150.950.75Total Lysine(g/day 天天)11.519.022.5g Lysine/Mcal DE 3.382.962.50克赖氨酸克赖氨酸/兆卡消化能兆卡消化能Adapted from NRC(1998).Assumes ad lib intake and a lean growth potential of 325 g/day假设自由采食、瘦肉生长潜力为假设自由采食、瘦肉生长潜力为325克克/天。天。Nutrient Levels to Maximize Lean TissueGrowth Rates
23、 in Developing Gilts后备母猪最大瘦肉组织生长率所需的营养水平后备母猪最大瘦肉组织生长率所需的营养水平For genotypes whose growth rate is so rapid that they are likely to be significantly over the target weight before reaching puberty,it may be necessary to restrict energy intake.在性成熟阶段之前，对于那些生长过快很可能显著超过目在性成熟阶段之前，对于那些生长过快很可能显著超过目标体重的后备母猪品种，有
24、必要限制它们的能量摄入。标体重的后备母猪品种，有必要限制它们的能量摄入。The objective of restricting energy intake during rearing is to limit mature body size and reduce feet and leg problems associated with females that become too heavy or too fat.There are two possibilities to accomplish this:饲养管理中限饲能量摄入的目的是限制成熟母猪的体重、饲养管理中限饲能量摄入的目的是
25、限制成熟母猪的体重、减少因母猪超重过肥引发的肢蹄病。通常采用两种方法减少因母猪超重过肥引发的肢蹄病。通常采用两种方法:1.Restrict Feed Intake(2.4-2.6 kg)限制日采食量限制日采食量2.Reduce Energy Density 降低能量浓度降低能量浓度Effect of High Fibre Gestation Diets on Reproductive Performance高纤维日粮对怀孕母猪繁殖性能的影响高纤维日粮对怀孕母猪繁殖性能的影响Standard50%Sugar50%MixedGestation DietBeet PulpFibre Sources
26、标准怀孕日粮标准怀孕日粮 50%甜菜粕甜菜粕 50%纤维混合物纤维混合物Net Energy Content(MJ/kg)净能含量净能含量 9.03 8.496.72Gestation Feed Intake(kg)怀孕猪采食量怀孕猪采食量 281 290368Gestation Energy Intake(MJ NE)2296 22162287怀孕猪摄入净能怀孕猪摄入净能Lactation Energy Intake(MJ NE)1450 15281438泌乳猪摄入净能泌乳猪摄入净能Gestation Weight Gain(kg)怀孕猪体增重怀孕猪体增重 58.7 61.667.9Lact
27、ation Weight Loss(kg)泌乳猪体失重泌乳猪体失重 8.0 6.3 9.6Pigs Born Alive 出生活仔数出生活仔数 10.8 10.910.7Birth Weight(kg)出生重出生重 1.6 1.51.7Pigs Weaned 断奶仔猪数断奶仔猪数 9.5 9.39.328 Day Weaning Weight(kg)8.4 8.18.428天断奶重天断奶重_Vestergaard and Danielsen,1998.Animal Science 68:355-362.Mixed Fibre=Grass meal,wheat bran and oat hull
28、s.混合纤维混合纤维=干草干草+麦麸麦麸+燕麦壳燕麦壳Feeding ReplacementGilts Prior To Mating后备母猪后备母猪配种前的配种前的饲养饲养Feeding Gilts Prior to Mating后备母猪配种前的饲养后备母猪配种前的饲养The objective of the feeding program immediately before mating is to maximize the number of eggs ovulated.在临近配种时饲喂程序的目标是促使排卵数最大化。在临近配种时饲喂程序的目标是促使排卵数最大化。Ovulation ra
29、te is the principle factor limiting litter size in gilts and increasing the level of feed intake prior to mating will significantly increase ovulation rate.排卵率是限制母猪窝重的主要因子，在配种前提高采食量能排卵率是限制母猪窝重的主要因子，在配种前提高采食量能显著性地增加排卵效率。显著性地增加排卵效率。Ovulation rate increases by 1-2 ova in response to increased feed inta
30、ke during the 14-day period immediately prior to ovulation.This is the well know flushing effect.在排卵前在排卵前14天立即增加采食量，排卵数相应会增加天立即增加采食量，排卵数相应会增加1-2个，个，这是著名的这是著名的“冲刷冲刷”效果。效果。（最大采食量会导致胃肠的迅速排空，即催情补饲）（最大采食量会导致胃肠的迅速排空，即催情补饲）Flushing has been shown to increase plasma levels of FSH and increase the pulse freq
31、uency of LH suggesting that flushing enhances ovulation rate by stimulating the secretion of gondotrophins.催情补饲能增加血浆中卵泡刺激素的水催情补饲能增加血浆中卵泡刺激素的水平和增加促黄体素的脉冲频率，这表明催情补饲能通过平和增加促黄体素的脉冲频率，这表明催情补饲能通过刺激促性腺激素的分泌提高排卵速率。刺激促性腺激素的分泌提高排卵速率。The increase in gonadotrophin secretion is thought to be mediated through pla
32、sma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1).促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是血浆中胰岛素和胰岛素类似生长因子血浆中胰岛素和胰岛素类似生长因子-1(IGF-1)的水平调的水平调节所致。节所致。The increase in ovulation rate likely occurs either as result of increased follicle recruitment or a reduction in atresia.排卵速排卵速率的增加很可能是由于率的增加很可能是由于卵泡增生加
33、强或是卵泡囊萎缩下卵泡增生加强或是卵泡囊萎缩下降降所致所致。The Effects of Feed Level During the First Estrous Cycle on Litter Size 在第一个发情期饲喂水平对窝重的效果在第一个发情期饲喂水平对窝重的效果Should feed intake be restricted for any reason during the rearing period,special precautions should be taken to ensure that gilts are fed ad lib(at least 3 kg/day)
34、for the two week period prior to mating.如果在饲养过程中限制饲料采食量，应当在配种前如果在饲养过程中限制饲料采食量，应当在配种前2周采取特别措施来确保周采取特别措施来确保后备母猪自由采食后备母猪自由采食(至少至少3公斤公斤/天天)。Summary of Feeding Replacement Gilts后备母猪饲养小结后备母猪饲养小结Feed replacement gilts a specialized developer diet rather than a finisher diet to enhance body stores of vitami
35、ns and minerals.饲喂后备母猪要使用专门的日粮而不是育肥猪日粮，以促使饲喂后备母猪要使用专门的日粮而不是育肥猪日粮，以促使体组织中维生素和矿物营养元素的贮存。体组织中维生素和矿物营养元素的贮存。Feed diet containing 3000-3200 kcal DE and 0.7-0.8%lysine ad libitum to ensure adequate reserves of fat and lean at mating.日粮应含日粮应含3000-3200大卡大卡/千克消化能和千克消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸并自赖氨酸并自由采食由采食,确保配种时母猪体脂肪和肌肉的
36、储备。确保配种时母猪体脂肪和肌肉的储备。For some genotypes,it may be necessary to restrict feed intake to reduce feet and leg problems associated with females getting too heavy or fat.对某些品种有必要限制采食量，减少由于母对某些品种有必要限制采食量，减少由于母猪超重过肥引起的肢蹄病。猪超重过肥引起的肢蹄病。If for any reason feed intake is restricted,feed gilts ad libitum(3.0 kg)f
37、or two week period prior to mating.如果由于某种原如果由于某种原因采食量受到限制，应当在配种前因采食量受到限制，应当在配种前2周确保后备母猪自由采周确保后备母猪自由采食食(至少至少3公斤公斤/天天)。Feeding Sows in Gestation怀孕母猪的饲养怀孕母猪的饲养Objectives of Feeding Program in Gestation怀孕母猪饲喂程序的目标怀孕母猪饲喂程序的目标 Minimize embryo mortality 减少胚胎死亡率减少胚胎死亡率Provide nutrients for fetal growth 提供胎体
38、生长营养提供胎体生长营养Provide nutrients for the growth of the uterus and mammary glands 提供子宫和乳腺生长发育营养提供子宫和乳腺生长发育营养Allow for maternal growth 维持母猪的生长维持母猪的生长Replenish body reserves depleted during the previous lactation 补充泌乳前期体储存营养物的损失补充泌乳前期体储存营养物的损失Set the sow up metabolically for the ensuing lactation调节母猪身体代谢状
39、况为随后的泌乳做准备调节母猪身体代谢状况为随后的泌乳做准备Goal is to have the sow produce a large,healthy litter with a high probability of survival and with the potential for rapid and efficient growth.目标是确保母猪产仔窝重大、健康、目标是确保母猪产仔窝重大、健康、成活率高、具快速生长效率的潜力。成活率高、具快速生长效率的潜力。Approaches to Gestation Feeding怀孕母猪的饲养方法怀孕母猪的饲养方法North America
40、n System 北美系Danish System 丹麦系Feeding Pattern During Gestation(North American System)怀孕母猪饲喂模式（北美系）怀孕母猪饲喂模式（北美系）North American System北美模式北美模式In this system,there are three major phases where feed intake is adjusted.They are:其中有三其中有三个调整采食量的主要阶段，它们是：个调整采食量的主要阶段，它们是：Early gestation where the focus is on
41、embryo survival(first two weeks)怀孕早期关注胚胎成活率（怀孕早期关注胚胎成活率（0-2周）周）Mid-gestation where the focus is on sow body condition(days 14 to 100)怀孕中期关注母猪体况（怀孕中期关注母猪体况（14-100天）天）Late gestation where the focus is on fetal growth and setting the sow up for the ensuing lactation(last 2 weeks)怀孕后期关注胎儿生长和调整身体状况，为随后的泌
42、乳做怀孕后期关注胎儿生长和调整身体状况，为随后的泌乳做准备（最后两周）。准备（最后两周）。Feeding During Early Pregnancy(North American System)怀孕早期的饲养（北美系）怀孕早期的饲养（北美系）Approximately 20-30%of all embryos die during the first 30 days of gestation.怀孕早期的前怀孕早期的前30天约有天约有20-30%的胚胎死亡。的胚胎死亡。Research has shown that high levels of feed intake following ma
43、ting are associated with an increase in embryo mortality.研究表明配种后的高采食量与研究表明配种后的高采食量与 高胚胎死亡率密切相关。高胚胎死亡率密切相关。The principle mechanism controlling the development of embryos and their subsequent survival is the secretion of uterine specific proteins.控制胚胎发育即后成活率的主要机理是子宫特殊蛋白的分泌控制胚胎发育即后成活率的主要机理是子宫特殊蛋白的分泌The
44、se proteins are stimulated by ovarian steroid hormones particularly progesterone.A rise in progesterone early in pregnancy enhances the uterine environment and makes it more supportive of the embryo.这些特殊蛋白被卵巢类固醇激素尤其黄体酮激发。怀孕早期这些特殊蛋白被卵巢类固醇激素尤其黄体酮激发。怀孕早期黄体酮的升高会改善子宫环境，为胚胎提供更适宜的营养。黄体酮的升高会改善子宫环境，为胚胎提供更适宜的
45、营养。Increased feed intakes have been shown to be associated with a decrease in plasma progesterone as a result of increased metabolic clearance of progesterone leading to a subsequent reduction in embryo survival.采食量增加已经证明与代谢分解加快、血浆黄体酮降低有关，采食量增加已经证明与代谢分解加快、血浆黄体酮降低有关，结果导致胚胎存活率降低结果导致胚胎存活率降低 Feeding Lev
46、el OvulationTotalEmbryoProgesterone Day 1-3Day 3-15 Rate Embryos Survival(%)(ng/ml)1-3天饲喂量 3-15天饲喂量 排卵数 胚胎数 胚胎成活率 黄体酮浓度1.9 kg1.9 kg14.512.485.9 10.52.5 kg1.9 kg14.911.577.3 3.72.6 kg2.6 kg14.910.266.9 4.5_Jindal et al.,1996Effect of Feed Level in Early Gestation on Plasma Progesterone Levels and Emb
47、ryo Survival 怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响High-planeFeeding高水平饲喂量高水平饲喂量Increased hepaticblood flow增加肝中血浆流动增加肝中血浆流动Increased metabolicclearance rate ofProgesterone黄体酮分解代谢速度增加黄体酮分解代谢速度增加Decreased plasmaprogesterone Concentration血浆黄体酮浓度
48、降低血浆黄体酮浓度降低Suboptimal secretionof“uterine specificproteins”子宫特殊蛋白分泌不适子宫特殊蛋白分泌不适Decreased embryosurvival rate胚胎成活率降低胚胎成活率降低As a result of this research,it is generally recommended that low(1.8-2.0 kg)level feeding be conducted for the first two weeks of gestation.研究结果表明，通常建议怀孕头两周采研究结果表明，通常建议怀孕头两周采用低饲
49、喂量（用低饲喂量（1.8-2.0公斤公斤)。Feeding DuringMid-Pregnancy(North American System)怀孕中期的饲养怀孕中期的饲养(北美模式北美模式)The underlying objective of feeding sows during mid-gestation is to allow for a moderate weight gain and to achieve a target level of body fat at farrowing(18-22 mm).怀孕中期母猪饲喂的目标是获得适宜的体增重、怀孕中期母猪饲喂的目标是获得适宜的
50、体增重、产仔时体脂肪达到目标水平（产仔时体脂肪达到目标水平（18-22mm)BreedingBack Fat at Breeding(mm)繁殖时背膘厚度繁殖时背膘厚度Wt(kg)8 91011121314151617181920115-1192.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.71.7120-1242.62.52.42.32.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7125-1292.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7130-1342.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.91.81.71.71