《科技英语的词汇与语法特征.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《科技英语的词汇与语法特征.pptx（36页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、科技英语的词汇特征n科技英语是普通词汇用于科技语境中的语体变异，因此，科技英语没有自己独立的词汇体系。words for ESTcommon Wordstechnical wordscommon corequasi-special wordsSpecial words1 英语词汇的基本分类1.1 普通词汇 科技英语比较凝重正式，因此它在使用词汇时特别挑选那些正式程度较高的词汇。breath respirationrespiration system 呼吸系统speed velocityvelocity curve 速度曲线 “动词+小品词”构成的短语动词比较口语化俚语化，词义繁多而不甚确切，科
2、技英语中常常使用语气更加正式、意义也比较单一、确切的单个动词代替这些动词词组。take in absorblook in examinefind out discovergo around circulatepass on transmit These machines can be easily taken to pieces and put together again after they have been looked at.These machines can be easily dismantled and reassembled after being examined.1.2
3、 准技术词汇 准技术词汇指在几个不甚相同的科学领域内都通用的那些技术词汇。这类词汇中有不少属于普通词汇转化而来的，在科学语篇中它们被赋予技术的含义或定义。work 工作 功probe 调查 探伤针(医学),宇宙飞船(航天)gas 气体 瓦斯(采矿),麻醉剂(医学),汽油、沼气1.3 专业词汇 又称科技术语，指某一学科领域所特有和专用的术语，它的专业化程度很高，往往不为外行人所通晓，如cryogenics（低温学）、eutherian（真哺乳纲的动物）等。2 科技英语技术词汇形成的途径1)普通词汇转化为专业词汇2)利用语言中固有的词或词素，通过构词法（或词组构词法）创造新的专业词汇3)借用外来专
4、业词汇扩展英语专业词汇n2.1.1 常用词汇专业化 current 流通电流；loop圈回路；flux 通量磁通；piece 片零件片；gain 盈利增益；pig猪金属锭片；dog 狗挡板，止步爪；cat 猫吊锚，履带拖拉机；cock 公鸡旋塞，吊车；horse 马支架；fish 鱼接合板，夹板；snake 蛇斑点；bird 鸟飞机；coat 外套镀层；brush 刷子电刷；2.1 普通词汇转为专业词汇cap 帽子轴承盖，罩壳；bed 床底座，机座身；bench 长凳拉床；cup 杯子皮碗，皮套；disk 唱片研磨盘；desk书桌控制屏；house 房子箱体，罩；eye 眼孔环；ear 耳吊钩
5、；table 桌子放料盘；nose 鼻喷嘴；hand 手手柄，指针；mouth 口开度；foot 脚支座；head 头胃口，刀架；finger手指厚薄规；body 身体机身；hair 头发游丝；neck 颈座；monkey 猴子活动扳手，起重机；tooth 牙齿粗糙面2.1.2 同一词语词义多专业化 transmission（电气工程专业领域）输送 （无线电专业领域）发射、播送 （机械学）传动、变动 （物理学）投射 （医学）遗传 power （数学）幂、乘方 （物理学）功率 （光学）放大率，焦强 （机械学）机械工具 （统计学）功率 （电气工程）电力、动力phase（土壤学）分段 （物理学）相
6、（电工学）相位 （数学）位相 （动物学）型 （天文学）周相 （军事学）战斗阶段resistance（力学）阻力 （电学）电阻 （机械学）耐受性、强度2.2利用语言中固有的词或词素，通过构词法（或词组构词法）创造新的专业词汇 通过构词法合成科技术语是科技语形成和扩展的最重要途径。现在英语中，构词法越来越多，主要有词缀发（affixation），拼缀法（blending），逆成法（back-formation），缩略法（shortening），合成法（compounding）等。2.2.1 词缀法 分为前缀（prefix）和后缀（suffix），总称为词缀（affix）。其作用是连接到一个词之前或
7、之后，使这个词变化成具有科技含义的词汇（前缀），或起到变格或变化词性的作用（后缀）。前缀的特点：只改变词义，不改变此类decontrol，multi-(多),hyper-(超级)，semi-(半)，micro-(微小)后缀的特点：可能改变或不改变词义，但一定改变此类。electricity=electric-ity;liquidize=liquid+-ize2.2.2 逆成法 逆成法与词缀法恰好相反。词缀法借用词缀构成新词，而逆成法则去掉被误认的后缀构成新词。逆成法的原型词可分为三类：以-err,-or,-ar,-ion,-ing等结尾的名词，以-ish,-ous,-y结尾的形容词,以-lin
8、g结尾的副词。automation（自动化）automate（使自动化）escalation（逐步升级）escalate（逐步升级）cybernation（用电子计算机进行的控制）gangling（动作难看的）gangle（行动起来笨拙难看）laser（激光）lase（发射激光）2.2.3 拼缀法 拼缀法是现代科技英语中的常见的构词方法。具体地来说，就是对两个（或两个以上）单词按照一定的规律进行剪裁，取舍其中的首部或尾部，拼对成一个新的单词（拼缀词，blend or blend word）。helipad（helicopter+pad）直升飞机停机坪glassphalt（glass+aspha
9、lt）铺路用的玻璃颗粒物2.2.4 缩略法 缩略法是现代英语中的一种重要的构词手段，特别是在科技英语语体中更为常见，越来越多的缩略词取代了原有的词或词组。a 压缩和省略 flu=influenza 流感;lab=laboratory math=mathematics;iff=if only if b 缩写(Acronym)1)通常以小写字母出现，并作为常规单词 radar (radio detecting and ranging)laser (light amplification by simulated emission of radiation)2)以大写字母出现，具有主体发音音节BAS
10、IC(Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language)3)以大写字母出现，没有读音音节，仅为字母缩写IC(Integrated circuit)2.2.5 合成法 合成法是把两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列成新词的方法。用这种方法构成的新词叫做复合词（compound）。两个或两个以上的旧词合成一个新词，包括合写式(无连字符)和分写式(有连字符)两种。hairline 游丝，细测量线；splashdown 溅落；waterpower 水力，水能；-obje
11、ct-oriented,market-oriented;pull-down This nobody-knows-how-to-solve-it problem,of course,needs to discuss in details.有些复合词=名词+动词ingman-carrying aircraft 载人飞船,earth-moving machine 推土机,ocean-going freighter远洋货船科技英语的语法特征科技英语的语法特征1、科技英语中常用的时态 科技英语中常用的语法有：一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时。（1）一般现在时 一般现在时是科技文章中最常见的时态，如阐述
12、科学定义、定理、方程式、公式及图表等这些没有时间概念的客观内容。此外，一般现在时还用于通常没有发生或并非有时间限制的自然现象、过程和常规的表述。主要用法如下：a 一般叙述过程。如：A scientist observes carefully,applies logical thought to his observations an tries to find relationships in data.b 叙述客观事实或科学定理。如：Sound travels through the air in waves.Action and reaction are opposite and equa
13、l.c 通常或习惯发生的行为。如：Alternating current is usually supplied to peoples houses at 50 cycles per second.d 描述实验操作过程。如 The temperature rises until it reaches 100 ,but after that it remains constant.（2）一般过去时 科技英语中常有叙述过去进行时的研究情况，若有与现在情况不发生联系，则用一般过去时。如：Solid layers of ice moulded the lakes and hills of Europe
14、 and North America millions of years ago.（3）现在完成时 过去进行的研究对现状有直接并且影响较大，则使用现在完成时。在加工过程的描述中，现在完成时表示工序的前后顺序。如：Cast iron is more brittle than iron that has been heated but not melted,but it is easier to shape,as it can be poured moulds.（4）一般将来时 当讨论计划中的项目研究时，科技英语均采用一般将来时，说明其为拟定中的活动。In time,many things now
15、 unknown will become known.2、科技英语中常用的语气 英语中陈述语气用于描述真实的陈述，虚拟语气用于强调怀疑或不可能，祈使语气则用来表达一个命令。（1）虚拟语气 科技英语中表示假设（hypothesis）常用虚拟语气。eg.If you light a match on an airplane,no wind will blow it out.If you traveled around the earth on these two dates,you would find the days and nights equal every place you went.
16、（2）祈使语气 祈使语气是对操作者提出指示或说明。这可分为两种情况：a 使用情态动词should。例如：These machines should be handled with great care.b 以动词原形开头的祈使句。例如：Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and take the temperature.Hold the convex lens in front of the white paper.另外，语气较强的祈使句常用must代替should。科技英语的句法特征科技英语的句法特征1、普遍使用被动句 科技英语叙述的对象往往使事物
17、、现象或过程，注重客观事实，被动语态正是能达到此要求。A)Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the electric machine.B)You must pay attention to working temperature of the electric machine.2、较多使用长句 英语单句的主要成分往往排列紧凑，而把修饰成分置于句子的前后，一个主句常常可带许多从句，但由于关联词、介词等的纽带作用，使长句分析起来条理清楚。The chapter shall attempt to look at some asp
18、ects of controller synthesis for the multivariable servomechanism problem when the plant to be controlled is subject to uncertainty-in this case,a controller is to be found so that satisfactory regulation occurs in spite of the fact that the parameters of the plant may be allowed to vary(by arbitrar
19、y large amounts),subject only to the condition that the resultant perturbed system remains stable.3、科技英语句中常用的修饰成分 既然科技英语中长句现象较为普遍，那么长句中的修饰成分必不可少，如后置定语、同位语等。（1）后置定语（Postmodifier）a)Thunder is the loud noise which usually follows a flash of lightning.(定语从句作为后置定语)b)The discovery of radium marked the beg
20、inning of a new era in medicine.(介词短语作为后置定语)c)The condition here is poor.(副词作为后置定语)d)There is something wrong with the motor.(形容词作为后置定语)（2）同位语（Apposition）a)There are three states of matter:solids,liquids and gases.(主语同位语)b)Only three natural substances can be magnetized,that is,can be made into magn
21、ets.(谓语同位语)c)No one can read“The Origin of Species”without feeling that Darwin had the interest of only one party at heart-his client,Truth.(宾语同位语)d)One reason is that they are more flexible,being able to do a great variety of jobs.(表语同位语)e)This light is reflected from an object,the light is known a
22、s indirect or reflected light.(定语同位语)f)f)We consider the circuit as completed,that is,connected.(补语同位语)g)g)People use a language in one of three ways:as a native language,as a second language or as a foreign language.(状语同位语)正确分析句子是正确理解句义的基础。其次，通过语法分析句子的结构，弄清主句、从句和短语，问题便可迎刃而解。从句和短语的种类和形式很多，识别从句和短语及其在
23、句子的作用，对正确分析句子、理解句义是会有很大帮助的。通过分析，找出句子的中心内容和层级关系，长句的意思就基本上弄清楚了。One of the ugliest fights of Listers career was with the Glasgow Infirmary where he had started his practice of antiseptic surgery,for they bitterly resented and attack upon the position of their buildings,which happened to be built a few
24、feet above a cholera pit whose hundreds of bodies were still decaying.One of the ugliest fights of Listers career was with the Glasgow Infirmary where he had started his practice of antiseptic surgery,for they bitterly resented and attack upon the position of their buildings,which happened to be bui
25、lt a few feet above a cholera pit whose hundreds of bodies were still decaying.With studying rabies,which is an ordinarily infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by a virus and spread chiefly by domestic dogs and wild flesh-eating animals,he developed a new variety of rabies which c
26、ould safely be used for vaccination.With studying rabies,which is an ordinarily infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by a virus and spread chiefly by domestic dogs and wild flesh-eating animals,he developed a new variety of rabies which could safely be used for vaccination.分析长句时，有
27、几个问题要特别注意：1)省略关联词The amount of energy is the amount of positive work(which)the body can do in changing from the condition(which)it is in to some other condition.The amount of energy is the amount of positive work(which)the body can do in changing from the condition(which)it is in to some other condi
28、tion.该能量系物理从所处的条件转变到另外某一条件时所做的正功。2)注意从句套用现象 We must therefore conclude that when the distance between the molecules is very small,there are forces of repulsion and that these forces increase rapidly as the distance between the molecules decreases.We must therefore conclude that when the distance bet
29、ween the molecules is very small,there are forces of repulsion and that these forces increase rapidly as the distance between the molecules decreases.因此我们必须断定：当分子之间的距离很小时，就产生排斥力，并且这种排斥力随着分子之间的距离减少而迅速增加.3)注意修饰语割裂现象 On the other hand,as we know,a good understanding has been obtained of wood and coal w
30、hich consist chiefly of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen.另一方面，就我们所知，对于木头和煤已经了解得很清楚，它们主要是由碳、氢、氧构成的。understanding 所接的介词短语为 of wood and coal，后接一个定语从句，所以较短的谓语提前，形成修饰割裂现象。The problem of possible genetic damage to human population from radiation exposures,including those resulting from the fallout from testing
31、of atomic weapons,has quite properly claimed much popular attention in recent years.该句中分词短语置于主谓语之间，形成了主谓语割裂现象。Usages and Expressions “倍数”、“分数”、“百分数”等的表示法1“倍数”表示法 (1)用time构成的结构 a times+NPeg.The mass of proton is 1,836 times the mass of the electron.b times+adj.比较级+thaneg.Mercury weighs about 14 times
32、 heavier than the electron.ctimes+as+adj./adv.+aseg.The Uranus is 14 times as large as the mass of the Earth.The pinion rotates five times as fast as the gear.(2)由twice构成的结构 a(be)twice+NPeg.The diameter of a circle is twice its radius.Aluminum has almost twice the resistance of copper.b(be)twice+as+
33、adj./adv.+aseg.If the second winding has twice as many turns as the first,the voltage will be twice as great.(3)用by a factor of表示“倍数”eg.If the current is increased by a factor of 2,the power will increase by a factor of 4.(4)用-fold构成副词或形容词Fivefold(5倍),sixteenfold(16倍),a thousandfold(1000倍)(5)用double
34、,treble等动词eg.The commercial value of the looms was trebled(doubled)overnight.2“分数”表示法 (1)用分数词a/one half,a/one third,a/one quarter,two thirds等 (2)用times,by a factor of，或由-fold构成的词 用times，by a factor of与表示“减少”、“降低”这类词连用，一般译为“减少分之”eg.Some steels can be drawn into wire five times finer than hair.3“百分数”的表示法 用基数词（整数或小数）percent(%)Water covers about seventy percent of the earths surface.percent或per cent只表示“每一百”，“百分之一”eg.Percentage by weight