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1、INTERNATIONAL TRADE Introduction of International tradeHow could you define international trade?QuestionsWhat is the difference between international trade and domestic trade?What are the problems we might have in international trade?Why do you engage in international trade?Definition of internation
2、al tradeInternational trade,also known as world trade,foreign trade or overseas trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods,The
3、 Fields of International TradeForeign manufacturingThe growing services industry in areas such as transportation,tourism,banking,advertising,constructing,retailing,wholesaling,and mass communications.Private-in the case of private firms the transactions are for profit.Governmental-government-sponsor
4、ed activities in international business may or may not have a profit orientation.Text P3Information is hard to obtainNumerous cultural differencesExchange rates varies Problems Foreign languages Foreign laws,Customs and regulations.To acquireresourcesTo diversify Sources and suppliesTo expand salesR
5、easons&GoalsTo expand salesCompanies sales are dependent on two factors:the consumers interest in their products or services and the customers willingness and ability to buy them.Companies may try to increase their sales by entering into international markets.To acquire resourcesManufactures and dis
6、tributors seek out products,services and components produced in foreign countries.They also look for foreign capital and technologies they can use at home.Sometimes they do this to reduce their costs.Sometimes a company buys abroad in order to acquire a service not readily available within the compa
7、nys home country.To diversify sources and suppliesCompanies usually prefer to avoid wild swings in their sales and profits;so they seek out foreign markets as a means to this end.Thus while sales decrease in one country that is experiencing a recession,they increase in another that is undergoing rec
8、overy.Summary Definition Trade theories Goals&Reasons BenefitsThanks for your listeningWhy Do We Need To Have International Trade?国会4班 徐昊Reasons of international tradeThere are various reasons for conducting business on an international scale.Trade between countries arise because it is to their mutu
9、al advantage.If a country is enjoying a monopoly is the production of a certain commodity,it will have an absolute advantage in the production of that commodity over other countries.The other nations have to import that commodity.International trade arises because some countries have a comparative a
10、dvantage in the production of some goods over other goods.Those countries concentrate on the production of those commodities and trade for other goods which they need from other countries.There are countries which are capable of producing raw material.The other nations have no other alternative but
11、to import them.There are many goods which can be produced by sophisticated equipment.The countries which do not have advance technology are compelled to import such equipments from advanced industrial nations of the world.If a country exports goods to other countries it earns international exchange.
12、The country utilizes this international exchange to pay the imports of goods and meet its production and development needs.There are many special incentives and privileges which are given by a government to an exporter.These privileges are not available to other traders.So we can conclude as follows
13、1)Primary effects of natural resources2)Unequal distribution of resources3)Difference in Government policies(e.g.Taxes)4)Supply and demand5)To increase and better the economy of a country Grubby国际贸易操作流程国际贸易操作流程10国际会计四班国际会计四班张立锋张立锋 In international trade,product inquiry and quotation as a beginThere
14、are several commonly used quotation:FOB,CNF,CIF.Product name,specification,quantity and price,packing,origin,shipment,terms of payment and settlement way,claims,arbitrationpaymentL/C(Letter of Credit)T/T(Telegraphic Transfer)D/P(Document against Payment)Stock upQualities,specifications should satifi
15、ed the demand of contractQuantity of goods Preparation timepackagingGeneral export packing standardSpecial export packing standardPacking and shipping markclearance procedureThe customs are checking the imported goodsThe customs are checking the imported goodsshippmentThe port is filled with the con
16、tainersThe containers will be loaded to the shipTransportation insurance、With Average or With Particular Average-W.A or W.P.A、All Risk-A.R.Additional risksSettlement of exchange(TELEGRAPHIC TRANSFER(T/T)DEMAND DRAFT(D/D)MAIL TRANSFER(M/T)The Trade Protectionism姓名：张翔姓名：张翔What is the Trade Protectioni
17、sm Trade Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations,through methods such as tariffs on imported goods,restrictive quotas,and a variety of other restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports,and prevent foreign take-over of national companies.Protect
18、ionism:What It CostsLOST JOBSHIGHER PRICESHIGHER TAXESTHE DEBT CRISIS Protectionist laws raise taxes(tariffs)on imported goods and/or impose limits(quotas)on the amount of goods governments permit to enter into a country.They are laws that not only restrict the choice of consumer goods,but also cont
19、ribute greatly both to the cost of goods and to the cost of doing business.So under protectionism you end up poorer,with less money for buying other things you want and need.Moreover,protectionist laws that reduce consumer spending power actually end up destroying jobs.In the USA,for example,accordi
20、ng to the US Department of Labors own statistics,protectionism destroys eight jobs in the general economy for every one saved in a protected industry.LOST JOBSHIGHER PRICESJapanese consumers pay five times the world price for rice because of import restrictions protecting Japanese farmers.European c
21、onsumers pay dearly for EC restrictions on food imports and heavy taxes for domestic farm subsidies.American consumers also suffer from the same double burden,paying six times the world price for sugar because of trade restrictions(to give but one example).The US Semiconductor Trade Pact,which press
22、ured Japanese producers to cut back production of computer memory chips,caused an acute worldwide shortage of these widely used parts.Prices quadrupled and companies using these components in the production of electronic consumer goods,in various countries around the world,were badly hurt.HIGHER TAX
23、ES Protectionist laws not only force you to pay more taxes on imported goods,but also raise your general taxes as well.This is because governments invariably expand their Customs Department bureaucracies to force compliance with their new rounds of trade restrictions(or in the case of NAFTA,trade re
24、gulations).These bureaucrats must be paid.There is also the expense of more red tape and paperwork for trading companies and more harassment of individual travelers passing through the borders.THE DEBT CRISISWestern Banks are owed hundreds of billions of dollars by Eastern European and Third World c
25、ountries.Trade restrictions by Western governments,however,have cut off Western markets for these countries,making it virtually impossible for them to earn the hard currencies necessary to repay their loans.This increases the very real possibility of a collapse of the world banking system.Protection
26、ism:Who Gains?Those who gain from protectionist laws are special-interest groups,such as some big corporations,unions,and farmers groups all of whom would like to get away with charging higher prices and getting higher wages than they could expect in a free marketplace.THE LOSERS?YOU and all other o
27、rdinary consumers.Your freedom is being trampled into the dust by these laws,and you are literally being robbed,through taxes and higher prices,in order to line the pockets of a few politically-privileged fat cats.The Solution:Free TradeThere is no doubt that free trade is the most effective way to
28、prevent the protectionism.There are some charecters of free tradeas follows:allows each country unrestricted flow of goodsfree trade is a zero tariff turns out to be inexpensive an array of goods available to consumersHOW TO PROTECT INTERNATIONAL TRADE10 国会四班 陶祥Trade barriers into tariff barriers an
29、d non-tariff barriers.Tariff barriers to international trade:1,the impact on world trade.2,impact on the commodity structure and direction of the geographical3,impact on commodity prices,production and marketing.4,impact on the trade balance and the balance of payments.But it must be pointed out tha
30、t the various effects of these conditions come as the situation occurs,if the circumstances change,the impact of tariffs on international trade will also change.The impacts of non-tariff barriers on international trade are as follows:1,non-tariff barriers will hinder the development of international
31、 trade.2,non-tariff barriers in international trade have changed the direction of commodity structure and geography.Joining the WTO has the following 5-point advantages.1)It will help to improve Chinas international trade environment,and promote the development of international trade.China has gaine
32、d more multilateral countries benefit after its join in the WTO.The multilateral trading system is conducive to the export market diversification.2)It can make China enjoy the preferential treatment of developing country Parties,and to provide a good opportunity for Chinese foreign economic and trad
33、e development.3)It will attract more foreign investment to China.After China joined the World Trade Organization,many promising industries become open to foreign investment,and it provided national treatment to foreign-invested enterprises to make a lot of influx of foreign capital in China,which no
34、t only brings the construction of a large number of funds to make up for the lack of construction funds,but also to bring a lot of our advanced management experience and increase our employment opportunities,thus promoting the rapid development of Chinas economic health.4)It will promote the develop
35、ment of Chinas reform and social attention to the market economy,publicize achievements of Chinas reform and opening up,achieve a comprehensive,multi-level opening-up policy,and speed up the integration with the international market in order to ensure that Chinese economy has maintained rapid develo
36、pment.5)In order to create more opportunities for other parties to enter the Chinese market and let foreign enterprises and Chinese enterprises compete equally,we should break the monopoly through competition,improve our productivity and lower commodity prices,so that the actual income,demand,as well as the living conditions of the people can enjoy a substantial increase,in the same time,our people can enjoy world economic development interests.The end