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1、第一章第一章 分子生物学的分子生物学的发展历史发展历史郑伟娟郑伟娟2006What is Molecular biology?1.1.分分 子子 生生 物物 学学 的的 概概 念念The term has more than one definition.Define in broadly：understand biological phenomena in molecular terms (difficult to distinguish from biochemistry)Define in restrictively：the study of gene structure and the
2、ir activities in molecular levelWhat is Molecular biology?遗传学遗传学（genetics）生物化学生物化学（biochemistry）分子生物学分子生物学（molecular biology）1.2.分子生物学发展简史分子生物学发展简史Transmission Genetics传递遗传学传递遗传学In 1865,Gregor Mendel published Mendelian inheritance(孟德尔遗传定律孟德尔遗传定律).garden peaInheritance occurred through blending of e
3、ach trait of the parents in the offspring.Inheritance is particulate（微粒，微粒的）（微粒，微粒的）.Each parent contributes particles,or genetic units,to the offspring.1822-1884http:/In 1910,Thomas Hunt Morganprovided the first definitive evidence for the Chromosome theory of inheritance 1933 Nobel Prize in Physio
4、logy or Medicine for his discoveries concerning the role played by the Chromosome in heredity（遗传）,demonstrated that genes are on the chromosomefruit fly(Drosophia melanogaster)1866-1945http:/nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.htmlMolecular GeneticsWhat genes are made of and how they w
5、ork?The discovery of DNA1869,Friedrich Miescher discovered nuclein and the major component of nuclein is DNA.1844-1895The Composition of Genes1944,Oswald Avery demonstrated that the chromosome is composed of DNA.Not RNA or protein!Frederick Griffith 肺炎球菌转化试验肺炎球菌转化试验1877-1955How does genes work?1902,
6、Archibald Garrod,alcaptonuria（尿黑酸症）George Beadle and,Neurospora（脉孢菌属/链孢菌属）one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesisMost genes contain the information for making one polypeptide.The overall structure of DNA1951 James Watson(23y)丹麦丹麦 哥本哈根哥本哈根剑桥大学剑桥大学 Cavendish Lab.Francis Crick(35y)1953,double helixMolecular Str
7、ucture of Nucleic Acids:A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid(Nature,April 25,1953.volume 171:737-738.)Rosalind FrankinXray photograph of DNA with high quality(核与磷酸连接成的扭曲绳子，每一节上都有配对的碱基)1951.Kings Lab.London University UKM.H.F.WilkinsJames Watson(34y)Francis Crick(46y)Maurice Wilkins(46y)1962 Nobe
8、l Prize1958，Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahlproved that DNA replication in bacteria follows the semiconservative pathway.Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl more recentlyFaculty member at HarvardMechanisms of Molecular EvolutionFaculty Chair for CBW StudiesFaculty member at U.of OregonMeiotic Rec
9、ombinationFrancois Jacob and Sydney BrennerThe ribosomes are nonspecific translation machines that can make different proteins,according to the instructions in the mRNAs that visit the ribosomes.In the early 1960sMarshall NirenbergGobind Khorana Robert W.Holley for their interpretation of the geneti
10、c code and its function in protein synthesis.1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine1927-1922-1922-one geneone polypeptidenormal genenormal functionmutant genegenetic disorderTechnique:gene cloning1975.Howard Temin(41y)David Baltimore(37y)Reverse transcription（引发癌症的内因）（引发癌症的内因）The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980
11、for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acidsWalter Gilbert Frederick Sanger 1932-1918-for his work on the structure of proteins,especially that of insulinThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958Frederick Sanger 1918-1983.Barbara McClintock(86y)DNA transposable ele
12、mentThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA RibozymeSidney Altman Thomas R.CechYale University New Haven,CT,USA University of Colorado Boulder,CO,USA1939-1947-The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993Kary B.Mullis 1944-for his invention of the polymerase chain rea
13、ction(PCR)methodEdward B.LewisChristiane Nsslein-VolhardEric F.Wieschaus The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1995discovered Genetic control of early development in Drosophila（果蝇）（果蝇）In 1997,lan Wilmut and colleagues cloned a sheep(Dolly)from an adult sheep udder cell.1997，The Nobel Prize in Ph
14、ysiology or Medicine for his discovery of Prions a new biological principle of infectionStanley B.Prusiner Univ.of California,School of Medicine USA 1942-discovered key regulators of the cell cycleLeland H.Hartwell R.Timothy(Tim)Hunt Sir Paul M.NurseThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 20012002
15、 Nobel Prize John Sulston Sydney Brenner H.Robert HorvitzProgrammed Cell Death(PCD)and development1.3.分子生物学的研究概况分子生物学的研究概况还原论还原论20世纪世纪人类对生命现象的认识人类对生命现象的认识个体个体 染色体染色体 基因基因 DNA dNt基因的概念基因的概念基因的本质基因的本质基因的功能基因的功能逐步深刻认识逐步深刻认识人类对生命现象的认识人类对生命现象的认识还原论还原论20世纪世纪生命科学的飞跃生命科学的飞跃了解整个生命现象的本质了解整个生命现象的本质仍然是零敲碎打研究策略仍
16、然是零敲碎打研究策略 （piece meal）人类对生命现象的认识人类对生命现象的认识 整体论整体论 揭示生命的奥秘揭示生命的奥秘21世纪世纪Genomics Structural Genomics Functional genomics 数、数、理、化相关学科理、化相关学科生物学实验技术生物学实验技术渗透渗透 交叉交叉近代生物学近代生物学生物学生物学个性个性共性共性宏观生物学宏观生物学（生态学为核心）（生态学为核心）微观生物学微观生物学（分子生物学为核心）（分子生物学为核心）细胞水平细胞水平分子水平分子水平结构生物学，发育生物学，结构生物学，发育生物学，神经生物学等新兴学科发展神经生物学等新
17、兴学科发展生物多样性生物多样性研究研究资源保护与资源保护与利用利用人类生态环境的保护人类生态环境的保护工农业生产持续发展工农业生产持续发展分子生物学在现代生物学中的地位分子生物学在现代生物学中的地位分子生物学分子生物学分子结构生物学分子结构生物学分子发育生物学分子发育生物学分子神经生物学分子神经生物学分子育种学分子育种学分子肿瘤学分子肿瘤学分子细胞生物学分子细胞生物学分子免疫学分子免疫学分子病毒学分子病毒学分子生理学分子生理学分子考古学分子考古学分子遗传学分子遗传学分子数量遗传学分子数量遗传学分子生态学分子生态学分子进化学分子进化学.分子生物学的延伸分子生物学的延伸分子生物学分子生物学已经渗透到生物学的几乎所有领域已经渗透到生物学的几乎所有领域分子生物学分子生物学已经成为生命科学领域的带头学科已经成为生命科学领域的带头学科21世纪生命科学发展的特点世纪生命科学发展的特点 对生命现象的认识从单基因对生命现象的认识从单基因水平向全基因组整体水平发展水平向全基因组整体水平发展 现代生命科学研究的理论与现代生命科学研究的理论与技术从较长期的积累走向应用技术从较长期的积累走向应用