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1、定语从句定语从句 20121.1.定义：定义：定义：定义：在复合句中通常修饰名词，代词的在复合句中通常修饰名词，代词的在复合句中通常修饰名词，代词的在复合句中通常修饰名词，代词的从句从句从句从句2.2.先行词：通常是被修饰的名词或代词先行词：通常是被修饰的名词或代词先行词：通常是被修饰的名词或代词先行词：通常是被修饰的名词或代词3.3.引导词：关系代词引导词：关系代词引导词：关系代词引导词：关系代词 who,whom,whose,which,that,etc.who,whom,whose,which,that,etc.关系副词：关系副词：关系副词：关系副词：when,where,why whe
2、n,where,why 先行词的表现形式？先行词的表现形式？先行词的表现形式？先行词的表现形式？（四种面具之一）：（四种面具之一）：（四种面具之一）：（四种面具之一）：1.1.一个词（名词或代词）一个词（名词或代词）一个词（名词或代词）一个词（名词或代词）He is a man who means what he says.He is a man who means what he says.先行词是名词短语先行词是名词短语先行词是名词短语先行词是名词短语 a man a man Even when homeless individuals manage to find Even when h
3、omeless individuals manage to find a _ that will give them three meals a day and a place a _ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.each day wander
4、ing the street.（20062006完形填空）完形填空）完形填空）完形填空）A.lodging B.shelter C.dwelling D.house A.lodging B.shelter C.dwelling D.house 先行词（四种面具之二）：先行词（四种面具之二）：先行词（四种面具之二）：先行词（四种面具之二）：2.2.一个短语一个短语一个短语一个短语 Many lifes problems which were solved by asking Many lifes problems which were solved by asking family member
5、s,friends or colleague are beyond family members,friends or colleague are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.the capability of the extended family to resolve.(1995 (1995年阅读第三篇年阅读第三篇年阅读第三篇年阅读第三篇)先行词是：先行词是：先行词是：先行词是：many lifes problemsmany lifes problems 许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员，朋友或者同事就能解决许
6、多以前可以通过询问家庭成员，朋友或者同事就能解决许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员，朋友或者同事就能解决许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员，朋友或者同事就能解决 的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。先行词（四种面具之二）：先行词（四种面具之二）：先行词（四种面具之二）：先行词（四种面具之二）：2.2.一个短语一个短语一个短语一个短语 In Europe,as else where,multi-media groups have In Europe,as else where,multi-me
7、dia groups have been increasingly successful;groups which bring been increasingly successful;groups which bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one and publishing houses that work in relation
8、 to one another.(2005 another.(2005年翻译）年翻译）年翻译）年翻译）在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功 了，这些集团把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台了，这些集团把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台了，这些集团把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台了，这些集团把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台 、报、报、报、报 社、杂志社和出版社整合到了一起。社、杂志社和出版社整合到了一起。社、杂志社和出版社整合到了一起。社、杂志社和
9、出版社整合到了一起。先行词（四种面具之三）：先行词（四种面具之三）：先行词（四种面具之三）：先行词（四种面具之三）：3.3.一个分句一个分句一个分句一个分句 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe
10、 long before people which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.realized how diverse languages could be.(2004(2004年年年年 英译汉）英译汉）英译汉）英译汉）希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就已经
11、在这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就已经在这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就已经在这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就已经在欧洲扎下了根。欧洲扎下了根。欧洲扎下了根。欧洲扎下了根。先行词（四种面具之四）：先行词（四种面具之四）：先行词（四种面具之四）：先行词（四种面具之四）：4.4.一个完整的句子一个完整的句子一个完整的句子一个完整的句子 He arrived one hour later,which annoyed his He arrived one hour later,which annoyed his girlfriend very much.girlfr
12、iend very much.先行词是先行词是先行词是先行词是He arrived one hour laterHe arrived one hour later 他晚到了一个小时，这让他的女朋友很生气。他晚到了一个小时，这让他的女朋友很生气。他晚到了一个小时，这让他的女朋友很生气。他晚到了一个小时，这让他的女朋友很生气。He refused to accept the offer,which made the work He refused to accept the offer,which made the work more difficult.more difficult.Becaus
13、e they are adjusting to their new bodies and Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need
14、 the _ that comes from achieving and need the _ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.(2003are admired by others.(2003完形填空完形填空完形填空完形填空)assistance B.guidance assistance B.guidance C.confidence D.to
15、leranceC.confidence D.tolerance青少年在不断调整，以适应身体、智力和情感上出现的一青少年在不断调整，以适应身体、智力和情感上出现的一青少年在不断调整，以适应身体、智力和情感上出现的一青少年在不断调整，以适应身体、智力和情感上出现的一系列新的变化和挑战，因此他们非常敏感，并且需要有自系列新的变化和挑战，因此他们非常敏感，并且需要有自系列新的变化和挑战，因此他们非常敏感，并且需要有自系列新的变化和挑战，因此他们非常敏感，并且需要有自信心，而这些自信心主要来自于获得成功以及知道自己的信心，而这些自信心主要来自于获得成功以及知道自己的信心，而这些自信心主要来自于获得成功以
16、及知道自己的信心，而这些自信心主要来自于获得成功以及知道自己的成绩被别人羡慕。成绩被别人羡慕。成绩被别人羡慕。成绩被别人羡慕。For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of _ that came from being a loyal employee.(1997年完形填空年完形填空)A.excitement B.conviction C.enthusiasm D.importance 对于雇员来说，这（雇佣临时工的趋势）意味着对于雇员来说，这（雇佣临时工的趋势）意味着失去（以前长期工享有的）待遇和安全感
17、，以及失去（以前长期工享有的）待遇和安全感，以及作为一名忠实雇员所具有的那种责任感。作为一名忠实雇员所具有的那种责任感。关系代词作用？关系代词作用？关系代词作用？关系代词作用？（三位一体）（三位一体）（三位一体）（三位一体）1.1.关系代词代替先行词（代词功能）关系代词代替先行词（代词功能）关系代词代替先行词（代词功能）关系代词代替先行词（代词功能）Thank you for the book that you gave it to me(F).Thank you for the book that you gave it to me(F).2.2.关系代词引导定语从句（具有连词功能）关系代词
18、引导定语从句（具有连词功能）关系代词引导定语从句（具有连词功能）关系代词引导定语从句（具有连词功能）There are thousands of islands in China,the largest of them is There are thousands of islands in China,the largest of them is Taiwan(F)Taiwan(F)3.3.关系代词在从句中做成分（主语，宾语，定语，表语等）（句关系代词在从句中做成分（主语，宾语，定语，表语等）（句关系代词在从句中做成分（主语，宾语，定语，表语等）（句关系代词在从句中做成分（主语，宾语，定语，
19、表语等）（句法功能）法功能）法功能）法功能）The war and the sufferings which caused were still very clear in The war and the sufferings which caused were still very clear in his memory(F).his memory(F).The manager The manager，whose department Mr King workedwhose department Mr King worked，knew knew the secret later that e
20、vening(F)the secret later that evening(F)Charlie Chaplin,for whose life was once very difficult,later Charlie Chaplin,for whose life was once very difficult,later became world famous became world famous（F F）.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes But it is a little upsetting t
21、o read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off whichoff which they both fall they both fall into the river-and then to find tha
22、t the line consists of into the river-and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:“Pluff!Pluff!A hundred and eighty-five kilograms”(2000“Pluff!Pluff!A hundred and eighty-five kilogram
23、s”(2000 年阅读年阅读年阅读年阅读)满足定语从句句法功能，否则先行词悬空，意思表达满足定语从句句法功能，否则先行词悬空，意思表达满足定语从句句法功能，否则先行词悬空，意思表达满足定语从句句法功能，否则先行词悬空，意思表达 也不完整。也不完整。也不完整。也不完整。定语从句的作用（定语？）定语从句的作用（定语？）（一言难尽）（一言难尽）1.This is the story of a man.His wife suddenly died1.This is the story of a man.His wife suddenly died2.The woman spoke at the mee
24、ting.She was Mrs Jones.2.The woman spoke at the meeting.She was Mrs Jones.3.3.盗窃之人，只要他抓到，他都会开除。盗窃之人，只要他抓到，他都会开除。盗窃之人，只要他抓到，他都会开除。盗窃之人，只要他抓到，他都会开除。He will fire anyone he catches stealing.He will fire anyone he catches stealing.4.4.他不记得他父亲，他不记得他父亲，他不记得他父亲，他不记得他父亲，因为在他五岁时就过世了。因为在他五岁时就过世了。因为在他五岁时就过世了。因为
25、在他五岁时就过世了。He didnt remember his father,who died when he was He didnt remember his father,who died when he was five years old.five years old.5.He insisted on buying a car5.He insisted on buying a car，which he could not afford which he could not afford and had no use for and had no use for 他坚持要买辆轿车，他坚
26、持要买辆轿车，他坚持要买辆轿车，他坚持要买辆轿车，尽管尽管尽管尽管他买不起，他买不起，他买不起，他买不起，而且而且而且而且也也也也 不需要。不需要。不需要。不需要。限定性定语从句与非限定性定语区别在于与主句关系是否密切？限定性定语从句与非限定性定语区别在于与主句关系是否密切？限定性定语从句与非限定性定语区别在于与主句关系是否密切？限定性定语从句与非限定性定语区别在于与主句关系是否密切？（没那么简单）（没那么简单）（没那么简单）（没那么简单）1.The sun which is very far from the earth gives us light and heat F1.The sun
27、which is very far from the earth gives us light and heat F 太阳距离地球很远，却能给我们提供光和热太阳距离地球很远，却能给我们提供光和热太阳距离地球很远，却能给我们提供光和热太阳距离地球很远，却能给我们提供光和热 2.A computer is a machine that can store information and do 2.A computer is a machine that can store information and do calculations calculations（F F）3.He wi11 wear
28、 no clothes which will make him different from his 3.He wi11 wear no clothes which will make him different from his fellow men fellow men 他不穿与众不同的奇装异服他不穿与众不同的奇装异服他不穿与众不同的奇装异服他不穿与众不同的奇装异服4.He will wear no clothes4.He will wear no clothes，which will make him which will make him different from his fell
29、ow men different from his fellow men，他将赤身裸体，这显得他与众不同他将赤身裸体，这显得他与众不同他将赤身裸体，这显得他与众不同他将赤身裸体，这显得他与众不同指代指代所做成分所做成分是否可省略是否可省略that人；物人；物主、宾、表主、宾、表作宾作宾/表可省表可省which物物主语；宾语主语；宾语 作宾语可省作宾语可省who人人主语；宾语主语；宾语作宾语可省作宾语可省whom人人宾语宾语可省可省whose人；物人；物定语定语不可省不可省关系代词的用法关系代词的用法指人的关系代词指人的关系代词who whom whose1.轮椅使那些本身无法自由行动的残疾人受
30、益匪轮椅使那些本身无法自由行动的残疾人受益匪浅。浅。Armchairs greatly benefit the disabled who cant move feely on their own.2.玛丽是我昨天晚上认识的女孩。玛丽是我昨天晚上认识的女孩。Mary is the girl（whom）we met last night.3.我有一个朋友，他弟弟是舞蹈家。我有一个朋友，他弟弟是舞蹈家。Ive got a friend whose brother is a dancer.指物的关系代词指物的关系代词指物的关系代词指物的关系代词that,which,whosethat,which,wh
31、ose1.1.刚才还在桌子上的钥匙现在不见了。刚才还在桌子上的钥匙现在不见了。刚才还在桌子上的钥匙现在不见了。刚才还在桌子上的钥匙现在不见了。The keys that/which were on this table are missing now.The keys that/which were on this table are missing now.2.2.他去失物招领处认领落在教室的书去了。他去失物招领处认领落在教室的书去了。他去失物招领处认领落在教室的书去了。他去失物招领处认领落在教室的书去了。He has gone to the lost and found to claim
32、the book he left in the He has gone to the lost and found to claim the book he left in the classroom.classroom.3 3我昨天买了一本书，封面是红色的。我昨天买了一本书，封面是红色的。我昨天买了一本书，封面是红色的。我昨天买了一本书，封面是红色的。I bought a book yesterday whose cover(the cover of I bought a book yesterday whose cover(the cover of which)is red which)i
33、s red4.4.王老师上班的的那所大学的校长是美籍华人。王老师上班的的那所大学的校长是美籍华人。王老师上班的的那所大学的校长是美籍华人。王老师上班的的那所大学的校长是美籍华人。The president,in whose university Mr.Wang worked,is an The president,in whose university Mr.Wang worked,is an American Chinese.American Chinese.5.5.人们说他具备了正直人应有的一切品质。人们说他具备了正直人应有的一切品质。人们说他具备了正直人应有的一切品质。人们说他具备了正直
34、人应有的一切品质。He is said to be everything that an honest man should be.He is said to be everything that an honest man should be.特别提醒：特别提醒：1.定语从句的时态独立定语从句的时态独立.2.当关系代词在从句中充当主语时，从句的谓语动当关系代词在从句中充当主语时，从句的谓语动词必须词必须 与先行词的人称和数保持一致。与先行词的人称和数保持一致。He is one of the students who _ from the USA.He is the only one of
35、the students who _ from the USA.Despite much research,there are still certain A elements in the life cycle of the insect that is B C not fully understood.(1996年改错年改错)D 3.Whose后面必须接一个名词连后面必须接一个名词连 用，不能用，不能单独使用。单独使用。Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social
36、 harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.(2000年阅读第四篇年阅读第四篇)二战后日本的目标一直很明确，其生产力与二战后日本的目标一直很明确，其生产力与社会和谐令美国和欧洲羡慕。社会和谐令美国和欧洲羡慕。如何选择定语从句的引导词？如何选择定语从句的引导词？(三步走三步走)1找准先行词找准先行词2.把先行词还原于定语从句中，根据还原后先行把先行词还原于定语从句中，根据还原后先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分选择关系代词。词在定语从句中所充当的成分选择关系代词。3结合先行词是指人指物选择正确的引导词。结合先行词是指人指物选择正确的引导
37、词。特别提醒此规则有待修订。特别提醒此规则有待修订。1I know the student _ you think to be the brightest in your class.2This is the house_ I once visited.3I don t know the reason _ he made up for his absence.4.He made another wonderful discovery,_of great importance to science.A which I think is B which I think it is C which
38、I think it D I think is 5.Is this the skirt_ you bought yesterday?6.Is this skirt_ you bought yesterday?7.Is this skirt _ you paid$20 yesterday?8I know the student _ you think is the brightest in your class.带有插入语的定语从句带有插入语的定语从句 这些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个这些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个“主谓结构主谓结构”，如，如I know,they believe,he
39、 claimed,they assume等。这些等。这些“主谓结构主谓结构”多为表达个人主观观点的结构，它们紧多为表达个人主观观点的结构，它们紧跟在关系代词后面，不影响定语从句的原跟在关系代词后面，不影响定语从句的原来结构，因而并非构成定语从句的主谓句。来结构，因而并非构成定语从句的主谓句。带有插入语的定语从句带有插入语的定语从句 What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.(1998
40、阅读第二篇阅读第二篇)很难证实的商界人士自认为的由他们所主很难证实的商界人士自认为的由他们所主 持的提高持的提高 生产效率的革命是否属实。生产效率的革命是否属实。Which Which 与与与与 that that 的区别的区别的区别的区别 只宜用只宜用只宜用只宜用that,that,不宜用不宜用不宜用不宜用which which 的情形的情形的情形的情形 1.1.先行被先行被先行被先行被only,any,few,little,no,all,one of,the same,the veryonly,any,few,little,no,all,one of,the same,the very及序
41、及序及序及序数词，最高级形容词修饰或本身是序数词和最高级形容词。数词，最高级形容词修饰或本身是序数词和最高级形容词。数词，最高级形容词修饰或本身是序数词和最高级形容词。数词，最高级形容词修饰或本身是序数词和最高级形容词。English is the last subject that I want to learn.English is the last subject that I want to learn.That is the most effective measure that is used against pollution That is the most effective
42、 measure that is used against pollution 2.2.主句已有疑问词主句已有疑问词主句已有疑问词主句已有疑问词who who 或或或或 which which Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?3.3.先行词既有人又有物先行词既有人又有物先行词既有人又有物先行词既有人又有物 The story and people(that)he has mentioned in his book are The s
43、tory and people(that)he has mentioned in his book are from reality.from reality.4.4.先行词是先行词是先行词是先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the onlynothing,none,the only等代词。等代词。等代词。等代词。You should hand in all(that)you have.You should ha
44、nd in all(that)you have.Which 与与 that 的区别的区别 宜用宜用which,不用不用 that 的情形：的情形：1.紧跟介词之后充当宾语的关系代词紧跟介词之后充当宾语的关系代词 They are all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.(2005年七选五年七选五)他们所有人都在抱怨高涨的医疗预算，其中增他们所有人都在抱怨高涨的医疗预算，其中增长最快的部分是药品费用。长最快的部分是药品费用。2
45、.在非限定性定语从句中，不用在非限定性定语从句中，不用that引导定语从引导定语从句。句。关系副词的用法关系副词的用法指代指代所做成分所做成分是否可省略是否可省略when时间时间状语状语否否where地点地点状语状语否否why原因原因状语状语否否 1.By contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred 1.By contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,when England was still a years from 1650 to 1750,when En
46、gland was still a completely agricultural country,a period of great completely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.(1998abundance and prosperity.(1998完型）完型）完型）完型）相比较而言，在之前的一百年里，从相比较而言，在之前的一百年里，从相比较而言，在之前的一百年里，从相比较而言，在之前的一百年里，从16501650到到到到17501750，当时的英国还是一个全面的农业国家，他们看到当时的英
47、国还是一个全面的农业国家，他们看到当时的英国还是一个全面的农业国家，他们看到当时的英国还是一个全面的农业国家，他们看到的是一个富有，繁荣的社会。的是一个富有，繁荣的社会。的是一个富有，繁荣的社会。的是一个富有，繁荣的社会。2.2.我工作的那家工厂将要关闭。我工作的那家工厂将要关闭。我工作的那家工厂将要关闭。我工作的那家工厂将要关闭。The factory where I work is going to close down.The factory where I work is going to close down.3.3.Is there any reason why you want
48、to leave now?选择关系副词不仅要求先行词表示时间、地选择关系副词不仅要求先行词表示时间、地点或原因，还得在定语从句中做点或原因，还得在定语从句中做状语（？）状语（？）。换句话说，若定语从句不是缺。换句话说，若定语从句不是缺状语（？）状语（？），而是缺少主语或宾语，即使先行词是表，而是缺少主语或宾语，即使先行词是表示时间、地点或原因，也要用示时间、地点或原因，也要用which 或或that 来引导来引导如何选择定语从句的引导词？如何选择定语从句的引导词？(三步走三步走)1找准先行词找准先行词2.把先行词还原于定语从句中，根据还原后先行把先行词还原于定语从句中，根据还原后先行词在定语从
49、句中所充当的成分选择关系代词。词在定语从句中所充当的成分选择关系代词。3结合先行词是指人指物选择正确的引导词。结合先行词是指人指物选择正确的引导词。特别提醒此规则有待修订。特别提醒此规则有待修订。定语从句引导词选择策略三步走：定语从句引导词选择策略三步走：1找准先行词找准先行词2.把先行词还原于定语从句中，根据还原后先行把先行词还原于定语从句中，根据还原后先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分选择关系代词；词在定语从句中所充当的成分选择关系代词；如果先行词无法直接还原，可考虑选择关系副如果先行词无法直接还原，可考虑选择关系副词，词，也可考虑选择也可考虑选择 介词介词+关系代词关系代词 which 或或
50、 whom.3结合先行词是指人或指物选择合适的关系代词；结合先行词是指人或指物选择合适的关系代词；结合先行词是地点，时间或原因选择关系副词结合先行词是地点，时间或原因选择关系副词 The hours _ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.（2000-12 CET4）A.when B.on which C.that D.in which 孩子们花费很多时间看电视，他们