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1、DifferencesBetweenEnglishEuphemismandChineseEuphemismWhatiseuphemismAeuphemismisawordorexpressionusedinplaceofonethatmaybefoundoffensiveorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.refertotabootopics(suchasdisability,sex,excretion,anddeath)inapoliteway,andtomaskprofanity(亵渎).Theoppositeofeuphemismroughlyequatestody
2、sphemism(粗直语).ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishEuphemismSemanticfeaturesAwordshouldbeeuphemizedbecauseofitsnegativemeaninginonlanguage,whileinanotheritdonot.13bitch(母狗)含有lechery(淫荡)之意，所以有“ladydog”“girldog”的婉称，而汉语中则没有这种情况。CharacteristicsofwordformationEnglish:shortening(homo,gents,ladies,Ca)acro
3、nym(W.C,B.O,V.D，XYZ)backformation(burgle(v.破门盗窃某处，撬窃某人的家)就是从burglar(n.夜盗；窃贼；破门盗窃者)逆构而成的词。Chinese:commendatorywords(富态，丰满）ambages(“你脸上又添新伤疤了”孔乙己)analogy（走了，去了）vaguewords(个人问题）religionEnglish:(Christian)manyeuphemismcomesfromBible,especiallywordsaboutdeathandsex.(makelove,gotomeetonesmaker,bewiththego
4、d)Chinese:(Buddhism)“诸行无常，诸法无我，一切皆苦，涅槃寂静”成佛、圆寂、坐化（Taoism)道教认为生活在世界上是一件美好的事情，死亡才是痛苦，因而道教追求的是得道成仙，这样就能超脱生死，在仙境中过仙人的生活.仙逝、得道、成仙、羽化、归道山Social statumEnglish:(freeandequal）name:sonandfatherhavethesamename.(HenryFordHenryFordHenryFord)address:callfatherormothersnamedirectly.Chinese:(hierachical)name:avoidi
5、ngeldersormonarchsname.(雍正名是胤禛，他的兄弟们都是取名为胤，后来他即位后，他的兄弟们都被改成允)address:cannotaddresseldersormonarchsnamedirectly.(红楼梦里黛玉的母亲叫贾敏敏，黛玉只要看到敏字，她都念成密；司马昭因为他的名是昭，而王昭君的名字有昭，晋朝时为避司马昭讳，称王昭君为明妃明妃)malechauvinism:menssocialstatusishigherthanwomen.(千岁，奴家，民女，奴婢，妾身，贱妾，*氏）EtiquetteEnglish:(practicalandself-esteem)donot
6、belittlethemselvesandpraiseothersatwill.Chinese:(self-modest)toshowrespectbybelittlingthemselvesandpraisingothers.(鄙人，阁下，贱内，尊夫人，犬子，令公子）Euphemism on the Function of Face SavingFace TheoryBrown and Levinson(1987)construe face theory as consisting of two specific desires or face-wants:negative face and
7、 positive face.FTA:Face Threatening Act1.Whats FTA?2.Why should we use euphemisms to avoid FTA?Examples1.Personal FigureBig-boned or Portly=heavy or overweight Break wind=pass gas Vertically-challenged=short “Ah,Ill read it to you.The old library building on Chestnut Street,which has been vacant for
8、 over a year now,was supposed to be made into a community center to serve the senior citizens as well as the younger people of Riverdale.”(AshortspeechfromRobbiesgrandfatherinFamily Album.)Examples2.Social MattersComfort woman=prostitute Between jobs=unemployed Domestic engineer=maid Sanitation engi
9、neer=garbage manEliz:Youre a Senior System Engineer,is that correct?Epstein:Thats right.Eliz:What are your main responsibilities?Epstein:My main job is to reduce production costs.(a short dialogue Functioning in Business)Eliz:What did you do after graduation?Epstein:My first job was as an engineer f
10、or a small company in San Francisco.Eliz:And what were your main responsibilities?Epstein:I was a quality assurance engineer.I worked for them for two years.(a short dialogue Functioning in Business)Euphemismsabout“death”“死亡”的禁忌是禁忌中的典型。英语国家主要受基督教文化的影响，在基督教文化中死亡被认为是神秘而不朽的,与上帝共享永恒的福乐。基于这个原因，死亡对于基督徒或受基
11、督教文化影响的西方人来说不仅不让他们产生恐惧心理，有时反而可能是一种期盼.Example1：topayCharon出钱雇冥河上的船夫卡戎将自己的亡灵渡过冥河Charon krn n.1.【希腊神话】卡戎(厄瑞玻斯和夜女神之子，在冥河上摆渡亡魂去阴间的神)2.【天文学】卡戎(冥王星的卫星)Charon在Etruria这个地方，以冥界船夫的身分为人所熟知。死者要前往应去的国度时，必然会经过这条河。这条河的名字是Acheron，它意味着悲伤之河或无喜悦之河。卡伦的职责就是这条河的摆渡人，负责接运死者的灵魂，因此也被视为灵魂的导引者。在古希腊时代，人们有着在下葬的死者口中或眼睑上放置钱币的习俗。这钱币
12、当然是支付给卡伦的渡河费用。Example2：crossovertheriverStyx度过死亡分界线theriverStyx冥河 Styx stiks n.【希腊神话】冥河(环绕地狱的河）theGreatDivide阴曹地府crossover横渡、穿越Example3:crossovertheGreatDividegoovertheGreatDivideGreatdivide:ContinentalDivide北美大陆分水岭（从阿拉斯加延伸到墨西哥的一系列山脊，它构成北美大陆的分水线。其中大部分延落基山脉的山峰分布，在美国被称为大分水岭，美国人用GreatDivide表示生死关头）Examp
13、le4:tosendsomebodytoeternity送某人去来生送某人上西天eternity：n.1.永恒；无穷2.永存；永生；不朽3.无限的时间，无始无终(的时间)；世世代代4.(似乎)无终止的一段长时期5.来世，来生；来世，来生；(死后的死后的)无穷时间无穷时间6.用复数永恒的真理Example5:togothewayofallflesh走众生之路死亡flesh fle n.1.肉体，躯体(区别于灵魂、精神)2.人性，人情味；肉欲、淫欲，情欲，兽性(区别于精神性和道德性)3.众生，一切生物众生，一切生物 西方人崇尚人人生来平等西方人崇尚人人生来平等Example6：tolaydownonesshovelandhoe放下铁锹和锄头（喻指为国家利益而献出生命）为国捐躯杀身成仁肝脑涂地舍生取义Example7:tobetorestinAbrahamsbosom躺在亚伯拉罕的怀抱Abraham在圣经旧约中为西伯来人的第一个族长和先祖，艾萨克的父亲。Abrahamsbosom即“极乐世界，天国“