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1、高中英语语法定语从句运用难点分析讲义定语从句讲解构成1.了解定语从句的构成,首先应了解一些相关的基本概念。a.被修饰的名词等成分通常叫做先行词;b.连接先行词和定语从句的词为关系词。2.定语从句由关系代词、关系副词和关系限定词三类关系词连接而成,这三种也将在定语从句讲解中一一说明。定语从句讲解关系词的具体用法1.关系代词 which,who,whom,that 和 as2.关系代词,顾名思义,必有代替对象。上述五个关系代词各有其具体指代对象,在从句中作相应的成分。此外,它们引导的定语从句和先行词是形容词与名词的修饰关系。例句1:Pumas are large,cat-like animals(
2、 that/which are found in America.)【译文】美洲狮是体形似猫的大型动物,产于美洲。【注解】关系代词作从句主语,不可省略。例句2:The house (that/which we built last year) is very attractive.【译文】我们去年建造的房子很讨人喜欢。【注解】关系代词作从句宾语,可省略。例句3:The novel (with/which most of you are familiar) has been adapted for the screen.【译文】你们大多数都很熟悉的那部小说已被改编搬上了荧屏。【注解】关系代词直接
3、置于介词后作介词宾语,此时不可被that替换,也不可省略。例句4:He was no longer the reckless young man( that/which he was two years ago).【译文】他不再是两年前那个莽撞的小伙子了。【注解】关系代词作从句表语,可省略;此外,先行词the young man代表一种状态,属物的范畴,不能用who来引导定语从句。例句5:Migrant workers(to whom much more attention has been paid) strongly desire that their wages should be du
4、ly paid.【译文】现在民工受到了社会更大的关注,他们强烈渴望自己的工资能够及时发放。【注解】关系代词直接置于介词后作介词宾语,此时不可被who替换,也不可省略。例句6:Such accommodations(as they could find) were generally expensive.【译文】他们能够找到的这些住所费用往往比较昂贵。【注解】之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有such之故。例句7:Such inns(as there were in the mountains) were generally poor.【译文】这些山区里的酒馆条件往往比较糟糕。【注
5、解】之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有such之故。例句8:This is the same mosquito(as bit you just now).【译文】这只蚊子和刚才咬你的那只是同一种蚊子。【注解】之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有the same之故。定语从句讲解小结:(1)一般来讲,which和that用来替代指物的先行词,在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语 (that不能作介词后面的宾语);who替代指人的先行词,在定语从句中作主语或宾语(但不能 作介词后面的宾语);whom是who的宾格形式,替代指人的先行词,在定语从句中只能作宾 语;as作为关系代
6、词,只能用于一些特殊搭配(such. as/the same. as)。(2)that既可指物也可指人,但在当代英语中,多指物。(3)当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语或表语时,经常可省略,但当which,whom 紧跟在介词后则不可省略。例如:Is that the man(with whom you are going to set up a law firm)?Is that the man(who/whom)(you are going to set up a law firm with)?(4)只能用that的情形a.当先行词为 all,much,anything, somethin
7、g, nothing,everything, little,none 等不定代 词,或先行词被all,any,every等不定代词修饰时,只能用that替代指物的先行词。例如:Thata all(that I ask for).【译文】这就是我要的一切。Is there anything(that I can do for you) ?【译文】我可以为您效劳吗?Every tear o(that intends to participate in the contest) is to submit a fee of 2000.【译文】每一个意欲参加比赛的队伍都应该缴纳两千元的费用。b.先行词被
8、形容词最髙级修饰,或被the only,the first,the last,the next,the very等修饰时,只能用that替代指物的先行词。例如:He eats the finest food(that is available).【译文】他吃的是所提供的最精美的食物。The first case of bird flu( that was reported in Thailand) captured the attention of officials with WHO.【译文】泰闰报道的第一例禽流感引起了世界卫生组织官员们的注意。This is the very book(t
9、hat I have been hunting for a long time).【译文】这就是我长期以来一直寻找的那本书。c.先行词既包括人,又包括物时。例如:He is always talking brilliantly of the book and author(that interested him)【译文】他对那本书及其作者很感兴趣,总是兴高采烈地谈论着他们。 We were deeply impressed by the school and its teachers (that we had visited there).【译文】我们访问的学校和老师给我们留下了深刻的印象。(
10、5)只能用which的情形a.用于介词之后(可参见A例句3)。b.用于非限制定语从句中。以上是对于定语从句讲解中关系代词的独立讲解,更多的关于定语从句讲解知识将会陆续更新。四步教你区分同位语从句与定语从句1意义的不同同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的,它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号;而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的,它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来:We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come,故that引导的是同位语从句)We are glad at
11、 the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的,即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news,故that从句为定语从句)2. 引导词的不同what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句,但不引导定语从句。3. 引导词的功能上的不同that引导同位语从句时,它不充当句子成分,而引导定语从句时,它作为关系代词,要么充当定语从句的主语,要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。4. 被修饰词语的区别同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限
12、,通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等,而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外,when和where 引导定语从句时,通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词,而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定;又如why引导定语从句,它通常只修饰名词the reason,而它引导同位语从句时则不一定:I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)Ill never forget the days when I lived there. 我永远不会忘记我住在
13、那儿的日子。(定语从句)We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我们不明白这个问题,为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句)The reason why he didnt come to the meeting is that he is ill. 他未能来开会,原因是他生病了。(定语从句)起突破长难句一、定语从句的识别1、结构识别:名词+连接词+句子【例句】Kevin gave us a wonderful training course, which left us a deep impression.【解析】这个
14、句子的前身应该是这样的:Kevin gave us a wonderful training course. It left us a deep impression. it就是指代前面这个句子,这样两个句子就有了共有的名词,连接两个具有共同名词的句子是定语从句的作用,就可以用which代替it,这样就有了示例中的非限定性定语从句。2、常用连接词:关系代词:who, whom, which, that, as, whose关系连词:when, where, why, how介词+关系代词:as和that以及who一般不能接到介词后引导句子二、定语从句的处理方法1、按照定语的处理方法将定语从句前
15、置,这种处理方式适用于比较短的和起修饰限定作用的定语从句。2、在考研中大多数的定语从句起的作用是连接句子,因此我们通常把定语从句从整个句子中独立拆分出来单独成为一个句子,这种处理方法的关键是找到连接词,拆分点就是连接词。对于“介词+连接词”引导的定语从句,拆分点就在介词处。【例句】There is something by virtue of which man is man.【译文】存在一种特性,人之所以为人就是由于这种特性。【解析】这句话其实是由以下两句话变来的:1)There is something. 2)Man is man by virtue of this thing.这两句话中
16、有共有的名词something和this thing,用which替换掉this thing再把of which提前,得到:There is something of which man is man by virtue.三、例句分析【例句】Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irres
17、ponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.【译文】对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分,代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离,而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。【解析】句子的主干为:Such large, impersonal manipulation of capit
18、al and industry greatly increasedshareholders as a class, (which was) an element这句话的难点还在于其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定,并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an elementlandowners又带有两个定语从句,一个是(which was)representing,另一个是(which was)detached。可见,定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构,从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句,一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。学科网(北京)股份有限公司