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1、1.Definition of Context andCulture1.1 Context refers to the conditions in which something exists or occurs.Linguistically,this is the part of a discourse surrounding a word or passage that helps make its meaning clear.第1页/共32页20世纪90年代,对于翻译语境context in translation/translation context的讨论日渐盛行,并且在英美两国呈现
2、初两种不同的理论取向。翻译语境论内涵:译者、原作语境、译语语境、互动翻译语境论本质属性:主观性(指受制于译者,受译者自身兴趣、需要、知识、经验、文艺修养、欣赏习惯、个人信仰的影响)动态性(翻译语境随时空的变化而变化)对话性(由于翻译语境的主观性和动态性,翻译语境的构建不是一次就能完成的,是永无休止的对话过程)第2页/共32页e.g.:“小康社会”:十四大译为十四大译为:a well-off society,十七大改为十七大改为:a moderately prosperous society“反腐倡廉”:十四大译为十四大译为:fight corruption and build a clean
3、government十七大改为十七大改为:fight corruption and uphold integrity第3页/共32页 英国翻译理论家受功能主义语境观影响B.Malinowski:context of situation&context of culture(提出情景语境和文化语境的概念)Halliday:情景语境三大要素:Field(语场):Refers to what is happening,to the nature of the social action that is taking place.(语场指在交际过程中实际发生的社会活动)Tenor(语旨):Refers
4、 to who is taking part,to the nature of the participants,their statuses and roles.(语旨指参与者之间的社会关系)Mode(语式):Refers to what part the language is playing,what is that the participants are expecting the language to do for them in that situation.(语式指交际的渠道和媒介)他们主要讨论语境和翻译的关系问题,对文化语境关注不够第4页/共32页美国的翻译理论家对翻译语境
5、的讨论有明显的文化人类学特征,主要从文化语境的角度讨论问题,因而跨文化意识较强。Daniel Shaw:“翻译语境是翻译过程中聚合起来的文化互动的总和。”把“Context of Culture”图示为SourceTranslatorReceptorEugene Nida:Contexts in Translating他们的翻译语境观侧重于文化语境,缺乏对情景语境及语言等语境层面的关注。第5页/共32页1.2 Definition of Culture The Origin:Latin word“cultura”,which means“plant/cultivate”.第6页/共32页Edw
6、ard Burnett Tylor“Cultureis that complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as member of a society.”Primitive Culture(1871)第7页/共32页E.A.Nida“Culture could be the totality of the beliefs and practices of a society.”Languag
7、e and Culture(2001)Peter Newmark“I define culture as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as a means of expression.”A Textbook of Translation(1988)第8页/共32页文化语境就是在某一特定的具体的文化中,人们的认知环境,该认知环境同样包括语言环境、具体语境和认知语境。这每一环都与语言密切相关。具体包括:thinking
8、modes,proper noun,address,color,idiom,euphemism,number,name of animal or plant,allusion,etc.第9页/共32页 2.Different Thinking Modes in China and Western CountriesTranslating Steps:comprehensionexpression revision (理解表达校核)2.1 Abstract v.s.Visual e.g.:Science is a method that ignores religion,race,nationa
9、lity,economics,morality,and ethics.画饼充饥,指鹿为马,指桑骂槐第10页/共32页2.2 Linear v.s.Circular/Spiral e.g.:例如,“楼台会”中梁祝之间互相表白爱情的一段对话:梁:贤妹妹我想你,神思昏昏寝食废。祝:梁哥哥我想你,三餐茶饭无滋味。梁:贤妹妹我想你,衣冠不整无心理。祝:梁哥哥我想你,懒对菱化不梳理。梁:贤妹妹我想你,提起笔来字忘记。祝:梁哥哥我想你,东边插针寻往西。梁:贤妹妹我想你,那日不想到夜里。祝:梁哥哥我想你,那夜不想到鸡啼。第11页/共32页罗密欧和朱莉叶在Romeo and Juliet(Act II,sc.I
10、)中的爱情对话共有200 多行。归纳起来,对话的核心就是Romeo:Juliet is the sun!-O!It is my love.Juliet:My bounty is as boundless as the sea,my love as deep;the more I giveto thee,the more I have,for both are infinite.其他话语都是围绕主题“I love you very much”展开的。Romeo和Juliet 对话中共用了27 个“love”。第12页/共32页2.3 Complex or Compound v.s.Simple
11、e.g.:Translation is first a science,which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describes themhere,what is wrong,mistakes of truth,can be identified.首先,翻译是一门科学,它需要知识,需要核对事实的能力,需要懂得描述这些事实的语言。翻译中,错误的内容,错误的事实,应该加以鉴别。第13页/共32页 2.4 Hypotaxis(形合)&Parataxis(意合)e.g.:He,am
12、ply provided with liberal accomplishments,and bound,if he kept the straight road,to attain all distinctions,was goaded by a spirit of haste,which impelled him to outpace first his equals,then his superiors,and finally his own ambitions:an infirmity fatal to many,even of the good,who,disdaining the s
13、ure and slow,force a premature success,though destruction may accompany the prize.他是个有才华的人,如果走正道的话,一定能够获得成功。但是他心浮气躁,急于从同层次的人中脱颖而出,继而超过比他地位高的人,结果野心迅速膨胀。这是包括一切优秀人士在内的很多人身上都有的致命弱点,这些人不屑于稳步升迁,一味追求早日成就功名,哪怕身败名裂也在所不惜。第14页/共32页2.5 Static v.s.Dynamic e.g.:The whole armada,equipped at once for sailing or pro
14、pulsion by the oars,was a striking and formidable spectacle.整个舰队装备齐全,既可扬帆航行,也可划桨前进,其规模蔚为壮观,令人生畏。第15页/共32页 3.Cultural Convergence and Translation 英国译学理论家Susan Bassnett:“如同在做心脏手术时人们不能忽略心脏以外的身体其他部分一样,我们在做翻译时也不能冒险将翻译的言语内容和文化分开来处理。”A Popular Trend:Cultural Convergence(文化趋同)第16页/共32页3.1 The Process of Cul
15、tural Convergence in China:From Qing Dynasty to 1978From the Foreign Literature:鳄鱼的眼泪,橄榄枝Reflecting the Western Science:德先生 民主,赛先生 科学,社会主义,资本主义,哲学,逻辑 Reflecting the Western Technology:电话,电灯,电影,雷达,收音机,照相机,维他命第17页/共32页鳄鱼的眼泪 crocodile tears,橄榄枝 olive branch德先生 民主 democracy,赛先生 科学 science,社会主义 socialism
16、,资本主义 capitalism,哲学 philosophy,逻辑 logic 电话 phone,电灯 electric lamp,电影film,雷达 radar,收音机 radio,照相机 camera,维他命 vitamin第18页/共32页After 1978 supermarket,white pollution,green food,on-line shopping,fast food,McDonald,computer,internet,net site,e-mail,e-commerce,P.K “粉丝”“加入WTO”“今年的GNP/GDP增长有望高于7.1%”.第19页/共32
17、页3.2 Cultural Convergence in Western World Confucius 孔子Confucianism 儒教Taoism 道教 lose face 丢脸yin 阴 yang 阳kungfu功夫第20页/共32页 4.Cultural Divergence(文化差异性)and TranslationEugene Nida:“对于真正成功的翻译而言,熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要,因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才有意义。”第21页/共32页Five Cultural Aspects Causing Translating Difficulties:4.1
18、Zero of Equivalent Word(词汇空缺)这里的空缺指原语词汇所载的文化信息在译语中没有其“对等语”和“对应语”e.g.:我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。I was born in the Year of the Rooster.I never eat chicken.The Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.第22页/共32页 4.2 Conflict of Word Meaning (词义冲突)e.g.:bourgeois liberalization在我国的政治生活中,“资产阶级自由化”
19、是指一种背离四项基本原则,违背宪法的思想或者行为,带有贬义;然而在西方的历史文化中,它是在反封建斗争中起过积极作用的一种政治主张,明显带有褒义,因此在对外宣传中翻译这一短语,宜将其译为:bourgeois liberalization aiming at capitalist restoration第23页/共32页4.3 Semantic Association (语义联想)由于不同民族文化氛围和自然生态环境的影响,对于风霜雨雪等同一种景象,红蓝黑白等同一种颜色,不同民族的人都可能产生不同的情感反应或不同的语义联想。e.g.:1.(赵辛楣)一肚皮的酒,几乎全化成酸醋 (钱钟书围城)译为:Th
20、e wine in Hsin-meis stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy.在汉文化中,醋喻指一种不健康的嫉妒心理,西方人只认为醋是一种酸味调味品,很难把它与嫉妒联系起来,故在译文中添加了“in his jealousy”.第24页/共32页2.In American political elections the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them.译为:在美国政治竞选中获胜的候选人通常都是些有财团支持的人物。Green
21、refers to rich(有经济实力的/钱财),因为美国的美元纸币的颜色是绿色。第25页/共32页4.4 Pragmatic Implication (语用涵义)在特定的语境中,词语表层的指称意义与深层的言内意义不一样,或同一事物在不同文化背景中所引起的语义联想不一样。这些词语的翻译实际上都涉及到沟通和移植异族文化,以达到语用意义的等值转换。第26页/共32页e.g.:John can be relied on.He eats no fish and plays the game.有人译为:约翰为人可靠。他不吃鱼,还玩游戏。在英国历史上新教和旧教派别之间的斗争十分激烈,旧教规定在斋日只许吃
22、鱼,新教推翻了旧教之后,新教徒拒绝在斋日吃鱼,以表示皈依新教,终于新政。所以“to eat no fish”表示“忠诚”;“to play the game”原是游戏、比赛术语,表示“按规则进行比赛”,转义为“光明正大”、“为人正直”。应译为:“约翰为人可靠。他既忠诚又正直。”第27页/共32页4.5 Difference of National Psychology(民族心理差异)不同的民族文化导致形成不同的民族心理,产生跨文化交际上的隔阂和语言翻译上的障碍第28页/共32页e.g.:1.一见面是寒暄,寒暄之后说我“胖了”,说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。(鲁迅 祝福)译文一:When we
23、met,after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter,and after saying that immediately started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.译文二:After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met,he observed that I looked“fat”,and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack
24、on the revolutionaries.中国人在那个时代重逢时常用的寒暄语,意思是“发福了”,西方人忌讳肥胖。第29页/共32页2.毛主席问陈妻“你们俩感情好不好?”陈妻答:“好。”主席听了感到非常高兴。译为:Then Chairman Mao talked with Chens wife.He was pleased to know that they had a happy home life.在以前中国文化习俗中,长辈或上司询问晚辈或下属的年龄、婚姻、家庭等个人问题是一种关心、亲切的表示;在西方文化中,这类问题纯属个人隐私,问这些问题都是不礼貌、缺乏最起码的社交常识的表现,甚至是对他人隐私权的侵犯。第30页/共32页 The End Thank You!第31页/共32页感谢您的观看!第32页/共32页